Emergence is a phenomenon where we study the implicit or hidden meaning of an image. We introduce this concept in image database access and retrieval of images using his as an index for retrieval. This would give an entirely different search outcome than ordinary search where emergence is not considered, as consideration of hidden meanings could change the index of search. A feature of an image, which is not explicit would be emergent feature if it can be made explicit. There are three types of emergence: computational emergence, thermodynamic emergence and emergence relative to a model. In computational emergence, it is assumed computational interactions can generate different features or behaviors. This is one of the approaches in the field of artificial life. Thermodynamic emergence is of the view that new stable features or behaviors can arise from equilibrium through the use of thermodynamic theory. In emergence relative to a model, deviation of the behavior from the original model gives rise to emergence. We would use this latter view in our work. Two classes of shape emergence have been identified: embedded shape emergence and illusory shape emergence. In embedded shape emergence all the emergent shapes can be identified by set theory procedures on the original shape under consideration. For example, in a set S= {a,b,c,d,e}, we can find subsets like S1={a,b,c}, S2={c,d,e}, S3={a,c,e} and so on. But in illusory shape emergence, where contours defining a shape are perceived even though no contours are physically present, this kind of set theory procedures are not enough and more effective procedures have to be applied to find these hidden shapes. These procedures could be based on geometrical, topological or dimensional studies of the original shape. Content-based Image Retrieval (CBIR) techniques, so far developed, concentrated on only explicit meanings of an image. But more meanings could be extracted when we consider the implicit meanings of the same image. To find out the implicit meanings, we first destroy the shape of the original image which gives rise to unstructured image. Then we process the unstructured image to bring out the new emergent image. We discuss emergence, calculation of emergence index and accessing multimedia databases using emergence index in this dissertation. To calculate emergence index in the access of multimedia databases, we take an input image and study the emergence phenomenon of it. Also we study the emergence phenomenon of the images of the database. Both input image and images of database would give rise to more meanings because of emergence as we explained earlier. Based on the new meanings, wherever there would be a match between input image and images of database, we would pick that record up for selection. We defined emergence index as EI = f(D,F,V,C,E) where D stands for domain of the database, F for features of the image, V for various variables that define the image, C for constraints which represent the image and E for emergence phenomenon. We calculate these five variables to get emergence index for each image of the database. Also we calculate these five variables for input image as well. We talk about global aspects of features. It means features of the entire image. Examples are area, perimeter or rectangles, triangles. In some searches, to consider the global features could be advantageous in that a symmetry with the input image could be obtained on the basis of global features only. But as is clearly the case, to consider global features could overlook the individual objects that constitute the image as a whole. In the kind of searches we propose, we take into account the global features of the image of the database while considering in detail local features. Various objects that lie within an image constitute local features. In our example, there are three objects in the image, namely, a lake and two houses. Studying the features of these three objects would add to studying the features of the image globally. We took the example of a geographic location in the thesis and then showed how destruction of original image is done and further processing of the unstructured image gives new emergent image. Partial implementation of this concept is also presented at the end. In implementation, we consider the retrieval of image globally. We do not consider break-up of image into multiple objects which is left for future research.

This work deals with the construction of a specific device for handling batching, such as paper rolls wound on a paper tube. It is included in the structural design of the device, control engineering calculations nodes developed basic drawing documentation manipulator.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / These laws were first published in Latin,in 1687.The first law may be literally translated thus, Every body continues in its state of reat or of uniform motion in a straight line ,unless it is compelled to change that state by impressed force. This meano that if a body is at rest it will remain so unless some force acts on it,if in motion ,the velocity of motion must continue uniform unless some force acts to increase it or diminish it. Also the direction of motioA mast continue unchanged and therefom rectilinear unless some force causes it to be diverted. This law therefore supplies us with a definition of force; Force is that which produces or tends to produce, motion 0.' change of motion. Newton's second law of motion may be translated as follows:- Newton's second law of motion may be translated as follows:- The change of motion (produced)is proportional to the impressed force producing it,and pursues the direction in which that force is impressed. This law leads to a method of measuring forces. If we change the velocity with which a mass is moving,we also change its momentum. Change in momentum will serve to measure force.lt seems obvious that whatever change in momentum is produced by a force, twice the force will produce twice the change ,etc.i.e. the change is directly proportional to the force. For a given mass,m,change of momentum ,mv,means change of velocity;the change of velocity per unit time is aceeleration,a;the change in momentum per unit time is therefore malf we employ absolute units (poundals or dynes)this can be shown as; Newton's third law of motion states that 'to every action there is an equaI and opposite reaction'.This law recognises the dual aspect of forces It a tooth is pushed by a finger spring ,the spring is also pushed by the tooth,and an eqpal counter force acts towards the spring unti1 the biology of the system intervenes. This dual stress is called pressure. Retracting incisors against posterior segments it is apparent that the reaction of the posterior segments must be equal and opposite to the incisors.In this case the two forces act away trom each other,and tG this dual stress we give the name tension.

The aim of diploma thesis are modifications in mechanical design of the coherence controlled holographic microscope which will lead to reduction of some deficiencies. In this thesis there is a brief description of the history interference microscopy and differences between each types of interference microscopes. In this work there are stated some design deficiencies of actual condition of the microscope and also several solutions are suggested and shortly described. Then the best solution is chosen which is adjusted to a final form. It is described in detail and then realized. There is a summary included in the conclusion whether the new solution is suitable and if it fulfills the required condition.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-22T13:31:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilene Rosa dos Santos.pdf: 3007504 bytes, checksum: a1c28662bf3ebb99e5a4e88731999f45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-22T13:31:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marilene Rosa dos Santos.pdf: 3007504 bytes, checksum: a1c28662bf3ebb99e5a4e88731999f45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-01 / This research had the objective to investigate the possible relation between the concept of parallelogram area in a didactic book collection for the last grades of elementary school and the procedures used by students of an 8th grade class in the solutions to the problems related to this theme. The theoretical fundation is based on the model of area as magnitude, as it is in the works of Douady & Perrin-Glorian and Bellemain & Lima and in Theory of didactic situations developed by Brousseau and his disciple, particulary by the notions of didactic contract and didactic variables. The methodological procedures inspired by Bessot & Le Thi Hoai, consisted on the analysis of a collection of didactic Mathematics books, followed by the application of a test with students, users of the books. Twenty-one students of an 8th grade class of a federal public elementary school took part in this research in the city of Recife. The activities proposed were made in order to look alike on the books, but breaking with some rules of the didactic contract suppose standing the value of the didactic variables identified it was, in the time predominant in the didactic book collection, in the time value not used. The analysis of results indicated convergence and divergence among the abordage of the books and procedures by the students about the parallelogram area. For example, in the collection like in the procedures of the students, the side like base is generally the horizontal side (also when it´s not aborded the greatest side). The didactic book analyzed for beginning the measure of area only in a posterior moment worked the constancy of the area for decomposition and composition. This choice is against that one indicated in literature revision by the premature association of the surface to a number help the confusion between the magnitude length and area. Contrary to our expectation, on the activities proposed to great part of the students showed to discolour area and perimeter. / Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar as possíveis relações entre a abordagem da área do paralelogramo em uma coleção de livros didáticos para as séries finais do ensino fundamental e os procedimentos utilizados pelos alunos de uma 8ª série na resolução de problemas relativos a esse tema. A fundamentação teórica está alicerçada no modelo de área como grandeza, proposto nos trabalhos de Douady & Perrin-Glorian e Bellemain & Lima e na Teoria das Situações Didáticas desenvolvida por Brousseau e seus seguidores, particularmente nas noções de contrato didático e variável didática. Os procedimentos metodológicos inspirados em Bessot & Le Thi Hoai, consistiram na análise de uma coleção de livros didáticos de Matemática, seguida da aplicação de um teste com alunos, usuários dos livros. Participaram desta pesquisa 21 alunos da 8ª série de uma escola pública da cidade do Recife. As atividades do teste foram elaboradas de forma que rompessem com algumas regras de contrato didático supostamente vigente e os valores das variáveis didáticas identificadas fossem ora aqueles predominantes na coleção de livros didáticos, ora valores não habituais. As análises dos resultados indicaram convergências e divergências, entre a abordagem dos livros e os procedimentos dos alunos referentes à área do paralelogramo. Por exemplo, tanto na coleção como nos procedimentos dos alunos, o lado tomado como base é geralmente o horizontal (mesmo quando não se trata do lado de maior comprimento). Os livros didáticos analisados focalizam inicialmente a medida de área e apenas em um momento posterior trabalham a invariância da área por decomposição e recomposição. Esta escolha diverge daquela indicada na revisão de literatura segundo a qual a associação precoce da superfície a um número favorece a confusão entre as grandezas comprimento e área. Contrariamente à nossa expectativa, nas atividades propostas a maioria dos alunos mostrou distinguir área e perímetro.

The thesis is dealing with the design proposal of mobile handling equipment for the aircrafts´ overhead accessory. In its initial part it describes different types of manipulators in use, following by several possibilities how to solve the problematics. The main part of the thesis is focused on concrete solution and construction of such manipulating facility, including the strength and control calculations.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, we will present vectors from its relation with a oriented segment, its main operations, linear combination, linear dependence and base, up to the alternating product part. We relate the alternating product of two vectors with the area of the parallelogram formed by them, as well as the alternating product of three vectors with the volume of the parallelepiped. We also show that the vector product and the mixed product are special cases of alternating product. / Neste trabalho, apresentaremos vetores desde a sua relação com um segmento orientado, suas principais operações, combinação linear, dependência linear e base, até a parte de produto alternado. Relacionamos o produto alternado de dois vetores com área do paralelogramo formado por eles, assim como, o produto alternado de três vetores com o volume do paralelepípedo. Mostramos ainda que o produto vetorial e o produto misto são casos especiais de produto alternado. / São Cristóvão, SE

Cette thèse porte sur l’interprétation combinatoire des probabilitésde l’état stationnaire de l’ASEP par les tableaux escaliers, sur les arbresnon-ambigus et sur les polyominos parallélogrammes périodiques.Dans une première partie, nous étudions l’ansatz matriciel de Derrida,Evans, Hakim et Pasquier. Toute solution de ce système d’équation permet decalculer les probabilités stationnaires de l’ASEP. Nos travaux définissent denouvelles récurrences équivalentes à celles de l’ansatz matriciel. En définissantun algorithme d’insertion sur les tableaux escaliers, nous montrons combinatoirementet simplement qu’ils les satisfont. Nous faisons de même pour l’ASEPà deux particules. Enfin, nous énumérons les coins dans les tableaux associésà l’ASEP, nous permettant ainsi de donner le nombre moyen de transitionspossibles depuis un état de l’ASEP.Dans une deuxième partie, nous calculons de jolies formules pour les sériesgénératrices des arbres non-ambigus, desquelles nous déduisons des formulesd’énumérations. Puis, nous interprétons bijectivement certains de ces résultats.Enfin, nous généralisons les arbres non-ambigus à toutes les dimensions finies.Dans la dernière partie, nous construisons une structure arborescente surles polyominos parallélogrammes périodiques, inspirée des travaux de Boussicault,Rinaldi et Socci. Cela nous permet de calculer facilement leur sériegénératrice selon la hauteur et la largeur ainsi que deux nouvelles statistiques :la largeur intrinsèque et la hauteur de recollement intrinsèque. Enfin, nousétudions l’ultime périodicité de leur série génératrice selon l’aire. / This thesis deals with a combinatorial interpretation of the stationnarydistribution of the ASEP given by staircase tableaux and studiestwo combinatorial objects : non-ambiguous trees and periodic parallelogrampolyominoes.In the first part, we study the matrix ansatz introduced by Derrida, Evans,Hakim and Pasquier. Any solution of this equation system can be used tocompute the stationnary probabilities of the ASEP. Our work defines newrecurrences equivalent to the matrix ansatz. By defining an insertion algorithmfor staircase tableaux, we prove combinatorially and easily that they satisfyour new recurrences. We do the same for the ASEP with two types of particles.Finally, we enumerate the corners of the tableaux related to the ASEP, whichgives the average number of transitions from a state of the ASEP.In the second part, we compute nice formulas for the generating functionsof non-ambiguous trees, from which we deduce enumeration formulas. Then, wegive a combinatorial interpretation of some of our results. Lastly, we generalisenon-ambiguous trees to every finite dimension.In the last part, we define a tree structure in periodic parallelogram polyominoes,motivated by the work of Boussicault, Rinaldi and Socci. It allowsus to compute easily the generating function with respect to the height andthe width as well as two new statistics : the intrinsic width and the intrinsicgluing height. Finally, we investigate the ultimate periodicity of the generatingfunction with respect to the area.

The thesis deals with constructivist approaches to teaching mathematics in lower secondary school, which means that a pupil is the centre of learning process. Based on study of literature, textbook analysis, and, in particular, in accordance with the theory of generic models as a theory describing way to build pupils' knowledge, a teaching experiment was prepared, focusing on the area of triangle and parallelogram. Experimental lessons were realized in two 7 grade classes with different experience with being taught mathematics at the elementary school. One class was taught by a highly instructive series of textbooks, while the second by textbooks which respected the principles of constructivism aimed at pupils and allowed individualization of learning process. The main objective of the thesis is to describe the experimental education in both classes and evaluate it from two perspectives. First of all, qualitatively, by analysing video recordings of lessons, pupils' solutions, notes from lessons, print screens from interactive whiteboard, but also by examining attendance sheets from teachers observing some lessons. In the second case, quantitatively, based on pre- and post- tests. The qualitative analysis is mainly focused on key discoveries and didactical situations in teaching and on an assessment...

This thesis concerns with construction design of manipulator. The purpose of the manipulator is to transport beech logs. It is a part of the production line for heating and steaming veneering of the logs before their subsequent processing. This thesis presents a new design solution. It offers detailed descriptions of the purpose of the construction and of individual functional assemblies. It also describes the means for operating the machine and the types of sensors used. Calculation of forces and reactions in the mechanism, based on a simplified load calculation model, constitutes an important part of the work. Design of key components of the machine is then based on the results of the analysis of the forces involved. The supplements of the thesis include photographs of the manipulator realization and selected technical design.