Orientador: André Gonzaga dos Santos / Resumo: Murraya paniculata L. Jack (Rutaceae) é uma árvore amplamente utilizada nas Américas como ornamental. Porém, esta espécie vegetal nativa da Índia é considerada medicinal na Ásia e reconhecida pelas propriedades adstringentes, estimulantes, analgésicas e anti-inflamatórias. Diversos estudos revelam a presença de alcaloides, flavonoides, cumarinas e componentes do óleo essencial, fundamentalmente, e as propriedades antibacterianas, antifúngicas, anti-inflamatórias e analgésicas foram observadas para extratos de M. paniculata. Fitoterápicos derivados da planta estão disponíveis no Sistema Nacional de Saúde cubano, como anti-inflamatórios, porém é limitado o conhecimento dos metabólitos secundários majoritários da espécie coletada em Cuba e sua relação com a atividade farmacológica. Neste contexto, foi desenvolvido este trabalho que teve como objetivo realizar o estudo químico do extrato etanólico de folhas de M. paniculata, a fim de contribuir com sua padronização e com o estabelecimento de especificações de qualidade com base na composição química e atividade anti-inflamatória. O fracionamento do extrato etanólico foi iniciado por extração em fase sólida fornecendo 4 frações. A fração EFSMp4 foi fracionada utilizando-se cromatografia em coluna. A purificação final das substâncias majoritárias obtidas a partir de EFSMp4 foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência preparativa de fase reversa. As frações, subfrações e substâncias purificadas foram analisadas por CCD... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Bakgrund: Migrän är en sjukdom som orsakar huvudvärksanfall i kombination med illamående och hypersensitivitet. Det är inte helt kartlagt hur migrän uppstår men i genomförda studier har det bl.a. gått att observera en aktivering och sensitisering av det trigeminovaskulära systemet i hjärnan samt en frisättning av inflammatoriska mediatorer och förändrade serotoninnivåer i samband med migrän. Ärftlighet och exponering av olika läkemedel och mat är faktorer som kan öka risken för att drabbas av migrän. Akut intag och överanvändning av smärtlindrande som analgetika och paracetamol kan leda till läkemedelsutlöst huvudvärk. Därför behövs profylaktiska behandlingar studeras för att minska intag av akut smärtlindrande läkemedel men även för att minska lidandet vid migränanfall. Intresset för det växtbaserade läkemedlet Tanacetum parthenium i olika kombinationer tillsammans med tillskott som riboflavin, koenzym Q10, magnesium och 5- hydroxytrypofan har ökat på grund av dess låga biverkningsgrad (Aurastop®, Antemig®). Kombinationen av dessa ämnen fungerar förebyggande vid migrän genom att bl.a. hämma frisättning av inflammatoriska mediatorer och öka syreupptagningsförmågan samt hämma andra cellulära mekanismer som tros leda till uppkomsten av migrän. Även växten Andrographis paniculata ingår i vissa kombinationer vid behandling av migrän (Partena®). Syfte: Syftet med litteraturarbetet var att undersöka om det växtbaserade läkemedlet som innehåller T. parthenium i olika kombinationer tillsammans med riboflavin, koenzym Q10, magnesium, 5- hydroxytrypofan och A. paniculata var effektivt och säkert som förebyggande behandling vid migrän. Metod: Litteratursökningar gjordes i databasen PubMed. Sökorden ”Tanacetum parthenium migraine” och ”feverfew migraine” användes varpå filtrering gjordes med hjälp av urvalskriterier. De kriterier som tillämpades var att det skulle var max 10 år gamla RCT-studier med samma primära utfallsvariabel. På grund av brist på studier med samma primära variabel togs filtreringen på RCT-studier bort. Resultatet av sökningen blev då tre observationsstudier i PubMed och en studie från databasen Scientific research. Studierna hämtades för granskning och sammanställning. Resultat: Samtliga observationsstudier med saknad kontroll kort visade på en reducering av antal migrändagar efter behandling med T. parthenium i olika kombinationer. En del studier undersökte även intag av analgetika och intensitet av smärta innan och efter behandling. Där kunde även reducering av symtom och medicinering observeras efter behandling. Frekvensen av biverkingarna som uppstod i samband med behandling av T. parthenium i kombination med tillskotten var låga. Biverkningarna som förekom var diarré och magbesvär. Slutsats: T. parthenium i kombination med tillskotten riboflavin, koenzym Q10, magnesium, 5- hydroxytrypofan och A. paniculata är säkra och effektiva att använda som förebyggande behandling vid migrän. Vidare bör större RCT-studier göras för att kunna fastställa dess effekt.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseAMRM.pdf: 10686710 bytes, checksum: 1d95e50d4a24d8eb0ed45f6879d64373 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-14 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The Penicillium sp. A, Penicillium sp. B (M. paniculata) and P. herquei (M. azedarach) fungus were grown in liquid media (Czapeck s) and also in solid media (rice). After the inoculation of the fungus, their grownth were interrupted by adition of methanol. The extracts of the biomass were obtained by several maceration technics using organic solvents. The crude extracts were fractionated by liquid-liquid partition and also several chromatography technics. The pure compounds were obtained by refractionation of previous fractions by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography and HPLC. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by several spectroscopic technics as NMR, MS and IR. Several classes of compounds were isolated as nucleosides, esteroids, carbohydrates, polyketides among many others. Antimicrobial assays were carried out with purified compounds, where the polyketides citrinine, citrinine-D, citrinine H1, emodine, citreoroseine and janthinone showed promising results. Leishmanicidal assays were also carried out using emodine, citreoroseine and janthionone, where only the former showed a reasonable activity. The fragmentation by MS and also the biogenesis proposal of some isolated compounds are discussed in the present work. / Os fungos Penicillium sp A, Penicillium sp B (M. paniculata) e P. herquei (M. azedarach) foram cultivados em meios de cultura líquido (Czapeck s) e meio sólido (Arroz) para crescimento das colônias. Após o período de cultivo os crescimentos dos fungos foram interrompidos com metanol, posteriormente foram obtidos os extratos das biomassas produzidas utilizando-se técnicas de maceração com solventes orgânicos. Os extratos brutos foram fracionados através de partições liquido-liquido e cromatografia em coluna a vácuo. As frações obtidas foram então refracionadas utilizando-se cromatografia em coluna, cromatografia em camada delgada preparativa e HPLC para isolamento dos constituintes químicos. As substâncias tiveram as suas estruturas elucidadas através da utilização de técnicas espectrométricas de RMN, EM e IV. Onde foram isoladas substâncias das classes dos nucleosideos, esteróides, carboidratos, policetídeos, entre outras. Foram realizados ensaios antimicrobianos com as substâncias puras, sendo que os policetídeos citrinina, citrinina-D, citrinina H1, emodina, citreoroseina e janthinona apresentaram bons resultados. Realizaram-se, ainda, ensaios leishmanicidas com as substâncias emodina, citreoroseina e janthinona, somente a primeira apresentou atividade considerável. As propostas de fragmentação por massas e de biogênese de alguns constituintes químicos são discutidas no trabalho.

Tetínské skály Nature Reserve is one of the major sites for the presence of protected species, which are Dianthus gratianopolitanus, Saxifraga rosacea subsp. Sponhemica and Saxifraga paniculata. My goal was a field survey and data collection about the incidence of these species on the surfaces of rock walls, followed by identification of key environmental factors and description of their impact on the species. Such survey has not been conduncted so far. I used mainly multivariate analysis, PCA and RDA and One-way ANOVA to determine the interrelationships. The analysis results showed significant differences in species abundances influenced by different combinations of environmental factors. The factors with significant influence include cardinal direction. The highest proportion of species abundances showed areas of eastern orientation. Another important factor was shading from vegetation, which proved to have strong negative impact on abundace, especially for species S.rosacea subsp. sponhemica and D. gratianopolitanus. These two variables indicate a preference for sunny areas. Other factors with a significant influence on the occurrence of species are also a presence of soil surface rock wall and a presence of gardens in the area over the rock wall, which greatly increased the proportion of...

Natural forests are characterised by great vegetation diversity and create habitats for a major part of Earth’s terrestrial organisms. Plantation forests, which are mainly composed of a few genera of fast-growing trees, constitute an increasing fraction of global forests, but they only partly compensate for loss of area, habitat and ecological functions in natural forests. Plantation forests established near natural forests can be expected to serve as buffers, but they seem to be relatively poor in invertebrate species and it is not clear why. This bachelor’s degree project aimed at establishing the ecological and edaphic factors that correlate with soil invertebrate diversity in dry upland forests and surrounding plantation forests in eastern Africa. Some aspects of the above-ground vegetation heterogeneity were investigated since this was assumed to influence the heterogeneity of the soil environment, which is considered as critical for soil biodiversity. The obtained knowledge may be valuable in conservation activities in East African forests, which are threatened by destruction, fragmentation and exotic species. The study area was Karura Forest, a dry upland forest in Nairobi, Kenya. Three different sites were investigated; a natural forest site characterized by the indigenous tree species Brachylaena huillensis and Croton megalocarpus, and two different plantation forest sites, characterized by the exotic species Cupressus lusitanica and Eucalyptus paniculata, respectively. For each forest type, six plots were visited. Soil invertebrates were extracted from collected soil and litter samples by sieving and Berlese-Tullgren funnels. The invertebrates were identified, and the taxonomic diversity calculated at the order level. The ecological and edaphic factors, measured or calculated for each plot, were tree species diversity, ratio of exotic tree species, vertical structure of trees, vegetation cover, vegetation density, litter quality, soil pH, soil temperature and soil moisture. One-way ANOVA was used to compare soil invertebrate diversity and other variables between different forest types. Akaike’s Information Criterion and Multiple Linear Regression were used to establish linear models with variables that could explain measured variations of the diversity. There was some evidence for higher soil invertebrate diversity in natural forests than in surrounding plantation forests. The abundance of soil invertebrates was also clearly higher in natural forests, which indicates that natural forests are more important than plantation forests for conservation of soil invertebrate populations. Soil invertebrate diversity (in terms of number of orders present) was found to be influenced by forest type and litter quality. The diversity was higher at places with high amounts of coarse litter, which here is considered as more heterogenous than fine litter. The dependence on forest type was partly a consequence of differences in soil pH since Eucalyptus trees lower soil pH and thereby also soil biodiversity. No relation to heterogeneity of above-ground vegetation was found. For future conservation activities in Karura Forest Reserve it is recommended to continue removing exotic plant species and replanting indigenous trees, to prioritize the removal of Eucalyptus trees before Cypress trees, to only remove a few trees at a time and to establish ground vegetation when doing so.