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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Contribution de noyaux hypothalamiques et de leur interconnexion à la régulation du sommeil / Contribution of hypothalamic nuclei and their interconnections to sleep regulation

Varin, Christophe 15 April 2016 (has links)
Chez les mammifères, l’alternance des états de vigilance nécessite la mise en jeu de mécanismes spéci ques qui facilitent les transitions entre l’éveil, le sommeil lent (SL) et le sommeil paradoxal (SP). L’objectif de cette thèse s’inscrit dans l’optique de disséquer chez la souris les processus neuronaux contrôlant l’alternance physiologique entre ces trois états de vigilance. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons tout d’abord démontré par des approches complémentaires ex vivo et in vivo que le glucose peut favoriser l’endormissement par son action excitatrice directe sur les neurones promoteurs du SL localisés dans l’aire préoptique ventrolatérale (VLPO). Nous avons ensuite, par deux approches méthodologiques di érentes et complémentaires, contribué à préciser le rôle physiologique des neurones exprimant l’hormone de mélano-concentration (MCH) dans la régulation du cycle veille-sommeil, démontrant ainsi qu’en plus de faciliter le déclenchement et le maintien du SP lorsqu’ils sont activés, ils contrôlent certains aspects du SL en favorisant, au cours SL, un SL plus profond ainsi que la terminaison des épisodes de SL. Forts de ces nouveaux résultats supportant une contribution des neurones MCH à la régulation du SL, nous avons déterminé une voie potentielle pouvant sous-tendre cette fonction physiologique à travers leurs projections efférentes sur le VLPO. Nos résultats préliminaires indiquent que la stimulation optogénétique des axones des neurones MCH dans le VLPO favorise le déclenchement d’un état de transition entre SL et SP sans pour autant conduire au SP / In mammals, alternating between vigilance states requires some speci c processes that facilitate transitions between wake, Slow-Wave Sleep (SWS), and Paradoxical Sleep (PS). The objective of this thesis was to decipher, in mice, the neuronal mechanisms that control the alternation between these three vigilance states. During thus thesis, we first demonstrated using complementary ex vivo and in vivo approaches that glucose can facilitate sleep induction by directly exciting sleep- promoting neurons located within the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO). Then, by developing two different and complementary approaches, we contributed to clarify the physiological role of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-expressing neurons in sleep-wake regulation. Indeed, in addition to their PS-promoting effect when activated, we found that MCH neurons also contribute to the regulation of some aspects of SWS regulation by favouring the appearance of a deeper SWS and facilitating SWS episodes termination. These new results supporting a role of MCH neurons to SWS regulation led us to investigate a putative pathway underlying such an effect through efferent projections from MCH neurons to the VLPO. Preliminary results suggest that the optogenetic stimulation of axons from MCH neurons within the VLPO could facilitate the appearance of a transition state between SWS and PS without triggering PS onset
32

Efeito da privação de sono paradoxal na expressão de receptores para glicocorticoides no hipocampo e no aprendizado e memória / Effect of paradoxical sleep deprivation in Expression of glucocorticoid receptors in hippocampus and learning and memory

Paulo Cesar da Costa Araujo 29 February 2012 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Vários trabalhos têm demonstrado uma relação entre sono e memória. Desta forma, tem sido descrito um papel importante do sono na consolidação da memória e um efeito negativo pela privação do mesmo. O hipocampo é uma região importante para a formação e consolidação da memória espacial, e contém uma alta expressão de receptores para corticosteróides. As ações dos corticosteróides no hipocampo são fundamentais para a aquisição de memória e dependem de um balanço adequado entre receptores de Glicocorticóides (RGc) e Mineralocorticóides (RMn). Assim é descrito na literatura que um aumento na expressão de RMn é promotor de aquisição de memória, enquanto que um aumento na expressão de RGc produz um efeito negativo. Apesar dos níveis circulantes de glicocorticóides na privação de sono paradoxal (PSP), não serem responsáveis pelo enfraquecimento de memória, não existem dados sobre a expressão dos receptores para corticosteróides no hipocampo, após PSP. Neste trabalho tivemos como objetivo investigar a expressão de receptores de Glicocorticóides no hipocampo, bem como avaliar aprendizado e memória em ratos privados de sono paradoxal. Ratos Wistar machos (250- 350g) foram submetidos à PSP, utilizando-se o método de múltiplas plataformas por um período de 96 horas. Após 96h de privação os animais foram anestesiados e perfundidos. Secções de 25 μm na área do hipocampo foram obtidas e reagidas com anticorpos para receptores de Glicocortidóides. Avaliamos as áreas CA1, CA3 e Giro Denteado. O aprendizado e memória espacial foram avaliados através do teste do labirinto aquático de oito braços, antes e após o período de privação de sono. Avaliou-se a latência de escape e o número de erros obtidos. O grupo PSP apresentou um aumento na expressão de RGc nas regiões: CA1 e Giro Denteado, não se observando diferença significativa na região CA3. A PSP prévia aos testes de aprendizado e memória não provocou alterações significativas. A privação de sono pós-aprendizado também não produziu diferenças estatisticamente significativas, mas um aumento no tempo de latência de escape e número de erros sugere um enfraquecimento na consolidação da memória. O aumento na expressão de RGc nas áreas estudadas, pode ser consequente a uma alteração no balanço entre os receptores para corticosteróides no hipocampo e ser responsável por alterações no aprendizado e memória em ratos PSP. / Several studies have shown a relation between sleep and memory. In this way, an important role in memory consolidation by sleep and a negative effect induced by sleep deprivation have been described. Hippocampus is a region responsible for consolidation of spatial memory and contains a high expression of corticosteroids receptors. In the hippocampus, the corticosteroids actions are crucial for memory acquisition and depend on an adequate balance between Glucocorticoid (GR) and Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). Studies have demonstrated that an increased expression of MR promotes memory acquisition while an increased expression of GR has negatives effects. In spite of the circulating levels of glucocorticoids in paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) are not responsible for the PSD induced memory impairments, do not exist studies about the expression of the GR and MR in hippocampus after PSD. In this study we investigate the expression of GR in the hippocampus and evaluate learning and memory in PSD rats. Wistar male rats (250-350g) were paradoxical sleep deprived by the multiple platform method for 96 hours. After 96h of sleep deprivation, the animals were anesthetized and perfused. Slices of 25 micron of the area of the hippocampus were obtained and reacted with antibodies against GR. We evaluated the areas CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (GD). Learning and spatial memory were evaluated in Radial water maze before and after PSD. We evaluated the escape latency and the number of errors obtained. PSD group showed an increased expression of GR in CA1 and GD. However, in the CA3 area there was no significant difference in expression. The PSD prior to the tests of learning and memory did not provoke significant alterations. The sleep deprivation after learning also did not produce statistically significant differences, but an increase in the time of escape latency and number of errors suggests impairment in the memory consolidation. The increase in the RGc expression in the studied areas can be consequent to an alteration in the balance between corticosteroid receptors in the hippocampus and be responsible for alterations in the learning and memory in PSD rats.
33

Sleep modifications after contextual fear conditioning and extinction in rats

Conceição, Luiz Henrique Santana January 2016 (has links)
Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Paula Ayako Tiba / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência e Cognição, 2016. / Memórias de extinção são um produto das variações nas condições de condicionamento e na quantidade de tempo e sessões de extinção. Aumentos de sono paradoxal após a exposição a sessões de extinção foram descritas anteriormente, contudo trabalhos anteriores não testaram mais de um dia de extinção e tão pouco testaram se a modificação do sono após a extinção dependeria do intervalo de tempo entre condicionamento e extinção. Nós exploramos modificações da arquitetura do sono em diferentes condições de aprendizagem a extinção do medo condicionado. Em primeiro lugar, usamos uma tarefa de condicionamento de medo ao contexto (CMC) a fim de explorar o efeito de um evento aversivo (o choque elétrico) e um possível efeito do intervalo de tempo entre a sessão condicionamento e a sessão de extinção no sono e comportamento. O primeiro grupo, chamado Extinção Múltipla recebeu um treino de CMC com uma apresentação de choque único seguido por cinco sessões de extinção. O segundo grupo, chamado extinção única, foi treinado no CMC e expostos à extinção sete dias após este treino. O terceiro grupo - chamado choque imediato - recebeu uma sessão de treinamento com um único choque aplicado imediatamente depois de entrar na caixa de condicionamento e seguiu o mesmo protocolo de extinção que o grupo de extinção múltipla. A resposta de congelamento foi o parâmetro comportamental analisado. Informações sobre sono-vigília foram registradas através da coleta de dados de ECOG e EMG e classificado entre três fases: vigília, sono de ondas lentas e sono paradoxal. Os resultados mostraram aumento do sono de ondas lentas após CMC e aumento do sono paradoxal depois de CMC e extinção entre os grupos T-múltipla e T-única. Nossas descobertas apoiam achados anteriores sobre a relação entre sono paradoxal e aprendizagem da extinção e sugerem que modificações de sono de ondas lentas para extinção antecipada sejam dependentes do tempo. / Extinction memory is a product of variations in fear conditioning and fear extinction procedure and the amount of time and sessions of extinction. Increases in paradoxical sleep (PS) after exposure to extinction sessions was previously described; however, previous works did not test more than one day of extinction and did not test whether sleep modifications after extinction are dependent upon the time interval between conditioning and extinction. We explored sleep architecture modifications on different conditions of conditioned fear extinction learning. We first adapted a contextual fear-conditioning task in order to explore the effect of an aversive event (the electric shock) and a possible effect of time interval between conditioning and extinction session on sleep and behaviour. The first group, named Multiple Extinction (T-10 Multiple) received a contextual fear conditioning (CFC) training with a single shock presentation followed by five sessions of extinction. The second group, named single extinction (T-Single), was trained in the same CFC procedure and exposed to one single extinction session, seven days after training. The third group ¿ named immediate shock ¿ received a training 1session with a single shock applied immediately after entering the conditioning box following the same protocol of extinction as the T-Multiple group. The freezing response was the behavioural parameter analysed. Sleep-wake information was recorded by collecting electrocorticogram (ECOG) and electromyogram (EMG) data and scored as one between three phases: awake, slow wave sleep (SWS) and PS. Results showed that SWS increased after CFC, and it also showed that PS increased after CFC and extinction for either T-Multiple and T- Single group. Our findings support previous findings on PS relation with extinction learning and suggest some time-dependent SWS modification for early extinction re-exposure. The discovery of the participation of PS in contextual fear extinction and SWS role on nuances of extinction procedure expands the understanding of behaviour and sleep relations and, at the same time, offer a behavioural model to study sleep dependent stressful memory related to PTSD or HPA axis without the unconditioned behavioural and physiological effects of ES.
34

Efeito da privação de sono paradoxal na expressão de receptores para glicocorticoides no hipocampo e no aprendizado e memória / Effect of paradoxical sleep deprivation in Expression of glucocorticoid receptors in hippocampus and learning and memory

Paulo Cesar da Costa Araujo 29 February 2012 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Vários trabalhos têm demonstrado uma relação entre sono e memória. Desta forma, tem sido descrito um papel importante do sono na consolidação da memória e um efeito negativo pela privação do mesmo. O hipocampo é uma região importante para a formação e consolidação da memória espacial, e contém uma alta expressão de receptores para corticosteróides. As ações dos corticosteróides no hipocampo são fundamentais para a aquisição de memória e dependem de um balanço adequado entre receptores de Glicocorticóides (RGc) e Mineralocorticóides (RMn). Assim é descrito na literatura que um aumento na expressão de RMn é promotor de aquisição de memória, enquanto que um aumento na expressão de RGc produz um efeito negativo. Apesar dos níveis circulantes de glicocorticóides na privação de sono paradoxal (PSP), não serem responsáveis pelo enfraquecimento de memória, não existem dados sobre a expressão dos receptores para corticosteróides no hipocampo, após PSP. Neste trabalho tivemos como objetivo investigar a expressão de receptores de Glicocorticóides no hipocampo, bem como avaliar aprendizado e memória em ratos privados de sono paradoxal. Ratos Wistar machos (250- 350g) foram submetidos à PSP, utilizando-se o método de múltiplas plataformas por um período de 96 horas. Após 96h de privação os animais foram anestesiados e perfundidos. Secções de 25 μm na área do hipocampo foram obtidas e reagidas com anticorpos para receptores de Glicocortidóides. Avaliamos as áreas CA1, CA3 e Giro Denteado. O aprendizado e memória espacial foram avaliados através do teste do labirinto aquático de oito braços, antes e após o período de privação de sono. Avaliou-se a latência de escape e o número de erros obtidos. O grupo PSP apresentou um aumento na expressão de RGc nas regiões: CA1 e Giro Denteado, não se observando diferença significativa na região CA3. A PSP prévia aos testes de aprendizado e memória não provocou alterações significativas. A privação de sono pós-aprendizado também não produziu diferenças estatisticamente significativas, mas um aumento no tempo de latência de escape e número de erros sugere um enfraquecimento na consolidação da memória. O aumento na expressão de RGc nas áreas estudadas, pode ser consequente a uma alteração no balanço entre os receptores para corticosteróides no hipocampo e ser responsável por alterações no aprendizado e memória em ratos PSP. / Several studies have shown a relation between sleep and memory. In this way, an important role in memory consolidation by sleep and a negative effect induced by sleep deprivation have been described. Hippocampus is a region responsible for consolidation of spatial memory and contains a high expression of corticosteroids receptors. In the hippocampus, the corticosteroids actions are crucial for memory acquisition and depend on an adequate balance between Glucocorticoid (GR) and Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). Studies have demonstrated that an increased expression of MR promotes memory acquisition while an increased expression of GR has negatives effects. In spite of the circulating levels of glucocorticoids in paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) are not responsible for the PSD induced memory impairments, do not exist studies about the expression of the GR and MR in hippocampus after PSD. In this study we investigate the expression of GR in the hippocampus and evaluate learning and memory in PSD rats. Wistar male rats (250-350g) were paradoxical sleep deprived by the multiple platform method for 96 hours. After 96h of sleep deprivation, the animals were anesthetized and perfused. Slices of 25 micron of the area of the hippocampus were obtained and reacted with antibodies against GR. We evaluated the areas CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (GD). Learning and spatial memory were evaluated in Radial water maze before and after PSD. We evaluated the escape latency and the number of errors obtained. PSD group showed an increased expression of GR in CA1 and GD. However, in the CA3 area there was no significant difference in expression. The PSD prior to the tests of learning and memory did not provoke significant alterations. The sleep deprivation after learning also did not produce statistically significant differences, but an increase in the time of escape latency and number of errors suggests impairment in the memory consolidation. The increase in the RGc expression in the studied areas can be consequent to an alteration in the balance between corticosteroid receptors in the hippocampus and be responsible for alterations in the learning and memory in PSD rats.
35

Rêves et émotions chez des sujets souffrant du trouble comportemental en sommeil paradoxal

Godin, Isabelle 08 1900 (has links)
Le trouble comportemental en sommeil paradoxal (TCSP) est caractérisé par des rêves intenses et une perte de l’atonie musculaire normalement présente au cours du sommeil paradoxal qui permet l’apparition de comportements oniriques isomorphiques au contenu des rêves. Quelques chercheurs ont étudié le contenu des rêves des patients atteints du TCSP, plusieurs ont trouvé une plus grande présence de thèmes menaçants et agressifs, d’autres ont obtenu des résultats plus mitigés. Ces études comportent des failles méthodologiques importantes, comme l’absence d’un groupe contrôle ou l’inclusion de patients consommant une médication psychoactive. La présence de rêves à caractère dysphorique a été associée, dans d’autres populations, à une psychopathologie marquée et à des difficultés émotionnelles, et cette association, quoiqu’inexplorée pourrait aussi être présente chez patients ayant un TCSP. La raison pour laquelle ces patients font des rêves plus dysphoriques est encore largement inconnue, de même qu’une partie des mécanismes qui génèrent les comportements oniriques. Le but du premier article de cette thèse était de mesurer l’alexithymie et la détresse des cauchemars chez les patients atteints du TCSP par rapport à des contrôles. Les résultats indiquent que les patients souffrent davantage d’alexithymie, et particulièrement d’une difficulté à identifier leurs émotions et qu’elle corrélait avec la détresse due aux cauchemars. Le second article estimait, à l'aide d'un questionnaire validé, la présence de rêves, la diversité des thèmes des rêves chez les patients et examinait leurs thèmes au cours de leur vie. Les patients rapportaient beaucoup plus de cauchemars et plus de thèmes à caractère menaçant, comme des agressions, des catastrophes, et des rêves où le rêveur a peu de contrôle. Le troisième article avait pour objectif de clarifier les écarts dans les résultats des études sur les rêves des patients, c'est-à-dire déterminer si l'agressivité rapportée par ces patients est vraiment une différence au niveau du contenu des rêves, ou s'il s'agit plutôt d'un problème dû à la détresse liée aux rêves. Un second objectif était de mesurer le degré de corrélation entre les comportements à l’éveil, comme les comportements miroirs, et les comportements oniriques chez les patients. L’article démontre que les patients ressentaient une plus grande détresse à l'éveil en lien avec leurs expériences oniriques et que leurs rêves étaient plus dysphoriques et contenaient plus d'anxiété. De plus, leurs résultats au questionnaire de comportements miroirs corrélaient avec la sévérité de leurs comportements oniriques, ce qui suggère que le système de neurones miroirs pourrait avoir une influence sur les manifestations de ces comportements chez les patients. Globalement, ces résultats suggèrent que des difficultés au niveau de la régulation émotionnelle pourraient expliquer à la fois les symptômes émotionnels à l’éveil et les difficultés nocturnes des patients. Nous suggérons qu'un déficit au niveau des régions régulatrices frontales pourrait être à la base des différentes difficultés éprouvées par les patients. De plus, il est possible que des anomalies au niveau du système de neurones miroirs aient à la fois un impact sur la capacité des patients à réguler leurs émotions, mais aussi sur les manifestations de comportements oniriques. / REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized by vivid dreams and loss of muscle atonia usually present during REM sleep that allows the appearance of dream-enacting behaviors that are isomorphic to dream content. Several studies have examined the content of RBD patients’ dreams, many found a greater presence of threatening and aggressive themes, others obtained mixed results. Most studies had significant methodological shortcomings, such as a lack of a control group or the inclusion of patients taking psychoactive medication. Still, the presence of dysphoric dreams is associated with marked psychopathology and emotional regulation problems. Moreover, the reason why RBD patients have dysphoric dreams is largely unexplored, just as parts of the processes that generate the dream-enacting behaviors. The goal of the first article of this thesis was to measure alexithymia and nightmare distress among RBD patients compared to a control group. The results indicate that RBD patients suffer more from alexithymia, especially a greater difficulty in identifying their emotions and that this difficulty correlated with nightmare distress. The second article examined, using a validated questionnaire, the lifetime prevalences of patients’ typical dream themes, and estimated the presence of their dreams, nightmares and dream theme diversity. RBD patients reported significantly more nightmares than controls and more menacing themes, such as assaults, disasters, and where the dreamer lacks control. The third article was intended to clarify discrepancies in the results of studies on RBD dreams, that is, if the aggressiveness reported by patients is really a difference in dream content or rather a problem related to dream distress. A second objective was to measure the degree of correlations between waking-state behaviors such as mirror behaviors, and dream-enacting behaviours in RBD patients. RBD patients were found to have more dysphoric dreams, containing more anxiety. They were also feeling greater distress in reaction to their dream experiences than did controls. Moreover, their results on the mirror behavior questionnaire correlated with the severity of their dream-enacting behaviors, suggesting that the mirror neuron system could have an influence in the formation of these behaviors. Overall, these findings suggest that difficulties in emotional regulation could explain both patients’ daytime emotional symptoms (alexithymia, nightmare distress, depression, anxiety, fewer mirror behaviors) and nocturnal difficulties (nightmares and dysphoric dreams, threats in dreams). We suggest that a deficit in frontal regulatory regions could be the base of the different challenges faced by patients. More specifically, it is possible that abnormalities in the mirror neuron system have an impact on both patients' ability to regulate their emotions and the manifestation of dream-enacting behaviors.
36

Les effets de la privation de sommeil dans l'orientation spatiale

Beaulieu, Isabelle 06 1900 (has links)
Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal. / La privation de sommeil post-apprentissage cause des déficits lors du rappel de certaines tâches chez l'humain et chez le rat. Néanmoins, peu d'études se sont penchées sur les effets d'une privation de sommeil totale ou sélective précédant l'apprentissage d'une tâche spatiale chez l'humain et le rat. Le présente étude comporte deux volets expérimentaux. Dans un premier temps, nous avons évalué les effets d'une brève privation de sommeil paradoxal (SP) chez le rat sur deux types de tâche spatiale : le labyrinthe aquatique de Morris (mémoire de référence) et une tâche d'alternance différée dans un labyrinthe aquatique (mémoire de travail). La privation de SP a été menée à l'aide de la méthode de la petite plate-forme; des enregistrements de sommeil ont été recueillis au cours de cette période. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons évalué les effets d'une privation de sommeil totale (PST) sur l'orientation spatiale chez l'humain à l'aide d'un labyrinthe de dimension humaine. Les sujets ont été soumis à trois types de tâches spatiales : la construction, le rappel spontané et le rappel indicé de la carte cognitive. Puisque le cortex frontal est particulièrement vulnérable à une privation de sommeil et que la privation de sommeil totale et sélective post-apprentissage cause des déficits dans certaines tâches, nous supposons 1) qu'une brève privation de SP pré-apprentissage induira des déficits au niveau de la tâche d'alternance différée chez le rat et 2) qu'une PST pré-apprentissage induira des déficits au niveau de la construction, du rappel spontané et du rappel indicé chez l'humain. De plus, nous prévoyons que la méthode de la petite plate-forme sera efficace dans la réduction substantielle de SP. Nos résultats montrent que les rats privés de SP ont éprouvé davantage de difficultés dans l'encodage de la tâche de mémoire de travail que dans celle de mémoire de référence. Les enregistrements de sommeil révèlent une diminution significative et spécifique de SP par la méthode de la petite plate-forme. Chez l'humain, nos résultats démontrent que les sujets PST ont éprouvé plus de difficultés seulement dans la construction de la carte cognitive lors de l'apprentissage de l'itinéraire le plus complexe. Dans ces deux tâches (alternance différée chez le rat; tâche complexe chez l'humain), la mémoire de travail, qui dépend en partie du cortex frontal, aurait pu être surchargée. Ces résultats suggèrent donc une sensibilité particulière des fonctions du cortex frontal lors d'une privation de sommeil.
37

Étude en laboratoire du rêve de personnes atteintes de schizophrénie

Lusignan, Félix-Antoine 12 1900 (has links)
La schizophrénie découle d’une modification du fonctionnement du cerveau et entraîne divers symptômes qui ont pour conséquence une altération de la perception de la réalité, des troubles cognitifs, et des dysfonctionnements sociaux et comportementaux. En plus des observations cliniques de jour, la schizophrénie montre également des signes nocturnes qui peuvent se manifester durant le rêve. Cette thèse vise à caractériser les rêves dans la schizophrénie et cherche à explorer les relations qui existent entre les caractéristiques du contenu onirique des personnes atteintes de schizophrénie et les symptômes de cette maladie. Pour ce faire, nous avons comparé diverses mesures de l’activité onirique recueillies auprès de 14 participants atteints de schizophrénie traités sous antipsychotiques atypiques et 15 participants témoins par le biais de questionnaires et de collectes de rêves en laboratoire à la suite d’éveils provoqués en sommeil paradoxal (SP) et en sommeil lent (SL). Les résultats obtenus au questionnaire révèlent que les participants atteints de schizophrénie rapportent un nombre de cauchemars plus élevé comparativement aux participants témoins. Les collectes en laboratoire démontrent une fréquence de rappel de rêves équivalente au sein des deux groupes de participants, indépendamment du stade de sommeil durant lequel elles sont effectuées. Les récits de rêves du SL des deux groupes de participants sont généralement plus courts et comprennent un nombre moins élevé d’items quantifiables comparativement à ceux du SP. Les récits de rêves recueillis en SP et en SL chez les participants atteints de schizophrénie s’avèrent plus courts que ceux des participants témoins et, lorsque le nombre de mots est pondéré, la plupart des différences observées dans le contenu de rêve entre les deux groupes tendent à disparaître. En comparaison aux participants témoins, ceux atteints de schizophrénie évaluent leurs rêves comme étant moins bizarres, en dépit d’un nombre équivalent d’éléments bizarres dans leurs récits. Finalement, bien qu’il n’y ait pas de différence dans la densité des mouvements oculaires rapides (MORs) entre les deux groupes de participants, seuls les participants témoins montrent une corrélation positive entre les MORs et certaines variables du contenu onirique. Les résultats de la présente thèse suggèrent que les caractéristiques du contenu onirique des personnes atteintes de schizophrénie peuvent refléter certaines des manifestations psychopathologiques de cette maladie. / Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, and disabling brain disease which is characterized by symptoms which cause altered reality perception, cognitive deficits, and impairment in social or vocational functioning. In addition to clinical symptoms, schizophrenia can be accompanied with nocturnal characteristics which could manifest during dreaming. Using both questionnaire-based measures and laboratory REM sleep and non-REM sleep awakenings, we sought to characterize the dream content of 14 participants with schizophrenia under atypical antipsychotic medication. Results were compared with those from 15 healthy individuals. The relationship between dream content and daytime functioning in schizophrenia was also explored. Questionnaire data revealed that when compared to controls, patients with schizophrenia report experiencing a greater number of nightmares. Laboratory awakenings revealed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in the number of dream reports with reportable content, regardless of the sleep stage in which dreams were collected. In addition, when compared to their REM dream counterparts, both groups’ non-REM dream reports were shorter and included significantly fewer reportable items on several content scales. Laboratory REM and non-REM dream narratives from the patients were shorter and, after controlling for report length, most significant differences in dream content between the two groups disappeared. Patients with schizophrenia spontaneously rated their dream reports as being less bizarre than did controls, despite a similar density of bizarre elements as scored by external judges. Finally, both groups had a comparable density of rapid eye movements during REM sleep but a significant positive correlation between eye-movement density and dream content variables was only found in controls. Taken together, these findings suggest that dream content characteristics in schizophrenia may reflect psychopathological parameters specific to this disorder.
38

Phylogénie du sommeil chez les tétrapodes : analyse de patterns évolutifs, études électrophysiologiques et comportementales chez deux espèces de squamates et nouvelles perspectives méthodologiques / Phylogeny of sleep in tetrapods : analysis of evolutionary patterns, electrophysiological and behavioral studies in two squamates species and new methodological perspectives

Libourel, Paul-Antoine 15 February 2019 (has links)
Le sommeil constitue un comportement vital complexe, identifié chez la quasi-totalité des animaux étudiés. Sur la base d’études princeps dans les années 50 chez le chat et l’homme, le sommeil a pu être séparé clairement en deux états distincts : le sommeil lent et le sommeil paradoxal. Ces deux états ont ainsi été caractérisés sur la base de critères électroencéphalographiques, physiologiques et comportementaux. Basé sur une définition mammalienne, il a ainsi été montré que les mammifères terrestres et les oiseaux, tous deux homéothermes, possédaient ces deux états de sommeil. Cependant, l'origine évolutive de ces deux états reste inconnue et nous ne savons toujours pas s’ils ont évolué de façon indépendante ou s’ils ont été hérités d'un ancêtre commun. Les amphibiens et les reptiles, positionnés à la base des tétrapodes et des amniotes constituent par conséquent, des taxons clés dans la compréhension de l'évolution de ces deux états de sommeil. Afin de mieux comprendre la phylogénie de ces deux états, nous avons réalisé dans un premier temps une revue et méta-analyse de la littérature du sommeil chez ces espèces. Dans un second temps, et dans le but de pouvoir conduire des approches comparatives et ainsi mieux décrire la plasticité du sommeil, nous avons développé un dispositif miniature sans fil permettant d’enregistrer simultanément l’électrophysiologie, la physiologie, la température et le comportement en laboratoire et en milieu naturel. Enfin, nous avons conduit une étude électrophysiologique, physiologique, pharmacologique et comportementale chez deux espèces de squamates (Salvator merianae et Pogona vitticeps). Cette étude nous a permis de montrer que deux états électroencéphalographiques de sommeil existaient chez ces espèces. Cependant, elles ont aussi révélé des divergences phénotypiques importantes au sein même des lézards, ainsi qu’avec le sommeil des mammifères et des oiseaux, démontrant ainsi une origine commune mais complexe des deux états de sommeil / Sleep is a vital and complex behavior, identified in nearly all animals. Based on studies on cats and humans conducted in the 50’s, sleep was separated into two distinct sleep states: slow wave sleep and paradoxical sleep (or REM sleep). Those two states were identified based on electroencephalographic, physiological and behavioral parameters. Based on this mammalian definition, it has been demonstrated that those two states exist in terrestrial mammals and birds, both homeotherms. However, the evolutive origin of these sleeps states remains unknown and we do not know whether they evolved independently or if they were inherited from a common ancestor. Amphibians and reptiles are respectively positioned at the base of the tetrapod and the amniote tree. Therefore, they constitute key taxa in the understanding of the origin of these states. In order to understand the phylogeny of these states, we first performed an exhaustive review and meta-analysis of the sleep literature in these groups. Next, in order to be able to conduct comparative approaches and better understand the sleep plasticity, we developed a standalone miniature device to record electrophysiology, physiology, temperature, and behavior simultaneously and this under both lab and field conditions. Finally, we conducted an electrophysiological, physiological, pharmacological and behavioral study of two squamates species (Salvator merianae and Pogona vitticeps). This study revealed that two electro-encephalographical sleep states exist in these species. However, they also showed that the phenotype of these states diverged between the two lizards and between the lizards on the one hand and mammals and birds on the other hand. This would suggest a common, but complex, origin of these two sleep states
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Activation du gyrus dentelé par le noyau supramammillaire au cours du sommeil paradoxal chez le rongeur : étude neuroanatomique et fonctionnelle / Activation of the dentale gyrus by the supramammillary nucleus during paradoxical sleep in rodents : a neuroanatomical and functional study

Billwiller, Francesca 08 February 2016 (has links)
Ce travail s'inscrit dans l'étude du réseau neuronal responsable de l'activation corticale au cours du sommeil paradoxal (SP) chez le rongeur. Dans la première partie de ma thèse, j'ai participé à la démonstration que cette activation est limitée à quelques structures limbiques déterminantes pour l'apprentissage, dont le gyrus dentelé de l'hippocampe (GD). Nous avons ensuite montré que l'activation du GD en SP est due à une projection issue du noyau supramammillaire (Sum). J'ai ensuite montré en combinant l'hybridation in situ d'un marqueur des neurones glutamatergiques et GABAergiques et l'immunohistochimie du FOS que les neurones du Sum latéral actifs en SP sont à la fois glutamatergiques et GABAergiques (GLU/GABA). Enfin, j'ai montré que l'augmentation du nombre de neurones FOS+ dans le GD dorsal en SP est abolie après la lésion neurochimique du Sum. De plus, la lésion du Sum induit une nette réduction de la densité de fibres glutamatergiques dans le GD dorsal. Ces résultats indiquent que les neurones du GD dorsal sont activés en SP par les neurones GLU/GABA du Sum latéral. Le deuxième objectif de ma thèse a été de déterminer la fonction de cette voie en SP. Ainsi j'ai utilisé la technique d'optogénétique afin d'inactiver ou activer les fibres GLU/GABA provenant du Sum localisées dans le GD dorsal au cours du SP. Nos résultats montrent que l'activation de ces fibres en SP induit une augmentation de la fréquence et de la puissance du thêta enregistré dans le GD. Ces résultats indiquent que la voie Sum-GD dorsal contrôle le thêta hippocampique et soutiennent l'hypothèse d'un rôle de cette voie dans les processus de consolidation mnésique prenant place au cours du SP / During my PhD I studied the neuronal network responsible for cortical activation during paradoxical sleep (PS) in rodents. In the first part of my thesis, I participated to the demonstration that this activation is limited to a few limbic structures involved in learning, including the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus (DG). Then, we showed that the activation of DG during PS is due to a projection from the supramammillary nucleus (Sum). Besides, by combining the in situ hybridization of markers of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons and FOS immunohistochemistry, I demonstrated that lateral Sum neurons active in SP are both glutamatergic and GABAergic (GLU/GABA). Finally, I showed that the increasing number of FOS+ neurons in the dorsal DG during PS is abolished by the neurochemical lesion of the Sum. In addition, the Sum lesion induces a clear reduction of the density of glutamatergic fibers in the dorsal DG. These results indicate that during PS, dorsal DG neurons are activated by GLU/GABA neurons located in the lateral Sum. The second aim of my thesis was to determine the function of this pathway during PS. To realize that, I inactivated or activated by optogenetics the Sum GLU/GABA fibers located in the dorsal GD during SP. Our results show that the activation of these fibers during SP induces an increase in the theta frequency and power recorded in the dorsal DG. These results indicate that the Sum-dorsal DG-pathway modulates the hippocampal theta and supports the hypothesis of a role of this pathway in the memory consolidation process during SP
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Troubles du sommeil dans la maladie de Parkinson et Syndrome des jambes sans repos : l'hypothèse dopaminergique / Sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease and restless legs syndrome : the dopaminergic hypothesis

Barraud, Quentin 24 September 2010 (has links)
Mes travaux de thèse se sont axés sur deux thématiques. Elles ont en commun un possible dysfonctionnement de la transmission dopaminergique. La première visait à étudier l’implication de la dopamine dans les troubles de la régulation veille/sommeil se produisant dans la maladie de Parkinson en utilisant le modèle de référence de cette pathologie, le primate non-humain (PNH) intoxiqué au 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Pour y parvenir, nous avons utilisé un système télémétrique totalement implantable autorisant des enregistrements électroencéphalographiques, électrooculographiques et électromyographiques de longue durée chez des animaux libres de leurs mouvements. L’induction d’un syndrome parkinsonien a eu pour conséquence une totale dérégulation de l’architecture des cycles veille/sommeil persistant durant des années après les injections de MPTP. La somnolence diurne excessive et la dérégulation du sommeil paradoxal sont les signes les plus marquants de l’intoxication au MPTP et apparaissent avant l’émergence des signes moteurs. Ces dérégulations précoces sont concomitantes d’une perturbation profonde de l’homéostasie dopaminergique qui se rétablit partiellement sur le long cours grâce à des mécanismes compensatoires au sein du système dopaminergique. L’ensemble étant responsable d’une réapparition partielle du sommeil paradoxal ainsi qu’une diminution de la somnolence diurne, parallèlement à la récupération motrice. En conclusion, ces résultats soulignent la validité du modèle du primate non-humain intoxiqué au MPTP pour la modélisation des troubles du sommeil de la maladie de Parkinson. Il permettra in fine de comprendre le rôle de la déplétion dopaminergique et, au-delà, de l’intervention des autres systèmes de neurotransmission dans la physiopathologie de ces troubles. La seconde partie de ma thèse a été consacrée à l’étude anatomo-fonctionnelle de la voie dopaminergique diencéphalospinale (groupe A11) chez le PNH. En effet, si cette voie semble impliquée dans les processus sensori-moteurs et son dysfonctionnement supposé dans de nombreuses pathologies, son organisation anatomique reste méconnue, à la fois chez l’homme et le PNH. L’hybridation in situ réalisée au niveau médullaire a révélé que le sous-type de récepteur dopaminergique D1 est absent alors que les récepteurs D2 et D5 sont exprimés au niveau des cornes dorsales et les récepteurs D3 dans l’ensemble de la substance grise. Des injections unilatérales du traceur rétrograde FluoroGold au niveau de la moelle cervicale ont quasi-exclusivement marqué les neurones hypothalamiques du groupe A11 parmi l’ensemble des régions dopaminergiques. Des analyses détaillées de ces neurones par immunohistochimie indiquent qu’ils sont positifs pour la tyrosine hydroxylase et négatifs pour la dopa-décarboxylase et le transporteur à la dopamine, suggérant un noyau de nature « L-Dopaergique ». Cependant, une intoxication au MPTP conduisant au développement d’un syndrome Parkinsonien a induit une perte de 50% des neurones de l’aire A11. En conclusion, la voie diencéphalospinale serait la source majeure de L-dopa dans la moelle épinière du PNH où elle jouerait un rôle dans la modulation de l’intégration sensori-motrice principalement au travers des récepteurs D2 et D3 soit directement, soit indirectement par conversion de la L-dopa en dopamine au niveau des cellules médullaires monoenzymatiques pour la dopa-décarboxylase. La remarquable correspondance anatomique entre l’homme et le PNH renforce la pertinence de cette espèce pour l’étude de la physiologie des circuiteries dopaminergiques hypothalamiques et des conséquences fonctionnelles de leurs dysfonctionnements. / My thesis work was based on two topics bridged by a common dopaminergic neurotransmission dysfunction. The first one aimed to investigate the role of dopaminergic denervation in the pathophysiology of the sleep-wake disorders that occur in Parkinson’s disease (PD) by using the gold-standard model of parkinsonism, the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated non-human primate (NHP) model. To this end, we performed long-term continuous electroencephalographic monitoring of vigilance states in unrestrained rhesus monkeys using a completely implanted miniaturized telemetry device and tested the effect of MPTP intoxication on their sleep-wake organization. MPTP injection yielded a dramatic disruption of sleep-wake architecture with reduced sleep efficacy that persisted years after MPTP administration. Primary deregulation of REM sleep and increased daytime sleepiness occurring before the emergence of motor symptoms were the most striking features of the MPTP administration. This was concomitant with a breakdown of the dopaminergic homeostasis, as evidenced by a decreased dopamine turnover measured after a single MPTP injection. In the long term, partial reemergence of REM sleep and resolution of excessive daytime sleepiness paralleled the partial adaptation to parkinsonism, the latter being known to result from compensatory mechanisms within the dopaminergic system. Altogether, these findings highlight the suitability of the MPTP model of PD as a valid tool to model the sleep/wake disturbances of the human disease. Ultimately, this may help in deciphering the specific role of dopamine depletion and the different interventions of other neurotransmitters in the occurrence of these disorders. The second part of my thesis was dedicated to an anatomical study of the diencephalospinal pathway (A11 cell group) in the NHP. This pathway is thought to be involved in sensorimotor integration and, when disrupted, in some pathological conditions such as PD or Restless Legs Syndrome. However, its anatomical organization is almost unknown both in human and NHP. In situ hybridization of dopamine receptors showed that D1 receptor mRNA is absent while D2 and D5 receptor mRNAs are expressed in the dorsal horn and D3 receptor mRNA in both the dorsal and ventral horns. Unilateral injections of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold (FG) into the cervical spinal enlargement labeled A11 neurons quasi-exclusively among all others dopamine areas. Detailed immunohistochemical analysis showed that these FG-labeled A11 neurons are tyrosine hydroxylase-positive and dopa-decarboxylase and dopamine transporter-negative, suggestive of a L-DOPAergic group. Nevertheless, MPTP intoxication with subsequent development of a parkinsonian syndrome produced a 50% neuronal cell loss in the A11 group. In conclusion, the diencephalic A11 area could be the major source of L-DOPA in the NHP spinal cord, where it may play a role in the modulation of sensorimotor processes through D2 and D3 receptors either directly or indirectly via dopamine formation in spinal monoenzymatic dopa-decarboxylase cells.

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