京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18577号 / 工博第3938号 / 新制||工||1605(附属図書館) / 31477 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 米田 稔, 教授 高野 裕久, 教授 清水 芳久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21362号 / 工博第4521号 / 新制||工||1704(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 高野 裕久, 教授 米田 稔, 准教授 上田 佳代 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第13492号 / 論工博第4201号 / 新制||工||1785(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 米田 稔, 教授 高野 裕久, 教授 松井 康人 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The diesel particulate filter captures particulate matter that is produced in the diesel engine. A small fraction of particulate matter is comprised by ash forming matter. When the combustible fraction of particulate matter is removed from the filter, the ash, which is incombustible, remains. The accumulation of ash in the diesel particulate filter increases fuel consumption and shortens the lifetime of the filter. The study of ash accumulation in filters is mostly dependent on field tests; an expensive and time-consuming process. To establish a more economical testing method, both in terms of time and cost, the accumulation of ash in the filter has to be accelerated. Hence, a literature study to determine the important parameters affecting ash formation and deposition pattern has been performed and the results are presented in this thesis. Moreover, a design proposition for an accelerating ash accumulation test rig is presented. The rig design allows for the control of exhaust gas temperature and velocity, soot production rate and morphology, intervals between regeneration as well as position and method of ash forming matter introduction. A burner is used for the production of soot and ash, and the exhaust gases are guided to the filter by a blower placed downstream the filter. The blower compensates for the pressure drop, allowing the gas flow to be constant. For a more precise temperature control, a heater is placed before the inlet of the filter. The different ash production methods that can be tested are the injection of oil in the burner’s flame, the injection of oil in the gas stream, and the use of fuel doped with oil. By replacing the burner with a particle feeder, the rig can also fill the filter with ash; artificial, or collected from actual filters. Additionally, a set of considerations is provided to enable the accurate component specifications/ characterisation. The design is following a modular concept, i.e. the components’ position can change to accommodate various research goals. / Ett dieselpartikelfilter fångar partiklar som genereras vid förbränningen i en dieselmotor. En bråkdel av partiklarna består av askbildande material. När den brännbara delen avlägsnas från filtret återstår enbart aska (som inte är brännbar). Ackumuleringen av aska i ett dieselpartikelfilter ökar bränslekonsumtionen och förkortar filtrets livslängd. Studier av askackumulering i dieselpartikelfilter är främst beroende av fälttester, vilket är både kostsamt och tidsintensivt. För att ta fram en mer ekonomisk testmetod, både avseende tid och kostnad, måste askackumuleringen i filtret kunna accelereras. Således genomfördes en litteraturstudie för att fastställa vilka testparametrar som främst påverkar askbildning och depositionsmönster i filter. I enlighet med den målsättningen har arbeten från ett flertal forskare utvärderats och sammanställts till ett designförslag för en testrigg för accelererande askackumulering. Den föreslagna testriggen medger kontroll av avgastemperatur och flöde, sotbildning, sotmorfologi, regenereringsintervall samt hur det askproducerande materialet introduceras. En brännare används för produktion av sot och aska, varefter avgaserna leds till filtret med hjälp av en fläkt. Fläkten motverkar tryckgradienten mellan in- och utloppet,vilket medger ett konstant gasflöde. För en mer precis temperaturkontroll kan en värmare placeras framför filtrets inlopp. Askproduktionsmetoder som kan testas är oljeinjektion ibrännarens flamma, oljeinjektion i gasflödet och slutligen oljeberikat bränsle. Genom att byta en brännare mot en partikelmatare kan riggen även fylla filtret med aska; artificiellt skapad eller alternativt samlad från faktiska filter. Utöver detta presenteras en serie frågeställningar som bör tas i beaktande för att möjliggöra bra specifikation av de ingående komponenterna och -karakterisering. Den föreslagna testriggen är designad utifrån ett modulkoncept, vilket innebär att komponenternas inbördes konfigurering kan varieras för att möjliggöra olika typerav tester och forskningsmål. / Aska

No description available.

Tropospheric fine particulate matter (PM) poses serious health risks and has a significant impact on global climate change. The measurement of various aspects of PM is challenging due to its complex chemical nature. This dissertation addresses various aspects of PM, including composition, measurement, and visibility. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed a new secondary standard based on visibility in urban areas using 24-h averaged measurements of either light scatter or PM concentration. However shorter averaging times may better represent human perception of visibility. Data from two studies conducted in Lindon, UT, 2012, and Rubidoux, CA, 2003, were used to compare different techniques to estimate visibility, particularly the effect of relative humidity on visibility estimations. Particle composition was measured in Salt Lake City during January-February of 2009. One-hour averaged concentrations of several gas phase and particle phase inorganic species were measured. The results indicate ammonium nitrate averages 40% of the total PM2.5 mass in the absence of inversions and up to 69% during strong inversions. Also, the formation of ammonium nitrate is nitric acid limited, while the formation of ozone appears to be oxidant and volatile organic carbon (VOC) limited. Reduction of NOx will reduce ammonium nitrate secondary particle formation, however, a decrease in NOx may increase ozone concentration.Due to the complexity of PM it is poorly characterized. A large fraction of PM is composed of organic compounds, but these compounds are not regularly monitored due to limitations in current sampling techniques. The GC-MS Organic Aerosol Monitor (OAM) combines a collection device with thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to quantitatively measure the carbonaceous components of PM on an hourly averaged basis. A compact GC and simple pre-concentrator were developed for the system to decouple separation from manual injection and enhance separation of environmentally-relevant polar organic compounds, such as levoglucosan. The GC-MS OAM is fully automated and has been successfully deployed in the field. It uses a chemically deactivated filter for collection followed by thermal desorption and GC-MS analysis. Laboratory tests show that detection limits range from 0.2 to 3 ng for many atmospherically relevant compounds. The GC-MS OAM was deployed in the field for semi-continuous measurement of the organic markers, levoglucosan, dehydroabietic acid, and several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during winter (January to March), 2015 and 2016. Results illustrate the significance of this monitoring technique to more fully characterize the organic components of PM and identify sources of pollution.

[pt] Neste trabalho foi feita a quantificação e a caracterização química de material particulado (PM, do inglês particulate matter), com foco no material particulado grosso (PM10) coletado em quatro diferentes locais da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro (Gericinó, Zona Oeste; Duque de Caxias, Baixada Fluminense; Bonsucesso, Zona Norte e Centro- região central da cidade), utilizando amostradores de grande volume e filtros de fibra de vidro fornecidos pelo Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA). Utilizando filtros ao longo do ano de 2019, foram feitas análises em Cromatógrafo de íons (CI) e espectrometria de massas com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-MS) para a caracterização das amostras e quantificação de íons e metais. Também foi feita avaliação de concentração de PM10 sob influência da precipitação ao longo de 10 anos de estudo (2010 a 2019) e os níveis comparados com os valores recomendados pelo CONAMA. Para complementar o estudo foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico sobre poluição veicular relacionada ao PM10 no Brasil. Os resultados apontam para um aumento nos níveis de PM10 ao longo da década avaliada, principalmente na região de Bonsucesso, com concentrações médias de 62 (micro)g m-3 , em alguns casos ultrapassando os limites do CONAMA. Com relação á precipitação, houve diferença significativa estatisticamente em dias sob ocorrência de chuva e dias sob ausência de chuva. Os íons que apresentaram as maiores concentrações foram NO3 - , SO4 2- e Na+ com concentrações médias variando de 2,6-3,4; 3,0- 3,3; 2,4- 3,0 (micro)g m-3, respectivamente, em todas as estações do estudo. A análise dos metais definiu Fe e Cu como os metais em maior concentração nas amostras, com concentrações médias variando de 0,54 a 0,73 e de 0,023 a 0,047 (micro)g m-3 , respectivamente. Tais resultados são reforçados pela análise de Black carbon através de absorção ótica, que reportou uma concentração média variando de 3,6 a 6,0 (micro)g m-3 . A região de Bonsucesso revelou ser a que apresentou as maiores concentrações para os parâmetros supracitados, confirmando a influência do maior tráfego veicular reportado para a região. / [en] In this work, the quantification and chemical characterization of particulate matter (PM) was carried out, focusing on coarse particulate matter (PM10) collected in four different locations in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro (Gericinó, West Zone; Duque de Caxias, Baixada Fluminense; Bonsucesso, North Zone and Center-central region of the city), employing large volume samplers and fiberglass filters, supplied by the State Institute of the Environment (INEA). Using filters throughout 2019, analyzes were carried out in Ion Chromatograph (IC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for the characterization of the samples and quantification of ions and metals. An evaluation of PM10 concentration under the precipitation influence was also carried out over 10 years of study (2010 to 2019) and the levels compared with the values recommended by CONAMA. To complete the study, a bibliographic study on vehicular pollution related to PM10 in Brazil was implemented. The results point to an increase in PM10 levels over the evaluated decade, mainly in the Bonsucesso region, with average concentrations of 62 (micro)g m-3 , in some cases overreaching the limits of CONAMA. Concerning the precipitation, there was a statistically significant discrepancy in days with rain and days without rain. The ions that showed the highest concentrations were NO3 - , SO4 2- and Na+ with mean concentrations ranging from 2.6-3.4; 3.0-3.3; 2.4-3.0 (micro)g m-3 , respectively, in all groups of the study. The metal analysis defined Fe and Cu as the most represented metals in the samples, with mean concentrations ranging from 0.54 to 0.73 and from 0.023 to 0.047 (micro)g m3 , respectively. Such results are strengthened by the analysis of Black carbon through optical absorption, which reported an average concentration ranging from 3.6 to 6.0 (micro)g m-3 . The Bonsucesso region showed to be the one with the highest concentrations for the aforementioned parameters, confirming the influence of the greater vehicular traffic reported for the region.

Airborne particulate matter (PM) in urban areas is derived from a combination of natural and anthropogenic sources. To identify PM sources and their effects on air quality, we collected PM using active filter samplers over a two-year period in the urban Wasatch Front, northern Utah, an area affected by multiple pollution sources. Filters from active samplers and other PM samples were analyzed for major and trace element concentrations and 87Sr/86Sr ratios. We identified wind-blown mineral dust from dry lake beds, winter inversions, and fireworks as primary PM sources affecting air quality in the Wasatch Front. Dust contributes Al, Be, Ca, Co, Cs, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Rb, Th, U, Y, and REEs which are typical components of carbonate and silicate minerals. Winter inversions entrap As, Cd, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl, and Zn from brake dust, combustion engine exhaust, and refining processes. Concentrations of common components of fireworks Ba, Cu, K, and Sr greatly increase (>4 times) during holidays. Strontium released from fireworks has a distinct 87Sr/86Sr ratio that dominates the isotopic composition of PM during holidays. Fireworks have 87Sr/86Sr ratios of <0.7080 compared with 0.7100 for Sevier Dry Lake and 0.7150 for Great Salt Lake lakebed. Sources of particulate matter vary seasonally. Dust events dominate the air quality signature during spring and summer while winter inversions occur from November through February. Transport of PM to mountain snowpack negatively affect water quality. This is the first study to describe variations in multiple PM sources and their potential health effects in Utah, USA

Yes / Air pollution has been integrated into global challenges over the last few years due to its negative impact on the health of human beings, increasing socio-economic risks and its contribution to climate change. This study attempts to evaluate the current status of Iran's air pollution with regard to the sources of emissions, control policies, as well as the health and climate consequences that have resulted through available data from monitoring stations reported in the literature, official documents and previous published papers. Many large cities in Iran surpass the permissible concentration of air pollutants, particularly particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, black carbon and ozone. Although regulations and policies are in place and enormous efforts are being made to address air pollution issues in the country, implementation and enforcement are not as effective as they could be. The significant challenges may be regarded as the inefficiency of regulation and supervision systems, the lack of air quality monitoring systems and technology, particularly in industrial cities rather than Tehran as well as the lack of continual feedback and investigations on the efficiency of regulation. Providing such an up-to-date report can bring opportunities for international collaboration, which is essential in addressing the air pollution worldwide. We suggest that a way forward could be more focused on conducting systematic reviews using scientometric methods to show an accurate picture and trend in air pollution and its association in Iran, implementing an integrated approach for both climate change and air pollution issues, collaborating with international counterparts to share knowledge, tools, and techniques.