Does a parent’s illness or disability hurt the educational attainment of their children? This dissertation consists of three essays on the impact of negative health events / activity limitation experienced by parents on their children’s human capital, and how the negative consequences of parental illness can be mediated by public policy. The first essay uses the 1991-2006 Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey and finds poor Chinese children whose parent has a serious illness are much more likely to drop out of primary or secondary school compared to other children whose parents remain healthy. The second essay, using Canada’s 1994-2008 NLSCY, discovers a similar “attendance gap” at the post-secondary level between Canadian youth of disabled parents and their peers of non-disabled parents. Finally, the third essay demonstrates that higher cash transfers made available to parents with a disability can boost children’s math test performance and facilitate non-cognitive skill development.

For fragile families, external shocks to parents such as incarceration, illness, abuse, death, and divorce can be enough to push the entire family into homelessness. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, I find statistically significant evidence that paternal incarceration, spousal abuse, and parental illness all increase the probability of childhood homelessness. However, I am unable to find a significant correlation between divorce and child homelessness. These findings imply large external shocks to the father, as well as both major external shocks and daily life habits such as drug abuse in the mother, can increase a child’s chance of homelessness. Additionally, I find that these results have a greater effect when they happen earlier in the child’s life, suggesting that policy directed at supporting fragile families with incarcerated fathers, abused mothers, and sick parents would be effective for decreasing childhood homelessness in the United States.

Previous research has indicated that parents may be poor perceivers of their children’s coping and adjustment to parental cancer. However, it is unclear as to whether children have accurate perceptions of their parents’ adjustment during this time, or if parents and children have similar perceptions of their communication and their relationship. Additionally, adolescent daughters of mothers with cancer have been identified as a group of children at risk for developing psychosocial problems following a mothers’ diagnosis. Differences in perceptions of adjustment, communication, and relationship quality were investigated between mothers and daughters when a mother has breast cancer. Twenty-three mother-daughter pairs completed a cross-sectional survey. Results indicated that daughters had accurate perceptions of their mothers’ adjustment; however, significant discrepancies were identified in mothers’ perceptions of their daughters’ adjustment. Mothers and daughters also indicated similar perceptions of their relationship and communication. Limitations, implications, and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, 2010. / Title from screen (viewed on April 8, 2010). School of Nursing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Betsy L. Fife, Joan K. Austin, Patrick O. Monahan, Silvia M. Bigatti, Linda G. Bell. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-248).

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Bone marrow transplant (BMT) is being used ever more widely for advanced and refractory malignancies. The family unit and individual members are profoundly affected by this treatment process. Few studies have examined the effect of parental BMT on the family, and there are no known studies which have investigated the impact of parental BMT on children. A descriptive design with longitudinal data from 61 children, ages 10-18, examined children’s adaptation, characterized as emotional and behavioral response, during the acute phase of parental BMT. The study included 3 time points: pre-transplant, during parental hospitalization, and one month after transplantation. The Response to Stress Questionnaire, and subscales from the Child Health Questionnaire and Family Environment Scale were used to assess child, parent, and family variables associated with child adaptation. Child emotional and behavioral response significantly improved over the course of the parent’s transplant, and significant changes in children’s use of coping strategies at each time point were found. The model accounted for 27% to 46% of the explained variance in child behavioral response, and accounted for 41% of the explained variance in emotional response prior to the parent’s BMT and one month after BMT. The model did not explain the variance of child emotional response, however, during the parent’s hospitalization. Family structural change, family conflict, and disengagement coping were found to be the predominant variables significantly associated with more negative child behavioral response across the transplant trajectory. Female child gender and increased use of disengagement coping before the parent’s BMT, autologous BMT during the parent’s hospitalization, and increased family structural change when the parent returned home one month later were significantly associated with more negative emotional response in children. Additional cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, using mixed methods, and include both parent and child data, are needed to substantiate the validity of findings. The data also suggests that significant variables in this model could be further studied for their association with one another and for refining a more accurate and inclusive model that may better explain children’s adaptation.

Τα μέχρι σήμερα βιβλιογραφικά δεδομένα συνηγορούν υπέρ της ύπαρξης σύνδεσης μεταξύ της γονεϊκής νόσου και αυξημένης επίπτωσης συναισθηματικών και συμπεριφοριστικών προβλημάτων στα παιδιά Ωστόσο, στην Ελλάδα δεν υπάρχουν καθόλου βιβλιογραφικά δεδομένα, σχετικά με την σύνδεση της Χρόνιας Νεφρικής Ανεπάρκειας και ειδικότερα της θεραπείας ενδονοσοκομειακής αιμοκάθαρσης (ΑΜΚ) στους γονείς και της πιθανής εμφάνισης ψυχοπαθολογίας στα τέκνα αυτών. Εστία αυτής της μελέτης αποτέλεσε η συσχέτιση της ΧΝΑ και της ΑΜΚ στον γονέα με συγκεκριμένες διαγνωστικές κατηγορίες ή υποκατηγορίες Ψυχικών Διαταραχών στα παιδιά των ασθενών αυτών. Μελετήθηκαν προοπτικά 53 παιδιά, των οποίων ο πατέρας ή η μητέρα υποβαλλόταν σε ΑΜΚ, ηλικίας 6-21 ετών, με την χρήση των Ερωτηματολογίων της Achenbach για γονείς καθώς και με τη χρήση της Ημιδομημένης Ψυχιατρικής Διαγνωστικής Συνέντευξης για Παιδιά και Εφήβους K-SADS-PL. Επίσης εξετάσθηκε η ψυχική υγεία των ασθενών γονέων, με την χρήση της διαγνωστικής συνέντευξης SCID-I και SCID-II και των υγιών γονέων με την χρήση των ερωτηματολογίων ΗΑΜ-D και HAM-A. Διαπιστώθηκαν στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές σε όλες τις ομάδες συμπεριφορών της κλίμακας CBCL και στις δυο ηλικιακές ομάδες (6-18 & 18-21). Επίσης αναδείχθηκε ότι τα παιδιά της πειραματικής ομάδας παρουσίαζαν υψηλότερα ποσοστά ψυχοπαθολογίας, συγκριτικά με τους μάρτυρες ως προς την ψυχική υγεία των ασθενών γονέων ευρέθη ότι το 48.3% συμπλήρωναν τα κριτήρια για μια τουλάχιστον Ψυχική Διαταραχή, ενώ το αντίστοιχο ποσοστό στους μάρτυρες ήταν 20.7% (ΟR=6.7, 95% CI 2.0-28.7). Η μέση τιμή της βαθμολογίας που καταγράφηκε για την κατάθλιψη των συζύγων ασθενών ήταν 15.31 (SD=11.7) ενώ των συζύγων-μαρτύρων ήταν 3.19 (SD=3.65), διαφορά η οποία είναι στατιστικώς σημαντική (p<0.001). Τα υπό μελέτη παιδιά εμφανίζουν μεγαλύτερη ψυχοπαθολογία συγκριτικά με τους μάρτυρες, με επικρατέστερη της διαταραχή «Ειδική Φοβία» αλλά και την «Κατάθλιψη» και «Διαταραχή Διαγωγής». Επίσης, παρουσιάζουν περισσότερα συμπεριφορικά προβλήματα σε όλες τις επιμέρους Συμπεριφορές της κλίμακας CBCL, χαμηλότερες τιμές στο προφίλ ικανοτήτων, ενώ στα μεγαλύτερα σε ηλικία παιδιά ανεβρέθηκαν περισσότερα συναισθηματικά προβλήματα. Οι ασθενείς γονείς εμφανίζουν συντριπτικά υψηλότερα ποσοστά στις διαταραχές Διάθεσης, ενώ και στους υγιείς γονείς αναδείχτηκαν πολύ αυξημένα επίπεδα αγχώδους και καταθλιπτικής συμπτωματολογίας. Απαραίτητη είναι η διεξαγωγή προοπτικών μελετών, που θα αναδείξουν την ψυχοκοινωνική εξέλιξη των παιδιών αυτών στο χρόνο. / Bibliographic data up to today speak in favour of the existence of a strong connection between the parental illness and increased sentimental and behaviouristic problems in the children. However, in Greece no data exists. The aim of the present study was to explore the possible psychological impact on the children, who have a parent undergoing in-centre hemodialysis (HD) in Greece. We investigated 53 children, aged 6-21 years old, living at home, whose one parent was undergoing in-centre haemodialysis. The parents were recruited from 4 different haemodialysis centres in Southern Greece. Control subjects were matched with the study children for age, sex, place of residence, socioeconomic status and parental educational level. The data collection was carried out by filling the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Adult Behavior Checklist (ABCL), with reports of the ill parent describing specific behavioral and emotional problems of the child, when the psychopathology of the children and their ill parents was studied according to DSM-IV criteria. Children of parents undergoing haemodialysis scored statistically significantly higher than the children in the control group (p<0.01, Wilcoxon signed-ranks test for paired data) on all aspects of trends in behavior (internalizing, externalizing, neither internalizing nor internalizing) on the CBCL and the ABCL scale. We found that this result would remain, even if it was tested with respect to sex (male/female) and age (6-18, 18-21). On the internalizing composite scale females aged 18-21 scored higher than males of same age. Also psychiatric disorders were by 1.8 -fold more frequent in the children of HD parents than in the control children. Ill parents suffered more from a psychiatric disorder (65.5%) in comparison with their controls (20%). The results of this study suggest that parental illness affects negatively the mental health of their dependent offspring aged 6-21 years old. Older children and mainly females seem to be more prone to depressive symptoms. Ill parents suffer greatly from psychiatric disorders and the most common is depression. Also it seems that parental mental health (both in the ill and the healthy parent) influence the mental health of the children. Essential is the conduct of prospective studies that will elect the psychosocial development of this population.