Esta investigación tiene como objetivo comparar los niveles de bienestar psicológico según los estilos de crianza en una muestra de 286 adolescentes entre 13 y 17 años de edad (M=15.51; DE = 1.069) de colegios estatales de Lima Metropolitana (53.8% mujeres y 46.2% varones). Se aplicó el BIEPS-J (Cortez, 2016) y la Escala de Estilos de Crianza (Merino & Arndt, 2004). El primer instrumento se trabajó unidimensionalmente (Domínguez-Lara & Navarro-Loli, 2018) y el segundo con la estructura de 3 factores propuesta por Merino y Arndt (2004). Ambos instrumentos evidenciaron adecuada consistencia interna. Más del 80% de la muestra tiene padres democráticos y los hijos con padres que manejan este estilo presentan un mayor nivel de bienestar psicológico frente a los otros estilos. / The objective of this research was to compare psychological well-being levels among different parenting styles in a sample of 286 adolescents (53.8% female and 46.2 % males) between 13 and 17 years of age (M = 15.51; SD = 1.069) from state schools in Metropolitan Lima. The BIEPS-J (Cortez, 2016) and the Foster Styling Scale (Merino & Arndt, 2004) were applied. The first instrument was implemented one-dimensionally (Domínguez-Lara & Navarro-Loli, 2018) and the second was implemented with the 3-factor structure proposed by Merino and Arndt (2004). Both instruments showed adequate internal consistency. More than 80% of our sample reported a democratic parenting style, and this parenting style was associated with a higher level of adolescent psychological well-being compared to the other styles. / Tesis

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Many low- and middle-income countries are faced with a rise in the double burden of malnutrition - undernutrition and overweight/obesity. Nutrition-related factors contribute to approximately 45% of deaths in children under five years (mainly due to undernutrition) globally, while low- and middle-income countries are simultaneously witnessing a rise in childhood overweight and obesity. In 2016, an estimated 41 million children under the age of five in low- and middle-income countries were overweight or obese, while 155 million were chronically undernourished. In Africa alone, the estimated prevalence of overweight and obese children in 2010 was 8.5%, expected to reach 12.7% in 2020. In comparison, globally, one in nine people are either hungry or undernourished, while one in three people are overweight. / 2024

Thesis advisor: Thomas M. Crea / Thesis advisor: Oscar A. Martinez / Background: Substance use in adolescence is associated with a vast variety of behavioral and health problems contributing to a public health burden including engagement in risky sexual practices, unwanted pregnancies, increased morbidity and mortality, violent behaviors, and school dropout, among others. The use of alcohol and marijuana in adolescence and young adulthood are risk factors for subsequent substance-related adverse effects. Parents play a key role in the prevention of substance use. This study has the aim of analyzing the influence of parenting styles used during childhood and the rearing process on alcohol and marijuana use among adolescents over time through adulthood. Results will provide information to contribute to “Ensure healthy development for all youth” which is one of the 12 Social Work Grand Challenges introduced by the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare in January (2015). According to this initiative, every year, six million young people receive treatment for severe emotional, mental, or behavioral problems. Strong evidence is needed to show how to prevent problem before they emerge and by unleashing the power of prevention, and research can contribute to help youth to become healthy and productive adults (AASWSW, 2015). For the analysis, we use the typology developed by Diane Baumrid (1971) which defines four parenting styles considering the combination of warmth and control exerted by parents: authoritative, authoritarian, neglectful, and permissive. This framework emphasizes the mechanisms behind family contextual factors impacting youth development influencing substance use. Then, we explore the association of such parenting styles stratifying by race-ethnicity considering Whites and Mexican American adolescents. Material and methods: Multilevel, hierarchical regression analysis was conducted using three waves of the Add Health Survey data (Add Health Survey), a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of adolescents between 11 and 19 years old enrolled in grades 7-12 in the United States over four waves. We follow longitudinally the analytic sample of 12,143 participants where 1,640 were Mexican Americans and 10,583 were White Americans. We test the hypotheses of association of alcohol and marijuana use separately considering race-ethnicity, SES, and parenting styles and stratified analysis by parenting style and race-ethnicity for three waves collected in 1995, 2001 and 2008. Results: Alcohol use: Main outcomes for alcohol use were that Mexican American adolescents had no higher rates of alcohol use at baseline and were more likely to use alcohol at the 6 years follow up compared to White adolescents. The association between family SES level and alcohol use was no different at baseline (1995) but those kids in higher family SES level have higher odds of using alcohol than those low family SES in the following six and thirteen years. Regardless of race-ethnicity, adolescents from families with authoritarian parenting style were more likely to consume alcohol at baseline while those with permissive parents are less likely to use it. Adolescents from families with authoritarian parenting style used alcohol at a higher rate in the six years follow up, while those with permissive parents had lower odds of use. Stratified analysis showed that White children whose parents were authoritarian at baseline were more likely to consume alcohol compared to those with authoritative parenting. White adolescents with permissive parenting style had fewer odds of using alcohol at baseline. Mexican and White adolescents whose parents were authoritarian were more likely to use alcohol compared to those whose parents were authoritative at the six years follow up. Mexican American and White adolescents whose parents were permissive were less likely to use alcohol than those whose parents were authoritative at the six years follow up. Marijuana use: Mexican American adolescents have higher rates of use of marijuana compared to White adolescents at baseline and at the 6 years follow up. Independent of race-ethnicity, the association between family SES level and marijuana shows that those adolescents with high family SES showed higher odds of using marijuana at the 6 and 13 years follow up. In the stratified analysis, it was found that white adolescents with higher SES had more odds of using marijuana at six years and after 13 years. Independently of race-ethnicity, adolescents from families with authoritarian and neglectful parenting style were more likely to use marijuana at baseline and less likely to consume it if their parents were permissive compared to those with authoritative parenting style. Also, those youths, whose parents were authoritarian and neglectful at baseline, were more likely to use marijuana in the six years follow up compared to those with authoritative parenting style. However, those with permissive parents had fewer odds of using it in the six years follow up and at the thirteen years follow up compared to those with authoritative parenting styles. Authoritarian parenting style was associated with worse outcomes in terms of marijuana use for White adolescents at baseline and at the six years follow up. Permissive parenting styles was associated with less odds of marijuana use for White adolescents at baseline and at the six years follow up. Also, authoritarian parenting style was associated with higher odds of using marijuana in Mexican American adolescents at the six years follow up while permissive parenting styles was found to reduce the odds of use. The most important gap in terms of risk of using marijuana was found for Mexican American adolescents who were found to have high odds of using marijuana if their parents had been authoritarian or neglectful at baseline, at the six and thirteen years follow up. Findings may be beneficial to prevention specialists in developing programs targeting Mexican American youth to enhance parenting behaviors to deter alcohol and marijuana use. Actions need to be addressed to promote management of adequate parenting styles and better parent-youth relationship for both populations. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

There has been an upward trend in obesity among African American (AA) adolescents over the last 2 decades. While parenting characteristics (e.g., styles and practices) are linked to adolescent eating habits and weight status, related research has focused on European American children from 2-parent middle-class households or economically disadvantaged AA children from single mother households. The purpose of this quantitative secondary data analysis was to investigate the relationship between parenting characteristics on the weight status of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years (n = 325) among a broader population of AA mothers and fathers residing both inside and outside of the home. The social cognitive theory, widely used in obesity intervention research, was the framework used to explore parental behaviors that contribute to adolescent weight status and health. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 was used to examine the relationship between parenting characteristics on adolescent weight status, as measured by body mass index (BMI) percentile. Statistical analysis included the Kruskal-Wallis Test, Mann-Whitney U, Spearman rho correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression. Results indicated no significant relationships between parenting characteristics and adolescent BMI percentiles as determined by Kruskal-Wallis and multiple regression analysis when controlled for sociodemographic variables. Study findings indicate that variables beyond parenting practices, such as urban/rural residence, must be considered to explain BMI and weight status among AA adolescents. Largely, this study increased knowledge on AA parenting characteristics and promotes education and social awareness of the continued weight epidemic that plagues AA children in the United States.

The goal of this study was to examine parenting styles and family communication as correlates of juvenile delinquency. A review of the literature was completed in the areas of parenting styles, family communication, and juvenile delinquency. The literature that was reviewed for this study was examined mainly from juvenile perceptions. This study was approached from a general systems theory perspective. A sample of juveniles (N = 78) from Weber County, Utah, involved in the juvenile justice system completed a survey assessing their perception of parenting styles and family communication. The survey was a 25-item questionnaire measuring kindness, unkindness, communication, authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting, and permissive parenting. A correlation was computed to show the relationship between the variables . It showed that there were moderate positive correlations between kindness, communication, and authoritative parenting styles. Also there was a moderate negative correlation between unkindness, communication, and authoritative parenting styles. While the sample limits generalizations of results, these preliminary findings provide interesting results for professionals who work with juveniles involved in the juvenile justice system.

The purpose of this non-experimental research study carried out in Shanghai, China, was to examine parents’ perceived parenting styles (authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive) and parental involvement (home-based involvement, school-based involvement, and home-school conferencing) in relationship to children’s overall school readiness among third-year kindergarten children (5-6 years olds). In addition, this study investigated how, if at all, the use of various parenting styles moderated the effects of parental involvement on children’s development of school readiness, while controlling for child gender and household income. Three hundred and twenty ( N =320) parents and 22 teachers of third year kindergarten children from four kindergartens in two districts of Shanghai participated in this study. Each parent participant completed a parenting survey consisting of three parts: demographic information, the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and the Family Involvement Questionnaire(FIQ). The teachers completed the Early Development Instrument (EDI), a school readiness assessment for each child which covers five development domains: physical health and well-being, language and cognition, social competence, emotional maturity, and communication and general knowledge. The results of this study indicated that authoritative parenting was positively correlated to children’s school readiness, and authoritarian parenting and permissive parenting were negatively correlated to children’s school readiness. Only authoritative parenting had a significant unique influence on children’s overall school readiness skills while controlling for child’s gender and monthly household income. In addition, although all three types of parental involvement were positively related to children’s school readiness score, only home-based involvement had a significant unique influence on children’s school readiness while controlling for child’s gender and monthly household income. Controlling for child’s gender, and family income, authoritative parenting moderated the effects of school-based involvement and home-school conferencing on children’s school readiness skills. Specifically, the effects of school-based involvement and home-school conferencing were enhanced in the context of high authoritative parenting style. In contrast, the effects of school-based involvement and home-school conferencing were decreased in the context of low authoritative parenting style.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of spiritual well-being and parenting styles on USA nursing students’ psychological well-being and suicidal ideation. Methods This was a cross sectional, descriptive research design. The structured questionnaires were used to do the data collection. There were 404 nursing students were recruited from a Midwest University in the USA. The mean age was 24.53 (SD = 6.14). There were 53 Male (13.1%) and 351 Female (86.9%). The SPSS 28th version was used to do the data analysis. The descriptive data analysis, Pearson Correlation, and Step-wise Multiple Regressions were used to solve the research questions. Results Total score of spiritual well-being, faith/belief, life and self-responsibility, and life satisfaction/ self- actualization had statistically significant positive relationships with nursing students’ psychological well- being. Total score of spiritual well-being, faith/belief, life and self-responsibility, and life satisfaction/ self- actualization had statistically significant reverse relationships with nursing students’ suicidal ideation. Their parents’ rearing attitude: child monitor, inductive reasoning, communication, positive reinforcement, involvement, and the total scores of positive rearing attitude had statistically significant positive relationships with nursing students’ psychological well-being. Their parents’ rearing attitude: communication, positive reinforcement, and the total scores of positive rearing attitude had statistically significant reverse relationships with nursing students’ suicide ideation. Their parents’ harsh discipline and the total scores of negative rearing attitude had statistically significant positive relationships with nursing students’ suicide ideation. Discussion In this study, life satisfaction/self-actualization, life/self-responsibility, positive reinforcement, and faith/belief were the significant predictors of nursing students’ psychological well-being. Total scores of spiritual well-being and positive reinforcement were significant predictors of nursing students’ suicidal ideation. Higher score of total scores of spiritual well-being and positive reinforcement were found to predict decreasing nursing students’ suicidal ideation.

In the past there have been numerous studies regarding how childhood factors can affect adult behavior and attitudes. In the present study 124 East Tennessee State University students were given surveys. The surveys included items measuring demographics, parenting styles, and aggression. This study examined the impact of parenting styles on aggressive tendencies and perceptions the subjects have as young adults as well as the effects of socioeconomic status on parenting styles and aggression. The findings suggest that mid-level income families demonstrated more affection and less aggression to the subjects surveyed.

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