Thesis (D.PT.)--Sage Colleges, 2009. / "May 2009." "A Capstone project for PTY 768 presented to the Faculty of the Department of Physical Therapy Sage Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Physical Therapy." Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

As anormalidades hematológicas de origem paraneoplásica são identificadas em diversos tipos de neoplasias que acometem cães e gatos. Nas neoplasias mamárias em cadelas, já foram identificadas anormalidades relacionadas com a coagulação, onde verificou-se que a coagulação intravascular disseminada (CID) clínica e subclínica pode estar presente em 83% das cadelas com carcinoma mamário. Na medicina humana, é dada relevância à investigação de tais alterações uma vez que são fatores indicadores de prognóstico do câncer. Enquanto isso, na medicina veterinária, são escassos os estudos que relacionam as alterações hematológicas com o tipo tumoral, estadiamento e determinação de prognóstico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a avaliação hematológica, bioquímica e da hemostasia de cadelas acometidas por neoplasia mamária para identificar a alteração mais frequente, além de relacionar as anormalidades com o estadiamento tumoral. Para isso, foram utilizadas 25 cadelas atendidas pelo Grupo de Estudos em Oncologia em pequenos animais (ONCOVET) do Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da UFRGS (HCV-UFRGS) durante o período de 4 meses. Foi realizado coleta de sangue para hemograma, contagem de plaquetas, bioquímica sérica (albumina, ALT, cálcio, creatinina, FA, glicose, ureia) e teste de coagulação que constou de TP (tempo de protrombina), TTPa (tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada), TT (tempo de trombina), fibrinogênio e mensuração do dímero-D. O estadiamento tumoral foi obtido através do exame físico e do resultado da biopsia das mamas. As anormalidades encontradas incluíram anemia, leucocitose neutrofílica, monocitose, eosinofilia, trombocitose, hipoalbuminemia, hipocalcemia, hipoglicemia e diminuição dos níveis de ureia sanguínea. Entretanto, essas alterações não foram relacionadas diretamente com a progressão tumoral, uma vez que não houve diferença entre os grupos avaliados. Apenas as variáveis RDW e ALT apresentaram relação significativa entre os grupos, contudo, sem relevância clínica. No teste de coagulação, houve diferença significativa entre os grupos apenas no TT e fibrinogênio, que foi relacionado com o estadiamento tumoral. / Hematological abnormalities of paraneoplastic origin are identified in several types of cancers that affect dogs and cats. In dogs with mammary neoplasms, abnormalities associated with coagulation have been identified, and verified that disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) clinical and subclinical may be present in 83% of dogs with mammary carcinoma. In human medicine, research in this field has been relevant since those factors are indicators of cancer prognosis. Meanwhile, in veterinary medicine, there are few studies that relate hematological changes with tumor type, staging and determination of prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological, biochemical and hemostathic abnormalities in bitches affected by mammary cancer to identify the most frequent alteration and associate with tumor staging. For this, 25 bitches attended by the Oncology Study Group in small animals (ONCOVET) of the Veterinary Hospital of UFRGS (HCV-UFRGS) for the period of 4 months were used. Blood collection for complete blood count, platelet count, serum biochemistry (albumin, ALT, calcium, creatinine, ALP, glucose, urea) and coagulation test that consisted of PT (prothrombin time), aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time), TT (thrombin time), fibrinogen and D-dimer measurement were performed. Tumor staging was obtained by physical examination and the results of the biopsy of the breast. The abnormalities found included anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia and decreased levels of urea. However, these changes were not associated directly with tumor progression, since there was no difference among the groups. Only the RDW and ALT variables was associated significantly between the groups, however, with no clinical relevance. In the coagulation test, there was significant difference between the groups only in TT and fibrinogen, which was associated with tumor staging.

The biological function of RNA is often linked to an ability to adopt one or more mutually exclusive conformational states or isomers, a characteristic that distinguishes this biomolecule from proteins. Two examples of conformationally inconverting RNAs were structurally investigated. The first is found in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). A proposed molecular switch between mutually exclusive stable stem loop and pseudoknot conformations was investigated using thermal unfolding methods, NMR spectroscopy, sedimentation velocity ultracentrifugation and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) spectroscopy. Utilizing a "divide and conquer" approach we establish that the independent subdomains are folded as predicted by the proposed model and that a pseudoknotted conformation is accessible. Using the subdomains as spectral markers for the investigation of the intact 3' UTR RNA, we show that the 3' UTR is indeed a superposition of a double stem conformation and a pseudoknotted conformation in the presence of KCl and MgCl2. In the absence of added salt however, the 3' UTR adopts exclusively the double stem conformation. Analysis of the pseudoknotted stem reveals only a marginally stable folded state (deltaG25 = 0.5 kcal mol-1, tm = 31 oC) which makes it likely that a viral or host encoded protein(s) is required to stabilize the pseudoknotted conformation. A second conformationally interconverting RNA system investigated is an RNA element that stimulates -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting in the human Ma3 gene. Structural analysis of the frameshifting element reveals a dynamic equilibrium between a functionally inactive double stem loop conformation and the active pseudoknotted conformation. Thermal melting and NMR spectroscopy reveal that the double stem loop is the predominant conformation in the absence of added KCl or MgCl2. The addition of KCl and MgCl2 results in the formation of a pseudoknot conformation. This conformation is dominant in solution only when the competing double stem loop conformation is abrogated by mutation. Functional studies of the Ma3 pseudoknot reveal that abrogation of double stem conformation increases frameshift stimulation by 2-fold and indicates that the pseudoknot is the active conformation.

Οι ανθρώπινοι όγκοι συνοδεύονται από κάποιου βαθμού φλεγμονή. Οι παράγοντες του καρκινικού κυττάρου που προκαλούν και ρυθμίζουν τη φλεγμονή, καθώς και οι επιδράσεις της φλεγμονής αυτής πάνω στον ίδιο τον όγκο αποτελούν σημαντικά ερευνητικά ζητούμενα. Τρέχοντα δεδομένα υποστηρίζουν ότι συγκεκριμένες γενετικές βλάβες του καρκινικού κυττάρου αποτελούν σημαντικούς τελεστές της παρανεοπλασματικής φλεγμονής. Συγκεκριμένα, μεταλλάξεις του ογκογονιδίου Kras, συχνές σε καρκίνους των πνευμόνων, του παγκρέατος και του εντέρου πιθανά συντελούν στη δημιουργία ενός φλεγμονώδους-ογκοπροαγωγού μικροπεριβάλλοντος. Στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν η μελέτη του ρόλου των μεταλλάξεων Kras στη νεοπλασματική πρόοδο και την παρανεοπλασματική φλεγμονή. Για το σκοπό αυτό, πραγματοποιήθηκε γονοτύπηση καρκινικών σειρών ποντικού για μεταλλάξεις Kras. Σε κυτταρική σειρά που φέρει ενεργοποιητική μετάλλαξη Kras αποσιωπήθηκε σταθερά η έκφραση του με shRNA. Η μητρική και η θυγατρική σειρές εμφυτεύθηκαν στο υποδόριο και τον υπεζωκότα ανοσοεπαρκών ποντικών. Η αποσιώπηση του Kras οδήγησε σε μικρότερου βαθμού φλεγμονή και νεοπλασματική αύξηση, σε σύγκριση με τους μητρικούς όγκους. Ο κύριος πληθυσμός ανοσολογικών κυττάρων στους όγκους ήταν CD45+CD11b+ μυελοκύτταρα, τα οποία πρόσφατα βρέθηκε πως ρυθμίζονται φαινοτυπικά στο σπλήνα. Η σπληνεκτομή δεν επηρέασε την ανάπτυξη υποδόριων όγκων και νεοπλασματικής φλεγμονής από μητρικά και shKras κύτταρα. Αντίθετα, η σπληνεκτομή είχε ευεργετικά αποτελέσματα σε ζωϊκό πρότυπο κακοήθους υπεζωκοτικής συλλογής οδηγώντας σε ελάττωση συσσώρευσης υγρού και φλεγμονωδών κυττάρων. Συμπερασματικά, οι μεταλλάξεις Kras φαίνεται να παίζουν ρόλο στη νεοπλασματική πρόοδο και τη σχετιζόμενη φλεγμονή, αλληλεπιδρώντας με κάποιο σπληνοεξαρτώμενο πληθυσμό μυελοκυττάρων. Οι δράσεις αυτού του κυτταρικού πληθυσμού εξαρτώνται από το νεοπλασματικό μικροπεριβάλλον. / The human tumors are accompanied with some kind of inflammation. The factors of the cancer cell that cause and regulate this inflammation, as well as the influence of this inflammation on the tumor itself constitute an important research aim. Current data argue that specific genetic damage of the cancer cell constitute important operands of the paraneoplastic inflammation. In particular, mutations of the oncogene Kras, common in cancers of the lungs, the pancreas and the colon, possibly contribute to the initiation of a an inflammatory-tumorpromoting microenvironment. The aim of the current thesis was the study of the role of the Kras mutations in the neoplastic progression and the paraneoplastic inflammation. For this purpose, genotyping of murine cancer cell lines for Kras mutations was performed. In cancer cell line with activating Kras mutation, the expression of the Kras was silenced through shRNA. Both the parental and the daughter cell lines were implanted both subcutaneously and in the pleural cavity of immunocompetent mice. The silencing of the Kras led to a lower rate of inflammation and neoplastic growth, in comparison with the parental tumors. The main immunological population in the tumors was CD45+CD11b+ myeloid derived cells which were recently found to be phenotypically regulated in the spleen. The splenectomy did not influence the growth of subcutaneous tumors or neoplastic inflammation from parental and shKras cells. In contrast, the splenectomy had positive results on animal model of malignant pleural effusion, leading to lower collection of liquid and inflammatory cells. In conclusion, the mutations of Kras are shown to play a role in the neoplastic progression and the associated inflammation, interacting with a spleen- dependent population of myeloid derived cells. The actions of this cell population depend on the neoplastic microenvironment.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os aspectos clínicos e imuno-histoquímicos, bem como a ocorrência de síndromes paraneoplásicas e alterações laboratoriais, e correlacionar com os tempos de sobrevida e de remissão, em cães com linfoma. Além disso, visou monitorar a função cardíaca dos pacientes que receberam quimioterapia com protococolo que incluía doxorrubicina. Trinta cães com linfoma foram atendidos no período de maio de 2010 a maio de 2012 no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e foram avaliados através de exame clínico, hemograma e análises bioquímicas, concentração sérica de troponina cardíaca I, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma, no momento do diagnóstico e mensalmente por mais quatro meses até o término do protocolo quimioterápico CHOP (prednisona, vincristina, ciclofosfamida e doxorrubicina). Posteriormente, os cães foram avaliados a cada dois meses até completar um ano após o diagnóstico. A maior parte dos cães diagnosticados neste estudo eram machos (60%), com média de 9 anos de idade e sem raça definida (23%). A forma multicêntrica foi a mais comumente observada (87%), principalmente associada ao imunofenótipo B (62%) e os cães apresentaram-se comumente nos estádios clínicos IV e V (64%) e subestádio “b” (83%). Alterações laboratoriais e síndromes paraneoplásicas foram frequentemente observadas no momento do diagnóstico, e incluiam anemia (57%), hipoalbuminemia (53%), leucocitose (40%), trombocitopenia (33%), hiperglobulinemia (20%), hiperproteinemia (17%) e hipercalcemia (13%). Os cães que apresentaram alterações na contagem de plaquetas, basicamente trombocitopenia, e alterações na concentração sérica da fração β2 das globulinas, bem como aqueles nos estádios clínicos IV-V e em condição corporal 1-2 no momento do diagnóstico, tiveram menor tempo de sobrevida. Os cães com hipercalcemia, trombocitopenia e elevação no volume corpuscular médio mostraram um menor tempo de remissão com maior chance de recidiva. Dos 30 cães com linfoma, 23 receberam o protocolo quimioterápico contendo doxorrubicina; não foram observadas alterações significativas nos exames cardiológicos realizados durante e após a quimioterapia. Este estudo demonstrou que os aspectos clínicos de cães com linfoma em Porto Alegre são similares aos observados em outras regiões do mundo, e alguns exames simples e de rotina se mostraram úteis para avaliar os tempos de sobrevida e remissão no momento do diagnóstico. Além disso, a doxorrubicina se mostrou uma droga segura para utilizar em cães com linfoma, desde que sejam adequadamente monitorados. / The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical and immunohistochemical features of dogs with lymphoma, as well as the occurrence of paraneoplastic syndromes and laboratory abnormalities, and their correlation with survival and remission times in those patients. Furthermore, we monitored the cardiac function of the patients receiving doxorubicin. Thirty animals with lymphoma were treated between May 2010 and May 2012 in the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and were evaluated by clinical examination, complete blood count and biochemical analysis, serum cardiac troponin I measurement, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram at diagnosis, and monthly for four months until the end of the chemotherapy protocol, which contained prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin. The animals were evaluated every two months until one year after diagnosis. Most animals diagnosed in this study were males (60%) with a mean age of 9 years and mixed-breed (23%). The multicentric form was the most commonly observed with predominance of the B cell phenotype (62%) and the animals were frequently in clinical stages IV and V (64%) and sub-stage "b" (83%). Paraneoplastic syndromes and laboratory abnormalities were frequently observed at diagnosis, corresponding to anemia (57%), hypoalbuminemia (53%), leukocytosis (40%), thrombocytopenia (33%), hyperglobulinemia (20%) and hypercalcaemia (13%). The animals that showed alterations in platelet count, especially thrombocytopenia, and β2 serum globulin fraction as well as the ones in clinical stages IV-V and with body condition scores between 1-2 at diagnosis had lower survival times. The animals with hypercalcaemia, thrombocytopenia and elevated mean corpuscular volume showed a shorter remission time with a higher incidence of relapse. Twenty three dogs received doxorubicin in the chemotherapy protocol, and there were no significant changes in the cardiac evaluations performed during and after chemotherapy. This study demonstrated that the clinical aspects of dogs with lymphoma in Porto Alegre are similar to those observed in other studies worldwide, and some simple and routine tests proved useful in the prediction of survival and remission rates at the time of diagnosis. In addition, doxorubicin proved to be a safe drug when administered in dogs with lymphoma if properly monitored.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os aspectos clínicos e imuno-histoquímicos, bem como a ocorrência de síndromes paraneoplásicas e alterações laboratoriais, e correlacionar com os tempos de sobrevida e de remissão, em cães com linfoma. Além disso, visou monitorar a função cardíaca dos pacientes que receberam quimioterapia com protococolo que incluía doxorrubicina. Trinta cães com linfoma foram atendidos no período de maio de 2010 a maio de 2012 no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e foram avaliados através de exame clínico, hemograma e análises bioquímicas, concentração sérica de troponina cardíaca I, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma, no momento do diagnóstico e mensalmente por mais quatro meses até o término do protocolo quimioterápico CHOP (prednisona, vincristina, ciclofosfamida e doxorrubicina). Posteriormente, os cães foram avaliados a cada dois meses até completar um ano após o diagnóstico. A maior parte dos cães diagnosticados neste estudo eram machos (60%), com média de 9 anos de idade e sem raça definida (23%). A forma multicêntrica foi a mais comumente observada (87%), principalmente associada ao imunofenótipo B (62%) e os cães apresentaram-se comumente nos estádios clínicos IV e V (64%) e subestádio “b” (83%). Alterações laboratoriais e síndromes paraneoplásicas foram frequentemente observadas no momento do diagnóstico, e incluiam anemia (57%), hipoalbuminemia (53%), leucocitose (40%), trombocitopenia (33%), hiperglobulinemia (20%), hiperproteinemia (17%) e hipercalcemia (13%). Os cães que apresentaram alterações na contagem de plaquetas, basicamente trombocitopenia, e alterações na concentração sérica da fração β2 das globulinas, bem como aqueles nos estádios clínicos IV-V e em condição corporal 1-2 no momento do diagnóstico, tiveram menor tempo de sobrevida. Os cães com hipercalcemia, trombocitopenia e elevação no volume corpuscular médio mostraram um menor tempo de remissão com maior chance de recidiva. Dos 30 cães com linfoma, 23 receberam o protocolo quimioterápico contendo doxorrubicina; não foram observadas alterações significativas nos exames cardiológicos realizados durante e após a quimioterapia. Este estudo demonstrou que os aspectos clínicos de cães com linfoma em Porto Alegre são similares aos observados em outras regiões do mundo, e alguns exames simples e de rotina se mostraram úteis para avaliar os tempos de sobrevida e remissão no momento do diagnóstico. Além disso, a doxorrubicina se mostrou uma droga segura para utilizar em cães com linfoma, desde que sejam adequadamente monitorados. / The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical and immunohistochemical features of dogs with lymphoma, as well as the occurrence of paraneoplastic syndromes and laboratory abnormalities, and their correlation with survival and remission times in those patients. Furthermore, we monitored the cardiac function of the patients receiving doxorubicin. Thirty animals with lymphoma were treated between May 2010 and May 2012 in the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and were evaluated by clinical examination, complete blood count and biochemical analysis, serum cardiac troponin I measurement, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram at diagnosis, and monthly for four months until the end of the chemotherapy protocol, which contained prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin. The animals were evaluated every two months until one year after diagnosis. Most animals diagnosed in this study were males (60%) with a mean age of 9 years and mixed-breed (23%). The multicentric form was the most commonly observed with predominance of the B cell phenotype (62%) and the animals were frequently in clinical stages IV and V (64%) and sub-stage "b" (83%). Paraneoplastic syndromes and laboratory abnormalities were frequently observed at diagnosis, corresponding to anemia (57%), hypoalbuminemia (53%), leukocytosis (40%), thrombocytopenia (33%), hyperglobulinemia (20%) and hypercalcaemia (13%). The animals that showed alterations in platelet count, especially thrombocytopenia, and β2 serum globulin fraction as well as the ones in clinical stages IV-V and with body condition scores between 1-2 at diagnosis had lower survival times. The animals with hypercalcaemia, thrombocytopenia and elevated mean corpuscular volume showed a shorter remission time with a higher incidence of relapse. Twenty three dogs received doxorubicin in the chemotherapy protocol, and there were no significant changes in the cardiac evaluations performed during and after chemotherapy. This study demonstrated that the clinical aspects of dogs with lymphoma in Porto Alegre are similar to those observed in other studies worldwide, and some simple and routine tests proved useful in the prediction of survival and remission rates at the time of diagnosis. In addition, doxorubicin proved to be a safe drug when administered in dogs with lymphoma if properly monitored.

As anormalidades hematológicas de origem paraneoplásica são identificadas em diversos tipos de neoplasias que acometem cães e gatos. Nas neoplasias mamárias em cadelas, já foram identificadas anormalidades relacionadas com a coagulação, onde verificou-se que a coagulação intravascular disseminada (CID) clínica e subclínica pode estar presente em 83% das cadelas com carcinoma mamário. Na medicina humana, é dada relevância à investigação de tais alterações uma vez que são fatores indicadores de prognóstico do câncer. Enquanto isso, na medicina veterinária, são escassos os estudos que relacionam as alterações hematológicas com o tipo tumoral, estadiamento e determinação de prognóstico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a avaliação hematológica, bioquímica e da hemostasia de cadelas acometidas por neoplasia mamária para identificar a alteração mais frequente, além de relacionar as anormalidades com o estadiamento tumoral. Para isso, foram utilizadas 25 cadelas atendidas pelo Grupo de Estudos em Oncologia em pequenos animais (ONCOVET) do Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da UFRGS (HCV-UFRGS) durante o período de 4 meses. Foi realizado coleta de sangue para hemograma, contagem de plaquetas, bioquímica sérica (albumina, ALT, cálcio, creatinina, FA, glicose, ureia) e teste de coagulação que constou de TP (tempo de protrombina), TTPa (tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada), TT (tempo de trombina), fibrinogênio e mensuração do dímero-D. O estadiamento tumoral foi obtido através do exame físico e do resultado da biopsia das mamas. As anormalidades encontradas incluíram anemia, leucocitose neutrofílica, monocitose, eosinofilia, trombocitose, hipoalbuminemia, hipocalcemia, hipoglicemia e diminuição dos níveis de ureia sanguínea. Entretanto, essas alterações não foram relacionadas diretamente com a progressão tumoral, uma vez que não houve diferença entre os grupos avaliados. Apenas as variáveis RDW e ALT apresentaram relação significativa entre os grupos, contudo, sem relevância clínica. No teste de coagulação, houve diferença significativa entre os grupos apenas no TT e fibrinogênio, que foi relacionado com o estadiamento tumoral. / Hematological abnormalities of paraneoplastic origin are identified in several types of cancers that affect dogs and cats. In dogs with mammary neoplasms, abnormalities associated with coagulation have been identified, and verified that disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) clinical and subclinical may be present in 83% of dogs with mammary carcinoma. In human medicine, research in this field has been relevant since those factors are indicators of cancer prognosis. Meanwhile, in veterinary medicine, there are few studies that relate hematological changes with tumor type, staging and determination of prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological, biochemical and hemostathic abnormalities in bitches affected by mammary cancer to identify the most frequent alteration and associate with tumor staging. For this, 25 bitches attended by the Oncology Study Group in small animals (ONCOVET) of the Veterinary Hospital of UFRGS (HCV-UFRGS) for the period of 4 months were used. Blood collection for complete blood count, platelet count, serum biochemistry (albumin, ALT, calcium, creatinine, ALP, glucose, urea) and coagulation test that consisted of PT (prothrombin time), aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time), TT (thrombin time), fibrinogen and D-dimer measurement were performed. Tumor staging was obtained by physical examination and the results of the biopsy of the breast. The abnormalities found included anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia and decreased levels of urea. However, these changes were not associated directly with tumor progression, since there was no difference among the groups. Only the RDW and ALT variables was associated significantly between the groups, however, with no clinical relevance. In the coagulation test, there was significant difference between the groups only in TT and fibrinogen, which was associated with tumor staging.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os aspectos clínicos e imuno-histoquímicos, bem como a ocorrência de síndromes paraneoplásicas e alterações laboratoriais, e correlacionar com os tempos de sobrevida e de remissão, em cães com linfoma. Além disso, visou monitorar a função cardíaca dos pacientes que receberam quimioterapia com protococolo que incluía doxorrubicina. Trinta cães com linfoma foram atendidos no período de maio de 2010 a maio de 2012 no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e foram avaliados através de exame clínico, hemograma e análises bioquímicas, concentração sérica de troponina cardíaca I, eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma, no momento do diagnóstico e mensalmente por mais quatro meses até o término do protocolo quimioterápico CHOP (prednisona, vincristina, ciclofosfamida e doxorrubicina). Posteriormente, os cães foram avaliados a cada dois meses até completar um ano após o diagnóstico. A maior parte dos cães diagnosticados neste estudo eram machos (60%), com média de 9 anos de idade e sem raça definida (23%). A forma multicêntrica foi a mais comumente observada (87%), principalmente associada ao imunofenótipo B (62%) e os cães apresentaram-se comumente nos estádios clínicos IV e V (64%) e subestádio “b” (83%). Alterações laboratoriais e síndromes paraneoplásicas foram frequentemente observadas no momento do diagnóstico, e incluiam anemia (57%), hipoalbuminemia (53%), leucocitose (40%), trombocitopenia (33%), hiperglobulinemia (20%), hiperproteinemia (17%) e hipercalcemia (13%). Os cães que apresentaram alterações na contagem de plaquetas, basicamente trombocitopenia, e alterações na concentração sérica da fração β2 das globulinas, bem como aqueles nos estádios clínicos IV-V e em condição corporal 1-2 no momento do diagnóstico, tiveram menor tempo de sobrevida. Os cães com hipercalcemia, trombocitopenia e elevação no volume corpuscular médio mostraram um menor tempo de remissão com maior chance de recidiva. Dos 30 cães com linfoma, 23 receberam o protocolo quimioterápico contendo doxorrubicina; não foram observadas alterações significativas nos exames cardiológicos realizados durante e após a quimioterapia. Este estudo demonstrou que os aspectos clínicos de cães com linfoma em Porto Alegre são similares aos observados em outras regiões do mundo, e alguns exames simples e de rotina se mostraram úteis para avaliar os tempos de sobrevida e remissão no momento do diagnóstico. Além disso, a doxorrubicina se mostrou uma droga segura para utilizar em cães com linfoma, desde que sejam adequadamente monitorados. / The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical and immunohistochemical features of dogs with lymphoma, as well as the occurrence of paraneoplastic syndromes and laboratory abnormalities, and their correlation with survival and remission times in those patients. Furthermore, we monitored the cardiac function of the patients receiving doxorubicin. Thirty animals with lymphoma were treated between May 2010 and May 2012 in the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and were evaluated by clinical examination, complete blood count and biochemical analysis, serum cardiac troponin I measurement, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram at diagnosis, and monthly for four months until the end of the chemotherapy protocol, which contained prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin. The animals were evaluated every two months until one year after diagnosis. Most animals diagnosed in this study were males (60%) with a mean age of 9 years and mixed-breed (23%). The multicentric form was the most commonly observed with predominance of the B cell phenotype (62%) and the animals were frequently in clinical stages IV and V (64%) and sub-stage "b" (83%). Paraneoplastic syndromes and laboratory abnormalities were frequently observed at diagnosis, corresponding to anemia (57%), hypoalbuminemia (53%), leukocytosis (40%), thrombocytopenia (33%), hyperglobulinemia (20%) and hypercalcaemia (13%). The animals that showed alterations in platelet count, especially thrombocytopenia, and β2 serum globulin fraction as well as the ones in clinical stages IV-V and with body condition scores between 1-2 at diagnosis had lower survival times. The animals with hypercalcaemia, thrombocytopenia and elevated mean corpuscular volume showed a shorter remission time with a higher incidence of relapse. Twenty three dogs received doxorubicin in the chemotherapy protocol, and there were no significant changes in the cardiac evaluations performed during and after chemotherapy. This study demonstrated that the clinical aspects of dogs with lymphoma in Porto Alegre are similar to those observed in other studies worldwide, and some simple and routine tests proved useful in the prediction of survival and remission rates at the time of diagnosis. In addition, doxorubicin proved to be a safe drug when administered in dogs with lymphoma if properly monitored.

As anormalidades hematológicas de origem paraneoplásica são identificadas em diversos tipos de neoplasias que acometem cães e gatos. Nas neoplasias mamárias em cadelas, já foram identificadas anormalidades relacionadas com a coagulação, onde verificou-se que a coagulação intravascular disseminada (CID) clínica e subclínica pode estar presente em 83% das cadelas com carcinoma mamário. Na medicina humana, é dada relevância à investigação de tais alterações uma vez que são fatores indicadores de prognóstico do câncer. Enquanto isso, na medicina veterinária, são escassos os estudos que relacionam as alterações hematológicas com o tipo tumoral, estadiamento e determinação de prognóstico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a avaliação hematológica, bioquímica e da hemostasia de cadelas acometidas por neoplasia mamária para identificar a alteração mais frequente, além de relacionar as anormalidades com o estadiamento tumoral. Para isso, foram utilizadas 25 cadelas atendidas pelo Grupo de Estudos em Oncologia em pequenos animais (ONCOVET) do Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da UFRGS (HCV-UFRGS) durante o período de 4 meses. Foi realizado coleta de sangue para hemograma, contagem de plaquetas, bioquímica sérica (albumina, ALT, cálcio, creatinina, FA, glicose, ureia) e teste de coagulação que constou de TP (tempo de protrombina), TTPa (tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada), TT (tempo de trombina), fibrinogênio e mensuração do dímero-D. O estadiamento tumoral foi obtido através do exame físico e do resultado da biopsia das mamas. As anormalidades encontradas incluíram anemia, leucocitose neutrofílica, monocitose, eosinofilia, trombocitose, hipoalbuminemia, hipocalcemia, hipoglicemia e diminuição dos níveis de ureia sanguínea. Entretanto, essas alterações não foram relacionadas diretamente com a progressão tumoral, uma vez que não houve diferença entre os grupos avaliados. Apenas as variáveis RDW e ALT apresentaram relação significativa entre os grupos, contudo, sem relevância clínica. No teste de coagulação, houve diferença significativa entre os grupos apenas no TT e fibrinogênio, que foi relacionado com o estadiamento tumoral. / Hematological abnormalities of paraneoplastic origin are identified in several types of cancers that affect dogs and cats. In dogs with mammary neoplasms, abnormalities associated with coagulation have been identified, and verified that disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) clinical and subclinical may be present in 83% of dogs with mammary carcinoma. In human medicine, research in this field has been relevant since those factors are indicators of cancer prognosis. Meanwhile, in veterinary medicine, there are few studies that relate hematological changes with tumor type, staging and determination of prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological, biochemical and hemostathic abnormalities in bitches affected by mammary cancer to identify the most frequent alteration and associate with tumor staging. For this, 25 bitches attended by the Oncology Study Group in small animals (ONCOVET) of the Veterinary Hospital of UFRGS (HCV-UFRGS) for the period of 4 months were used. Blood collection for complete blood count, platelet count, serum biochemistry (albumin, ALT, calcium, creatinine, ALP, glucose, urea) and coagulation test that consisted of PT (prothrombin time), aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time), TT (thrombin time), fibrinogen and D-dimer measurement were performed. Tumor staging was obtained by physical examination and the results of the biopsy of the breast. The abnormalities found included anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia and decreased levels of urea. However, these changes were not associated directly with tumor progression, since there was no difference among the groups. Only the RDW and ALT variables was associated significantly between the groups, however, with no clinical relevance. In the coagulation test, there was significant difference between the groups only in TT and fibrinogen, which was associated with tumor staging.