Understanding Plutarch’s Parallel Lives as a literary text is the focus of current scholarship. However, to this date, no one has looked at Plutarch’s Life of Cimon to analyze what it reveals about morality. My thesis endeavours to understand how Plutarch shapes Cimon as a literary character to bring to light the moral focus of this Life. It first investigates Plutarch’s life and the atmosphere in which he lived to understand what influenced his writing. Chapter One follows with a discussion of the composition of the Lives to understand how they are organized. The insistence on reading each book’s four parts (proem, Life 1, Life 2, synkrisis) to fully appreciate their moral relevance leads to Chapter Two, which dissects the main components of Plutarch’s moral mirror. This provides the necessary background needed for Chapter Three’s case study of Plutarch’s Cimon. Here, I argue that the main moral message contained therein is the importance of generosity and euergetism.

My engagement with making is a metaphor that contains the interior landscapes of my mind. I continue to explore it by comparing and contrasting exterior and interior, investigating surface and depth, covering and exposing, and taking apart and putting together. I work to translate my individual experiences and emotions into a tangible form. The visual dialogues that I engage in with my work explore a range of aspects that are inherent and specific to my Japanese cultural heritage. It often springs from my daily encounters with the subtle nuances and observable oddities of living in the “West”. These experiences have added to my self-awareness, and my sense of identity. I’ve always been fascinated by the visual phenomenon that occurs when light is transmitted, reflected, and/or refracted on/in/and through glass materials. I integrate these observable optical phenomena into personal narratives; by using “the-perceptional-shifts” that only the quality of glass it-self can generate, I transform my emotions into concrete materiality. The body of work that has developed over the past two years focuses on integrating my experiences, emotions and feelings, distance and time, and memories of and longing for my twin sister. I marry new technology with old, and attempting to bring the sensitivity of craft to new methods of making. Embedded in this work is my passion for life, materials, and making.

The concept of community cohesion is the centrepiece of the policy that was formulated by the British government in response to the urban disturbances in northern English towns during 2001. A number of official reports identified lack of community cohesion as the critical factor. The central argument for community cohesion, the self-segregation thesis, was based on evidence from Bradford. The core idea, parallel lives, was first articulated in the Ouseley Report and incorporated into the Cantle Report and subsequent government reports into the 2001 disturbances. The Commission for Integration and Cohesion widened the concept of community cohesion, which encompassed faith and ethnic groups, to include income and generation, suggesting that the concept was more complex than earlier definitions allowed. However, the increasing concern with terrorism has meant that Muslims remain the focus of debates on cohesion, and a conflation of the community cohesion programme with the government's anti-terrorism strategy is evident in the policy literature. Samad's article is based on research carried out in Bradford to unearth and explore the factors that enhance or undermine community cohesion in those areas where there are established Muslim communities and, additionally, those in which Muslim migrants have recently arrived. It scrutinizes the debate on a number of issues: the difficulties in defining and implementing community cohesion policy, and the issues of segregation, social capital, transnationalism and belonging. This data-driven analysis takes the main areas of debate and tests them with evidence from Bradford. The research findings challenge some of the fundamental assumptions that have informed government policy by providing new evidence that throws light on central aspects of the debate. The need to reflect on these assumptions became more relevant after the English riots of 2011, centred in London, and the subsequent necessity to develop an effective strategy that engages with their root causes.

Can we consider Plutarch's Parallel Lives a historical work? Can we read them as a unitary series? These are the initial questions that this thesis poses and that are investigated in the Introduction, five main Chapters, and the Conclusion. In the Introduction, a preliminary status quaestionis about ancient biography is presented before clarifying the methodology adopted for reading the Parallel Lives as a unitary historical work and the reasons for choosing the Lives of Lycurgus, Lysander, and Agesilaus as the case studies to examine in detail. Chapter 1 discusses the historiographical principles that emerge from the De sera numinis vindicta: for Plutarch history is primarily the history of individuals and cities, based on the interpretation of historical events. Chapter 2 tries to verify the hypothesis that the Parallel Lives correspond to the historical project delineated in the De sera numinis vindicta. This Chapter, moreover, reassesses the literary form of the Parallel Lives by employing the concepts of 'open macrotext' and 'cross-complementarity' between the Lives. Chapter 3 analyses the Life of Lycurgus, focusing on the formation of the cultural identity and the political model of Sparta. In the Life of Lycurgus, Plutarch indicates already the intrinsic weaknesses of Sparta and the probable causes of Spartan decline in the fourth century BC. Chapter 4 is devoted to the Life of Lysander, where Plutarch narrates how after the Peloponnesian War Sparta established its hegemony over the Greeks and, simultaneously, began its rapid moral and political decline into decadence. Plutarch also seems to suggest that in this historical period of extraordinary changes not only Sparta and Lysander but all the Greeks were guilty of distorting moral values. Chapter 5 concentrates on Agesilaus, who could have led Sparta and the Greeks to great success against the Persians, but, instead, had to save Sparta from complete destruction after the Battle of Leuctra. The Conclusion recapitulates the main points of the thesis and proposes possible arguments for future research on Plutarch’s Parallel Lives.

Le présent travail explore un ensemble de textes peu étudié. L’hétérogénéité générique et chronologique de cet ensemble étant évidente, l’objectif visé est d’aller au-delà des différences formelles et de se concentrer sur les interférences entre les deux grands genres narratifs du XVIIe et du XVIIIe siècle : le roman, premièrement, et l’histoire, en tant qu’élément constitutif de la codification du sous-genre des Vies, secondement. À ce titre, les outils analytiques de la théorie de l’écriture romanesque et de l’historiographie y sont mobilisés simultanément et, parfois même, se recouvrent. Ainsi, au lieu de privilégier une étude thématique, philologique ou historico-biographique, l’analyse menée consiste en une étude parallèle des deux genres narratifs, des principes de leur composition et de leur rapport avec la tradition écrite antique. Car il n’y a pas de doute que ce qui est homogène dans les textes tient essentiellement à leur ascendance gréco-romaine, voire à leur attachement à une vision du monde « traditionnelle » et « héroïque » – d’où, finalement, leur qualification en tant que « narrations héroïques ». Autosuffisants au niveau sémantique et symbolique, les protagonistes des textes étudiés obéissent à une vision du monde selon l’idée, accueillante à leur héroïsme ontologique. C’est la raison pourquoi, même si les Philippe, Épaminondas et Scipion mis en récit ne se fixent pas les mêmes objectifs, ils remplissent la même fonction. / The present work explores a corpus of texts that has been very little studied. The generic and chronological heterogeneity of these texts being evident, the objective of this study is to go further than the mere formal differences and to focus on the interferences between the two prominent narrative genres of the 17th and 18th centuries: on the one hand, the novel and on the on the other, history as a constituent element of the codification of the subgenre of Lifes. For the accomplishment of this task, the analytical auxiliaries of Romanesque writing theory and historiography are simultaneously mobilised, in some cases overlapping each other. Hence, instead of a thematic study, philological or historico-biographical, the analysis followed consists in a parallel study of the two narrative genres, of their composition principles and their relations with the ancient writing tradition. For, most probably, what is homogeneous in these texts derives essentially, from their Greco-Roman ascendance, and more precisely from their attachment to a “traditional” and “heroic” vision of the world – from which their qualification as “heroic narratives” is finally derived. Self-sufficient as far as the semantic and symbolic levels are concerned, the texts studied here present heroes who obey to a vision of a world based on the idea of their ontological heroism. This is the reason why even though the tales of Philip, Epaminondas and Scipio do not set the same objectives, the heroes nevertheless do fulfil the same functions.

Cette thèse explore des aspects du monde naturel par la lentille de l'information algorithmique. La notion de l'émergence, intuitivement reliée à tant de phénomènes naturels, se voit offrir une définition cadrée dans le domaine plus spécifique des statistiques algorithmiques. Capturant toutes deux l'organisation non triviale d'un objet, la sophistication et la profondeur logique sont relativisées à un objet auxiliaire puis remises en relation. Enfin, des modèles proposant une description locale des systèmes quantiques sont démontrés équivalents, ont leur coût de description quantifié et sont généralisés aux systèmes continus. / This thesis explores aspects of the physical world through the lens of algorithmic information. The notion of emergence, intuitively linked to many natural phenomena, is offered a definition framed in the field of algorithmic statistics. Both capturing non-trivial organization of an object, sophistication and logical depth are compared once relativized to an auxiliary object. Finally, models proposing a local description of the quantum systems are shown equivalent, have their description cost quantified and are generalized to continuous systems.