In order to achieve a uniform impression of proposed territory, I connected to my previous work, in which I solved a space of biocenter. A proposal of off-road ramparts, which optically connected to hills behind a factory, was the main idea of the biocenter. Consequently, the huge area of factory objects was decomposed. During proposing of presentation pavilion a building in the form of off-road ramparts was created. This building then will be naturally harmonized with character of park in the solved green belt.

In order to encourage the establishment of an erosion controlling vegetative ground cover, low cost organic amendments and inorganic fertilizers were incorporated into an abandoned, non-acid generating mine tailings pond. By amending these gold mine tailings with a small quantity (3.7 kg m-2) of combined papermill sludge and fertilizer, a consistent and robust grass/Medicago sativa sward was established within the first growing season. This tailings amendment and the subsequent plant establishment lead to improvements in substrate fertility characteristics including aggregation, bulk density, as well as cation exchange capacity and organic content. Chemical fertility (available nitrogen and phosphorous) was ameliorated by all initial amendment treatments. However, the effect was relatively short-lived, with all amendment treatments returning to their background levels of these nutrients within one to two years. This study further proves the usefulness of papermill sludge as a low cost amendment for disturbed soil substrates, including mine tailings.

In order to encourage the establishment of an erosion controlling vegetative ground cover, low cost organic amendments and inorganic fertilizers were incorporated into an abandoned, non-acid generating mine tailings pond. By amending these gold mine tailings with a small quantity (3.7 kg m-2) of combined papermill sludge and fertilizer, a consistent and robust grass/Medicago sativa sward was established within the first growing season. This tailings amendment and the subsequent plant establishment lead to improvements in substrate fertility characteristics including aggregation, bulk density, as well as cation exchange capacity and organic content. Chemical fertility (available nitrogen and phosphorous) was ameliorated by all initial amendment treatments. However, the effect was relatively short-lived, with all amendment treatments returning to their background levels of these nutrients within one to two years. This study further proves the usefulness of papermill sludge as a low cost amendment for disturbed soil substrates, including mine tailings.

The pulp- and paper industry (PPI) faces a great challenge in finding new ways to reduce its overall carbon emissions. Large quantities of water are used in the pulp- and paper making process. In this context, a more sustainable wastewater treatment with a lower carbon footprint is of relevance for the PPI. Applied to a pulp- and paper mill (PPM) in Norway, the ongoing demonstration project “EffiSludge for LIFE” lowers the wastewater treatments (WWT) energy consumption while turning residual waste (bio sludge) into energy by implementing a new wastewater treatment concept. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current carbon footprint from a hypothetical PPM WWT plant, the potential lowering of the carbon footprint when applying the EffiSludge concept and the benefits in a larger scale assuming EffiSludge would be applied at all of the PPMs WWT in the Nordic countries represented by Sweden, Norway and Finland. An estimation of a current and future carbon footprint from one example mill was provided through the construction of one baseline and two case scenarios. Results from a laboratory biomethane potential experiment together with the responses from a survey and contributions from one example mill provided relevant input to the scenarios. The major impact on carbon emissions in the scenarios came from reducing electricity needed to aerate the biological WWT step. The maximum current carbon footprint from the parts of the WWT process included in the baseline scenario was 9.6-13 kg CO2-eq/kg pulp and the estimated future carbon footprint when implementing the EffiSludge concept was estimated as 3.6-5.9 kg CO2-eq/kg pulp. A reduction of 6-8 kg CO2-eq/kg pulp could be expected by implementing the EffiSludge concept. If the EffiSludge concept was introduced in all of the WWTP connected with Nordic PPMs a reduction of the carbon footprint with 55-180 million kg CO2-eq could be expected each year. This would reduce the total carbon emissions from the European PPI with 0.2-0.5 % annually

<p>Stora Enso Hylte Bruk är ett tidningspappersbruk beläget i Hyltebruk.</p><p>De fyra pappersmaskinerna startades 1972(PM1), 1974(PM2), 1976(PM3) och</p><p>1989(PM4).</p><p>Produktionen 2005 från dessa pappersmaskiner var 800 000 ton papper.</p><p>För att tillverka papper åtgår stora mängder energi i form av värme och el, Hylte</p><p>Bruk gjorde 2005 av med 1 % av Sveriges totala elenergibehov.</p><p>Den 1/7 2004 höjdes processrelaterad elskatt från 0 till 0,5 öre/kWh vilket ledde</p><p>fram till den lag som trädde i kraft den 1/1 2005, ”lag om program för</p><p>energieffektivisering” (PFE)1.</p><p>Ändamålet är att främja en effektiv energianvändning och ger energiintensiv</p><p>industri möjlighet att delta i ett 5-årigt program för energieffektivisering. De</p><p>företag som är kvalificerade att ingå i programmet och klarar av de krav som ställs</p><p>befrias från elskatten.</p><p>Som en del av det här programmet ingår att utarbeta en lista med</p><p>elenergieffektiviseringar som ska överlämnas till Statens Energimyndighet.</p><p>Detta examensarbete kan efter beslut av ansvariga på Hylte Bruk ingå som en del</p><p>av denna lista.</p><p>Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka effektiviteten hos tolv pumpar på</p><p>PM2 genom mätning av effekt, flöde och tryck. En del av dessa har varit i drift i</p><p>upp till 32 år, under denna tid har slitage skett, vissa pumpar har gått mot delvis</p><p>stängda ventiler samt förutsättningarna i form av produktion har ändrats sedan de</p><p>dimensionerades.</p><p>För alla de berörda pumparna kan en effektivisering göras, den kan bestå av: lägre</p><p>tryckhöjd, mindre flöde, pump med bättre verkningsgrad, eller en kombination av</p><p>ovanstående exempel.</p><p>De förslag som har en återbetalningstid kortare än tre år ger tillsammans en</p><p>energibesparing på 1 375 000 kWh/år, vilket motsvarar mer än ¼ av vad</p><p>pumparna förbrukar idag.</p><p>Om istället alla de förslagen som är framarbetade och genomförbara skulle</p><p>realiseras kan energibesparingen ökas ytterligare till 2 302 000 kWh/år, detta</p><p>skulle dock innebära en större investeringskostnad vilket resulterar i en längre</p><p>återbetalningstid.</p>

In recent years, research in the field of automation has been advancing quickly in the direction of wireless networks of sensors and actuators. This development has introduced a need to reduce the amount of communication. A number of different alternative schemes have been proposed. They are usually divided into event-triggered schemes and self-triggered ones. The main purpose of this Master's thesis was to further develop and evaluate the sesampling schemes, focusing on their needed communication. The effect on control performance by the different schemes was also taken into account. Because of the difficulty in performing a theoretical comparison, the thesis focused on evaluating the schemes in simulations and in experiments on real industrial processes. The results indicate that simply using a slower periodic scheme may reduce as much communication without losing much performance as the more flexible schemes. This would imply that investing further into the other schemes may be of waste. However, using an event-triggered scheme with improvements introduced in this report may offer some advantages when it comes to performance and simplicity in setup. Maybe more importantly, it is safer during rapidly changing conditions, which also makes it very unlikely that a slow periodic sampler would ever be implemented on a real system. The results in general are very positive with communication reductions of over 90% when using a well tuned base sampling interval and over 99% when the comparison is made to current implementations in the industry, all without significant loss of performance.

Stora Enso Hylte Bruk är ett tidningspappersbruk beläget i Hyltebruk. De fyra pappersmaskinerna startades 1972(PM1), 1974(PM2), 1976(PM3) och 1989(PM4). Produktionen 2005 från dessa pappersmaskiner var 800 000 ton papper. För att tillverka papper åtgår stora mängder energi i form av värme och el, Hylte Bruk gjorde 2005 av med 1 % av Sveriges totala elenergibehov. Den 1/7 2004 höjdes processrelaterad elskatt från 0 till 0,5 öre/kWh vilket ledde fram till den lag som trädde i kraft den 1/1 2005, ”lag om program för energieffektivisering” (PFE)1. Ändamålet är att främja en effektiv energianvändning och ger energiintensiv industri möjlighet att delta i ett 5-årigt program för energieffektivisering. De företag som är kvalificerade att ingå i programmet och klarar av de krav som ställs befrias från elskatten. Som en del av det här programmet ingår att utarbeta en lista med elenergieffektiviseringar som ska överlämnas till Statens Energimyndighet. Detta examensarbete kan efter beslut av ansvariga på Hylte Bruk ingå som en del av denna lista. Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka effektiviteten hos tolv pumpar på PM2 genom mätning av effekt, flöde och tryck. En del av dessa har varit i drift i upp till 32 år, under denna tid har slitage skett, vissa pumpar har gått mot delvis stängda ventiler samt förutsättningarna i form av produktion har ändrats sedan de dimensionerades. För alla de berörda pumparna kan en effektivisering göras, den kan bestå av: lägre tryckhöjd, mindre flöde, pump med bättre verkningsgrad, eller en kombination av ovanstående exempel. De förslag som har en återbetalningstid kortare än tre år ger tillsammans en energibesparing på 1 375 000 kWh/år, vilket motsvarar mer än ¼ av vad pumparna förbrukar idag. Om istället alla de förslagen som är framarbetade och genomförbara skulle realiseras kan energibesparingen ökas ytterligare till 2 302 000 kWh/år, detta skulle dock innebära en större investeringskostnad vilket resulterar i en längre återbetalningstid.

L’utilisation de matières résiduelles fertilisantes (MRF) dans les plantations de peupliers hybrides (PEH) au Québec pourrait en maximiser la productivité et le volume marchand. Elle présenterait aussi l’avantage de minimiser l’enfouissement ou l’incinération des MRF. Cependant, le dosage des MRF doit être calibré en fonction de la réponse optimale des arbres. L’étude a été réalisée dans une plantation de PEH en Estrie. Un dispositif expérimental comprenant deux blocs (répétitions) de cinq parcelles - un témoin et quatre traitements de combinaisons de biosolides papetiers et de boue de chaux - y a été mis en place à l’automne 2012 et au printemps 2013, soit trois ans avant l’échantillonnage (été 2015). Les traitements représentaient les doses suivantes : 140 et 15 t ha-1 (humides), 140 et 30 t ha-1, 240 et 15 t ha-1 et 240 et 30 t ha-1 de biosolides et de boue de chaux, respectivement. Les propriétés physico-chimiques du sol et la morphologie et la nutrition des PEH ont été évaluées. Nous avons observé un effet très significatif des traitements de MRF sur la croissance des PEH par rapport aux parcelles non traitées. La hauteur des arbres a augmenté de 1,6 à 2 fois, le diamètre de 2,5 à 4 fois, la surface foliaire de 3 à 8 fois et le poids foliaire de 2,7 à 9 fois dans les parcelles traitées comparativement aux arbres des parcelles non traitées. Toutefois, aucune différence significative n’a pu être constatée entre les différents amendements. Les analyses de nutrition foliaire ont, quant à elles, démontré que la fertilisation avec les MRF permettait de pallier la faible disponibilité des nutriments dans le sol. Ainsi, avec l’ajout de MRF, les macronutriments N, P, K et Ca dans les feuilles se situaient à l’intérieur des plages de concentrations optimales, alors que sans MRF, les feuilles montraient des concentrations sous ces seuils. Malgré les faibles différences observées entre les quatre amendements, le traitement combinant 240 t ha-1 de biosolides et 15 t ha-1 de chaux est celui qui se rapprochait le plus d’une nutrition optimale pour le PEH. Les biosolides papetiers en combinaison avec la boue de chaux donnent des résultats très encourageants en ce qui a trait à la nutrition foliaire et le rendement des plantations du PEH lors des premières années d’établissement. / The use of fertilizing residual materials (FRM) in hybrid poplar (HP) plantations in Quebec could maximize yields and merchantable volumes. It would also have the advantage of minimizing the burial (landfill) or incineration of FRM. However, applications rates of FRM must be calibrated for an optimal response of the trees. The study was conducted in a PEH plantation in the Eastern Townships. An experimental design comprising two blocks (repetitions) of five plots - one control and four combinations of papermill biosolids and lime sludge - was established in fall 2012/spring 2013 and sampling was conducted three years later (summer 2015). The treatments represented the following application rates: 140 and 15 t ha-1 (wet), 140 and 30 t ha-1, 240 and 15 t ha-1 and 240 and 30 t ha-1 of biosolids and lime, respectively. Soil properties as well as morphology and nutrition of HP were evaluated. We observed a highly significant treatment effect on HP growth compared to untreated plots. The height of HP trees in the treated plots increased by 1.6 to 2 times, diameter by 2.5 to 4 times, leaf area by 3 to 8 times and the foliar weight by 2.7 to 9 times compared to the trees in the untreated plots. However, there was no significant difference among the various treatments. Foliar nutrition analyses showed that fertilization with FRM was sufficient to compensate for the low availability of nutrients in the soil. Thus, with FRM application, the macronutrients N, P, K and Ca in the leaves were within the optimal concentration ranges, whereas without FRM, the leaves showed concentrations below these thresholds. Despite the small differences observed among the four amendments, the treatment combining 240 t ha-1 of biosolids and 15 t ha-1 of lime was the one the closest to the optimal nutrition for HP. Papermill biosolids in combination with lime sludge provide very encouraging results in regard to foliar nutrition and yields of HP plantations.

Master´s thesis named Construction technology project of production facility of Brno papermill s.c. is focused od technological preparation and realization of production facility itself. Main goal is to design time, financial, human and material sources. All these aspects were designed according to project documentation for construction permit.