Allelopathy occurs when one organism releases a compound into the environment that affects the functioning of another organism. Scientists have long suspected that alleopathic plant compounds could offer novel, softer chemistries to the ongoing battle of controlling pests in agricultural fields. Strawberry growers rely on toxic fumigants to kill soilborne fungal pests, weeds, nematodes, and insects. Increased regulations have reduced the use of fumigants (including methyl bromide), and strawberry growers need new sustainable pest control solutions. We selected four putative allelochemicals with known fungicidal and herbicidal activity (ferulic acid, gallic acid, juglone, and p-Coumaric acid). We assessed the pesticidal activity of these plant compounds both in agar and in soil on two emerging soilborne fungal pathogens (Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae), and four annual weeds commonly found in strawberry production fields (Malva parviflora, Melilotus officinalis, Poa annua, and Senecio vulgaris). We also assayed lettuce (Lactuca sativa ‘Inferno’), which served as a positive control plant species due to its sensitivity to phytotoxic compounds. Fitted sigmoidal dose-response curves predicted EC50 and EC75 values for each combination of plant compound and pest. All plant compounds inhibited the in vitro radial mycelial growth of the two soilborne fungal pathogens in a dose-dependent manner. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. fragariae was more sensitive to the plant compounds than Macrophomina phaseolina. Average EC50 values for the radial mycelial growth of two F. oxysporum f.sp. fragariae isolates were 75.1 parts per million by weight (ppmw) juglone, 469 ppmw p-Coumaric acid, and 687 ppmw ferulic acid. Average EC50 values for the radial mycelial growth of two M. phaseolina isolates were 196 ppmw juglone, 2869 ppmw p-Coumaric acid, and 5716 ppmw ferulic acid. The three compounds we assayed in vitro also reduced M. phaseolina colony forming unit counts in soil and the EC50 values were 476 ppmw ferulic acid, 612 ppmw juglone, and 827 ppmw p-Coumaric acid. Metconazole, the conventional fungicide control, did not inhibit M. phaseolina colony forming unit counts in soil at its label high rate. The plant compounds required similar or lower rates to inhibit colony forming units that grew from M. phaseolina overwintering structures (microsclerotia) in soil as to inhibit radial mycelial growth in vitro. Based on the EC50 value in soil assays, ferulic acid was the least expensive plant compound to apply on a per acre basis to inhibit M. phaseolina ($74,226). In F.oxysporum f.sp. fragariae soil assays, the compounds induced hormesis at lower rates and may be germination stimulant candidates. Metconazole and the high rates of every compound effectively or completely inhibited F. oxysporum f.sp. fragariae colony forming units in soil. The plant compounds were more herbicidal than fungicidal in vitro. When combining the in vitro seedling length results for L. sativa, M. parviflora, P. annua, and S. vulgaris the EC50 values differed significantly (p < .0001) and were: 47 ppmw juglone, 120 ppmw p-Coumaric acid, 189 ppmw ferulic acid, and 297 ppmw gallic acid. At least one rate of ferulic acid, juglone, and p-Coumaric acid inhibited the germination of all plant species, while gallic acid only inhibited the germination of P. annua at 1000 ppmw (p < .05). In soil, visible microbial contamination in individual wells of 24-well plates and seed dormancy made it difficult to fit curves to weed seedling length data. The soil assay L. sativa seedling length EC50 values 11 days after initial treatment were slightly higher than in vitro, although plant compounds were in the same order of phytotoxicity: 129 ppmw juglone, 616 ppmw p-Coumaric acid, 644 ppmw ferulic acid, and 1584 ppmw gallic acid. Based on the EC50 value in soil assays, the least expensive compound to inhibit L. sativa seedling length on a per acre basis was gallic acid ($21,676). Germination 26 days after initial soil treatment generally declined in a dose-dependent manner for each compound. There was a direct relationship between plant compound rate and seedling damage in soil with the higher rates of all compounds, except p-Coumaric acid, inducing damage comparable to a conventional herbicide (pendimethalin or oxyfluorfen). Contaminated treatments appeared to be due to an interaction between plant compounds and microorganisms because herbicide and water controls had almost no microbial growth 11 days after initial treatment. Further, there was a significant positive linear relationship between level of contamination in phenolic acid-treated wells (ferulic acid, gallic acid, and p-Coumaric acid, p < .0001) and the in soil rate. This relationship was slightly negative in juglone soil treatments (p = .0167), which may be due to its greater antimicrobial activity than the phenolic acids. We propose that herbicidal effects in soil were due to the joint effect of the plant compounds themselves, and the microbial growth in wells. Microbial growth was either antagonistic or additive to the inhibitory action of the plant compounds. The plant compounds we assayed were inhibitory of emerging fungal pathogens in strawberry production and common annual strawberry field weeds. Evidence presented in this thesis correlates well with past research that not only found plant compounds to be herbicidal and fungicidal, but also described their modes-of-action (such as the production of reactive oxygen species that causes necrotic lesions on roots, and inhibition of glycolytic enzyme activity that prevents germination), and implicate plant compounds as carbon sources for a variety of microorganisms. Compound prices are currently exorbitant, but may decline as demand increases. Whether or not they provide effective pest control may depend on soil texture, organic matter, microbial diversity, and other edaphic factors.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:58:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moraes_jv_me_jabo.pdf: 648460 bytes, checksum: fcc419c6bd4f63b96ca5131974a54f17 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Poecilanthe parviflora é uma planta arbórea com potencial para uso em áreas degradadas e no paisagismo. Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar biometricamente as sementes, descrever e ilustrar os aspectos morfológicos de sementes e plântulas, avaliar condições de temperatura para condução do teste de germinação e adaptar metodologia para condução dos testes de tetrazólio, condutividade elétrica e envelhecimento acelerado. O teste de germinação foi conduzido sob temperaturas constantes (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 e 40ºC) e sob temperaturas alternadas (20-30, 25-35 e 20-35ºC), utilizando quatro repetições de 25 sementes por tratamento. Para o teste de de tetrazólio, as sementes foram condicionadas durante 42 horas a 25ºC e, após a retirada do tegumento, imersas em soluções de diferentes concentrações de tetrazólio (0,05, 0,075 e 0,1%) a 35ºC, por uma, duas e três horas, em duas repetições de 10 sementes. A condutividade elétrica foi avaliada em diferentes períodos de embebição (24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas) a 25ºC, utilizando quatro repetições de 10 sementes. As sementes foram envelhecidas durante 72 horas a 42ºC, utilizando-se quatro repetições de 20 sementes. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. A semente é exalbuminosa e a emergencia de plântula, hipógea. Concluiu-se que o teste de germinação pode ser conduzido a 25 e a 25-35ºC; a solução de tetrazólio foi eficiente a 0,1%, por duas horas; o teste da condutividade elétrica foi eficiente na diferenciação dos lotes nos períodos de 96 e 120 horas de embebição das sementes a 25ºC; o envelhecimento acelerado foi mais eficiente que o teste de germinação, na diferenciação dos lotes. / Poecilanthe parviflora is a tree with a good potential for revegetation and ornamental purposes. The objectives of this research were: evaluate biometrical characteristics of the seed and seedling, determine the best temperatures for the germination test, and determine the best conditions for the tetrazolium, electrical conductivity and accelerated aging tests. Four replicates of 25 seeds each and constant temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40ºC and alternate temperatures of 20-30, 25-35, and 20-35ºC were used for germination test. For the tetrazolium test, the seeds were submitted to a pre-imbibition during 42 hours at 25ºC and then had their tegument removed before immersing two replicates of 10 seeds each in the tetrazolium solution. The tetrazolium solution concentrations were of 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1%. At a temperature of 35ºC, the seeds remained in the tetrazolium solution for 1, 2, and 3 hours. Electrical conductivity was carried out after the seeds (four replicates of 10 seeds each) had remained imbibiting water for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours at a temperature of 25ºC. The accelerated aging test was conducted submitting four replicates of 20 seeds each to conditions of 42ºC for a period of 72 hours. The seed is an exalbuminous and its germination of the hypogeal type. Either a constant temperature of 25ºC or alternate temperatures of 25-35ºC were found to be the ideal ones for the germination test. The best tetrazolium results were found when the seeds were immersed in a 0.1% tetrazolium solution for 2 hours. The best electrical conductivity results were obtained when the seeds remained imbibing water for either 96 or 120 hours. The accelerated aging test showed a efficiency in separating seed lots higher than that of the germination test.

The aim of the study was to study the invasion ecology and the to study the invasion of two species of the genus Impatiens, namely I. glandulifera and I. parviflora. I then chose the right bank of the Želivka river in the Czech-Bohemian highlands to study and survey the plant association and population of two mentioned species. Consequently I focused my study on the river biotope and the role of invasive species in it. Further I have worked up a research summary on the ecology of the invasion and the role of the above mentioned species in the riparian biotopes.

Orientador: Marineide Rosa Vieira / Resumo: O ácaro rajado, Tetranychus urticae Koch, é uma praga que ataca várias culturas em todo o mundo. Seu controle é feito basicamente por acaricidas químicos sintéticos. O uso inadequado de defensivos agrícolas, além de acarretar problemas ao meio ambiente, ao trabalhador e ao consumidor, pode levar ao desenvolvimento de populações de pragas resistentes aos seus princípios ativos. Extratos vegetais têm sido estudados na busca de novos princípios ativos que causem menos problemas ambientais, ocupacionais e de saúde humana, e que possam fazer parte de programa de manejo integrado de pragas e doenças. As florestas brasileiras são constituídas por uma grande diversidade de plantas que podem apresentar metabólitos secundários interessantes com propriedades biocidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar extratos aquosos e hidroetanólicos de folhas e cascas de doze espécies vegetais nativas do Cerrado brasileiro quanto à atividade acaricida e ao efeito sobre a fecundidade de fêmeas do ácaro-rajado, T. urticae. De cada espécie vegetal foram avaliados dois órgãos (folhas e cascas), duas épocas de coletas (primavera/verão e outono/inverno) além de dois tipos de solventes (água e etanol 70%). Os extratos foram aplicados por pulverização em torre de Potter, avaliando-se mortalidade, repelência e oviposição após 120 horas. Todas as doze espécies apresentaram atividade acaricida significativa sobre T. urticae, dependendo da época de coleta, do material vegetal e do solvente utilizado. Em nove e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is a pest that attacks various crops throughout the world. The mites control is basically made by synthetic chemical acaricides. The inappropriate use of pesticides, besides causing problems to the environment, to the workers and the consumers, can lead to the development of populations of pests resistant to its active ingredient. Some pesticides such as neonicotinoids and pyrethroids have their origin in secondary plant metabolites such as tobacco and chrysanthemum, respectively. Plant extracts have been studied in the search for new active ingredients that cause less environmental, occupacional and human health problems, and that can be part of an integrated pest and disease management program. The Brazilian forests are constituted by a great plant diversity that can have interesting secondary metabolites with biocide properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mitecide activity of the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of leaves and bark of twelve native species from the Brazilian Cerrado and their effect on the fecundity of T. urticae mite females. Two plant organs (leaves and barks), two collection seasons (spring/summer and autumn/winter) were evaluated from each plant species, besides two types of solvents (70% ethanol and water). The extracts were applied by Potter tower spray, evaluating mortality, repellency and oviposition after 120 hours. All twelve species showed significant miticide activity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Plant invasions represent a major ecological and socio-economical issue and understanding the drivers as well as consequences of plant invasions is thus one of the main goals of plant ecology. It is equally important to reveal general patterns underlying plant invasions and to understand the details of biology of individual invaders. In this thesis I explored plant-soil feedback (PSF) as a possible general mechanism underlying plant invasiveness, and also focused in detail on drivers and consequences of Impatiens parviflora invasion. The aims of this thesis were to i) assess the differences in intraspecific PSF between invasive and alien non-invasive species using a large set of species; ii) explore the relationship between PSF, residence time and phylogenetic novelty of the alien species; iii) compare the importance of PSF and other plant characteristics for plant invasiveness; iv) compare PSF between invasive and native congeners of similar level of dominance in the field; v) evaluate the effect of cultivating conditions on results of PSF experiments; vi) describe invasion dynamics and determine factors affecting spread of invasive I. parviflora using a method of monitoring its natural spread in several types of habitats, and vii) assess the impact of I. parviflora on native vegetation of oak-...

Submitted by Rosana Moreira (rosanapsm@outlook.com) on 2018-11-16T14:37:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_OleosEssenciaisRicos.pdf: 2592674 bytes, checksum: c58f195dceff49c76b6ed36d28d95587 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2019-01-30T15:33:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_OleosEssenciaisRicos.pdf: 2592674 bytes, checksum: c58f195dceff49c76b6ed36d28d95587 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-30T15:33:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_OleosEssenciaisRicos.pdf: 2592674 bytes, checksum: c58f195dceff49c76b6ed36d28d95587 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os óleos essenciais da Amazônia ricos em linalol, Aniba rosaeodora Ducke (pau-rosa), Aniba parviflora (Meisn.) Mez (macacaporanga) e Aeollanthus suaveolens Mart. ex Spreng (catinga-de-mulata) são capazes de interagir com o sistema nervoso central (SNC). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos neurocomportamentais destes óleos em roedores. Os óleos foram extraídos e analisados quanto à composição química, onde linalol foi o constituinte principal (pau-rosa, 88,6%; macacaporanga, 45%; catinga-de-mulata, 49,3%). Linalol é um monoterpeno oxigenado comumente encontrado em vários óleos essenciais usados em perfumes e fragrâncias. Ratos Wistar machos receberam por via intraperitoneal os óleos de pau-rosa (doses de 3,5 e 35 mg/kg), macacaporanga (doses de 8,5 e 85 mg/kg), catinga-de-mulata (doses de 7,5 e 75 mg/kg) e o padrão de linalol (30 mg/kg). Os óleos e o linalol foram administrados 30 minutos antes dos testes. Em seguida, os animais foram avaliados nos testes do campo aberto, labirinto em cruz elevado, splash, nado forçado e esquiva inibitória. Os resultados mostraram que os óleos de pau-rosa, macacaporanga e catinga-de-mulata (na maior dose administrada), bem como o padrão linalol, apresentam atividade do tipo antidepressiva. No teste splash, houve redução significativa da latência para iniciar o comportamento de autolimpeza e aumento do tempo de autolimpeza, com exceção para o óleo de macacaporanga, neste último parâmetro. No teste do nado forçado, houve redução significativa do tempo de imobilidade dos animais. Os óleos essenciais testados apresentaram atividade antidepressiva devido à presença do linalol, sem interferir na locomoção espontânea e formação de memória. / Essential oils from the Amazon, rich in linalool (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke, rosewood; A. parviflora (Meisn.) Mez, macacaporanga; and Aeollanthus suaveolens Mart. Ex Spreng, catinga-de-mulata), are capable of interacting with the central nervous system (CNS). The objective of this work was to evaluate the neurobehavioral effects of these oils in rodents. The oils were extracted and analyzed for their chemical composition, where the main constituent was linalool (rosewood, 88.6%; macacaporanga, 45%; and catinga-de-mulata, 49.3%). Linalool is an oxygenated monoterpene commonly found in various essential oils used in perfumes and fragrances. The Male Wistar rats received by intraperitoneal the oils of rosewood (doses of 3.5 and 35 mg/kg), macacaporanga (doses of 8.5 and 85 mg/kg), catinga-de-mulata (doses of 7, 5 and 75 mg/kg) and the linalool standard (30 mg/kg). The oils and linalool were administered 30 minutes prior to testing. Afterwards, the animals were evaluated in the open field tests, high cross labyrinth, splash, forced swimming and inhibitory avoidance. The results showed that rosewood, macacaporanga, and catinga-de-mulata oils (at the highest dose administered), as well as the standard linalool, have antidepressant-type activity. In the splash test, there was a significant reduction in latency to initiate self-cleaning behavior and the increase self-cleaning time, except for macacaporanga oil, in this last parameter. In the forced swim test, there was a significant reduction in the immobility time of the animals. The oils tested showed antidepressant activity due to the presence of linalool, without interfering with spontaneous locomotion and memory formation.

Three of Impatiens species are widespread in the Czech republic, one is native, two of them invasive. Because all species occur in relatively similar habitats, the question is, whether the invasive species can negatively affect the native species, or even the original can can be displaced. The aim of the thesis was: (i) to compare habitat requirments of the Impatiens species, (ii) to determine if the coexistence of species is possible, (iii) to assess the impact of invasive species to the original species. The investigation was carried out using two sets of permanent plots in 5 localities. In the first set with a total of 84 plots (combinations of occurrence of the three species) site characteristics as tree cover, soil humidity, slope and bare land cover were directly measured and nutrient, light, humidity and soil reaction characteristic assessed using Ellenberg indicator values. The second set contained a total of 45 plots with one of the native-invasive congener pair being removed and the intact controls. Number, cover and height of the plants were assesed. The key enviromental factors determining distribution of the species were soil moisture for I. noli-tangere and I. parviflora, and tree cover for I. glandulifera and I. parviflora. Ellenberg indicator values had poor explanation value;...

Buchenwälder sind die großflächigste potenziell natürliche Vegetationsform Deutschlands und ein nach EU-FFH-Richtlinie besonders zu schützender Biotoptyp. Eine hohe Naturnähe ist auch in Wirtschaftswäldern (WiWald) notwendig, um die typischen Lebensgemeinschaften naturnaher Wälder langfristig zu erhalten, doch mangelt es an praktikablen/verifizierten Indikatoren, wie die nutzungsbedingte Abweichung vom Naturzustand ermittelt werden kann. In &amp;gt;100 Jahre alten und ~40 ha großen Tiefland-Buchenwäldern (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern/Brandenburg) wurde anhand von 13 WiWäldern, vier seit &amp;lt;20 Jahren (k20) und drei seit &amp;gt;50 Jahren (r50) unbewirtschafteten Beständen den folgenden Fragen nachgegangen: Wie groß sind die strukturellen, vegetationskundlichen und carabidologischen Unterschiede zwischen bewirtschafteten, kurz- und langfristig unbewirtschafteten Buchenwäldern? Gibt es strukturelle Indikatoren und quantitative Größen zur Abschätzung des Einflusses forstlicher Bewirtschaftung auf die Biozönosen von Tiefland-Buchenwäldern? In Probekreisen (Pk) von 500 m² an Rasterpunkten (100 m x 100 m) wurden strukturelle und in Pk von 314 m² vegetationskundliche Daten erhoben. In fünf Pk/Bestand wurde jeweils eine Barberfalle über die Vegetationsperiode installiert. Ganzflächig wurden die Verteilung der Waldentwicklungsphasen (WEP)und zusätzlich zu den Pk-Aufnahmen hektarweise Sonderstrukturen aufgenommen. U. a. wurden folgende Sonderstrukturen aufgenommen: Zunderschwamm, Kronen- und Zwieselbrüche, Ersatzkronen, Blitzrinnen, Risse/Spalten, Höhlen, Mulmkörper/-taschen. Diese naturschutzfachlich wichtigen Sonderstrukturen wurden aus den Habitatansprüchen der typischen Buchenwaldfauna abgeleitet.Es konnten große Unterschiede zwischen WiWald und r50-Flächen (v. a. &amp;gt;100 Jahre unbewirtschafteten Flächen) aufgezeigt werden. Die k20-Flächen unterscheiden sich nicht wesentlich vom WiWald. Die Anzahl verschiedener WEP/ha und WEP-Patches/ha liegt in den r50-Flächen signifikant höher als im WiWald. Der Holzvorrat der r50-Flächen liegt mit ~600 m³/ha (Terminal- ~800 m³/ha, Zerfallsphase 450 m³/ha) deutlich höher als im WiWald. Charakteristisch für die r50-Flächen ist das Vorkommen von in ihrer Vitalität eingeschränkten Bäume ab 80 cm BHD und ein inhomogeneres Lichtmosaik im Bestand. Die Stammqualitäten (u. a. Astigkeit) in r50-Flächen unterscheiden sich kaum von denen in WiWald. In den r50-Flächen kommt bedeutend mehr Totholz (&amp;gt;142 m³/ha) als im WiWald (max. 34 m³/ha) vor. Im WiWald können Stubben dominieren. Verschiedene Totholzqualitäten sind im WiWald nur unvollständig vorhanden. Etwa 40 % des Totholzes besitzt keine Totholznachbarn (r50-Flächen: &amp;lt;2 %) und die Lichtverhältnisse am Totholz sind nicht so vielfältig (wenig sonnenexponiert und wenig gering besonnt). In den &amp;gt;100 Jahre unbewirtschafteten Flächen kommen ~12 Sonderstrukturtypen mit &amp;gt;200 Sonderstrukturen/ha vor. 19 von 20 Sonderstrukturen sind im WiWald signifikant seltener und 11 Sonderstrukturen sind als Naturnähe-Indikatoren geeignet.Vegetation: In der Krautschicht sind höhere Deckungsgrade, mehr (lichtanzeigende) Arten, weniger Waldarten und eine höhere Diversität zu verzeichnen. Im WiWald wird u. a. das Vorkommen von Calamagrostis epigeios, Impatiens parviflora und Rubus idaeus gefördert. Stark gefährdete Moosarten sind im WiWald seltener als in den Referenzwäldern, da sie vor allem auf liegendem Totholz und auf den Stammanläufen vorkommen. Carabiden: Im WiWald gibt es weniger Individuen und Biomasse von mesophilen Waldarten und eine geringere Anzahl von flugunfähigen Individuen. Als Indikatoren für naturnahe Tiefland-Buchenwälder können die drei Arten Carabus glabratus, C. hortensis und Cychrus caraboides bezeichnet werden. Indikatoren: Es wurden Zielgrößen für 29 Struktur-Indikatoren für naturnahe Wälder vorgeschlagen. Für WiWälder wurden gesonderte Zielgrößen festgelegt, die die nutzungsbedingte, nicht zu vermeidende Abweichung vom Naturzustand berücksichtigen. / Beech forests are the most important natural vegetation type of Germany,and they are included in annex II of the EU-FFH-Directive,which requests nature conservation for the listed habitat types.High naturalness is necessary in managed forests (w-sites) to maintain the typical biocoenosis of forests near nature. But there is a lack of practicable/verified indicators to determine the degree of alteration managed forests have compared to natural forests. In &amp;gt;100 year old and ~40 ha big lowland beech forests in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Brandenburg, 13 w-sites, 4 study sites which are unmanaged since &amp;lt;20 years (k-sites) and 3 sites which are unmanaged since &amp;gt;50 years (r50-sites) were investigated to answer these questions: What the differences are between w-, k- and r-sites according to forest structure, vegetation and carabids? Are there valid structural indicators with thresholds to assess the impact of forestry use on the biocoenosis of lowland beech forests? At grid points(distance 100 mx 100 m),on circular sample plots (SP) of 500 m² the structural data and on SP of 314 m² the vegetation was investigated. At five SP/study site a pitfall trap was installed during the entire vegetation period. On the whole study site the distribution of forest development phases (FDP) was mapped, and on full one ha plots the special structures were investigated. The following special structures were mapped e.g. Fomes fomentarius trees, crown and crotch breakage, substitute crowns, lightning shakes,gutters/rifts, cavities, mould and bark bag. These special structures have been derived from the habitat needs of the typical beech forest fauna.The results revealed tremendous differences between w- and r50-sites. The k-sites show no clear differences to the managed sites.In the r50-sites, the number of different FDP/ha and FDP units/ ha is significant higher than in w-sites. The timber stock of the r50-sites is ~600 m³/ha (terminal phase ~800 m³/ha, decay phase ~450³/ha). A characteristic feature of the r50-sites is the occurrence of trees with 80 cm bhd or more with reduced vitality. The timber trunk) qualities of r-sites differ only slightly from managed stands. In the r50-sites the dead wood volume (&amp;gt;142 m³/ha) is much higher than in the w-sites (max. 34 m³/ha). Many different features of dead wood occur only fragmentary within w-sites. About 40 % of the dead wood objects have no &amp;quot;dead wood neighbour&amp;quot; (r50-sites: &amp;lt;2 %), and the light distribution is much less diverse. In &amp;gt;100 years unmanaged r-sites ~12 different types of special structures and 200 single special structures occur per ha. 19 out of 20 special structures are significantly less frequent in w-sites; 11 special structures are specifically valuable to be used as naturalness indicators.Vegetation: In the herb layer occur higher coverage values, more (light-indicating) species, but only few species indicating ancient forests and a higher diversity index value. In w-sites, the occurrence of e. g. Calamagrostis epigeios, Impatiens parviflora and Rubus idaeus is supported. reduced. Threatened moss species are rare in w-sites compared to r-sites, since they mainly grow on laying dead wood, which is rare in forests in use, and on inclined/rough-barked stem bases. Ground beetles: The forestry use of lowland beech forests leads to less individuals and lower biomass of so-called mesophilous forest species. Furthermore, the number of flightless individuals is lower. As proper indicators for near-natural lowland beech forests, the three species Carabus glabratus, C. hortensis und Cychrus caraboides could be identified. Indicators: 29 structural indicators were identified and thresholds were given. But even in lowland beech forests managed in a conservation-friendly way, these target values for near-natural and natural forests are unlikely to be reached. Therefore, for w-sites special threshold values have been defined, which consider the inevitable difference between managed and natural forests.

Buchenwälder sind die großflächigste potenziell natürliche Vegetationsform Deutschlands und ein nach EU-FFH-Richtlinie besonders zu schützender Biotoptyp. Eine hohe Naturnähe ist auch in Wirtschaftswäldern (WiWald) notwendig, um die typischen Lebensgemeinschaften naturnaher Wälder langfristig zu erhalten, doch mangelt es an praktikablen/verifizierten Indikatoren, wie die nutzungsbedingte Abweichung vom Naturzustand ermittelt werden kann. In &amp;gt;100 Jahre alten und ~40 ha großen Tiefland-Buchenwäldern (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern/Brandenburg) wurde anhand von 13 WiWäldern, vier seit &amp;lt;20 Jahren (k20) und drei seit &amp;gt;50 Jahren (r50) unbewirtschafteten Beständen den folgenden Fragen nachgegangen: Wie groß sind die strukturellen, vegetationskundlichen und carabidologischen Unterschiede zwischen bewirtschafteten, kurz- und langfristig unbewirtschafteten Buchenwäldern? Gibt es strukturelle Indikatoren und quantitative Größen zur Abschätzung des Einflusses forstlicher Bewirtschaftung auf die Biozönosen von Tiefland-Buchenwäldern? In Probekreisen (Pk) von 500 m² an Rasterpunkten (100 m x 100 m) wurden strukturelle und in Pk von 314 m² vegetationskundliche Daten erhoben. In fünf Pk/Bestand wurde jeweils eine Barberfalle über die Vegetationsperiode installiert. Ganzflächig wurden die Verteilung der Waldentwicklungsphasen (WEP)und zusätzlich zu den Pk-Aufnahmen hektarweise Sonderstrukturen aufgenommen. U. a. wurden folgende Sonderstrukturen aufgenommen: Zunderschwamm, Kronen- und Zwieselbrüche, Ersatzkronen, Blitzrinnen, Risse/Spalten, Höhlen, Mulmkörper/-taschen. Diese naturschutzfachlich wichtigen Sonderstrukturen wurden aus den Habitatansprüchen der typischen Buchenwaldfauna abgeleitet.Es konnten große Unterschiede zwischen WiWald und r50-Flächen (v. a. &amp;gt;100 Jahre unbewirtschafteten Flächen) aufgezeigt werden. Die k20-Flächen unterscheiden sich nicht wesentlich vom WiWald. Die Anzahl verschiedener WEP/ha und WEP-Patches/ha liegt in den r50-Flächen signifikant höher als im WiWald. Der Holzvorrat der r50-Flächen liegt mit ~600 m³/ha (Terminal- ~800 m³/ha, Zerfallsphase 450 m³/ha) deutlich höher als im WiWald. Charakteristisch für die r50-Flächen ist das Vorkommen von in ihrer Vitalität eingeschränkten Bäume ab 80 cm BHD und ein inhomogeneres Lichtmosaik im Bestand. Die Stammqualitäten (u. a. Astigkeit) in r50-Flächen unterscheiden sich kaum von denen in WiWald. In den r50-Flächen kommt bedeutend mehr Totholz (&amp;gt;142 m³/ha) als im WiWald (max. 34 m³/ha) vor. Im WiWald können Stubben dominieren. Verschiedene Totholzqualitäten sind im WiWald nur unvollständig vorhanden. Etwa 40 % des Totholzes besitzt keine Totholznachbarn (r50-Flächen: &amp;lt;2 %) und die Lichtverhältnisse am Totholz sind nicht so vielfältig (wenig sonnenexponiert und wenig gering besonnt). In den &amp;gt;100 Jahre unbewirtschafteten Flächen kommen ~12 Sonderstrukturtypen mit &amp;gt;200 Sonderstrukturen/ha vor. 19 von 20 Sonderstrukturen sind im WiWald signifikant seltener und 11 Sonderstrukturen sind als Naturnähe-Indikatoren geeignet.Vegetation: In der Krautschicht sind höhere Deckungsgrade, mehr (lichtanzeigende) Arten, weniger Waldarten und eine höhere Diversität zu verzeichnen. Im WiWald wird u. a. das Vorkommen von Calamagrostis epigeios, Impatiens parviflora und Rubus idaeus gefördert. Stark gefährdete Moosarten sind im WiWald seltener als in den Referenzwäldern, da sie vor allem auf liegendem Totholz und auf den Stammanläufen vorkommen. Carabiden: Im WiWald gibt es weniger Individuen und Biomasse von mesophilen Waldarten und eine geringere Anzahl von flugunfähigen Individuen. Als Indikatoren für naturnahe Tiefland-Buchenwälder können die drei Arten Carabus glabratus, C. hortensis und Cychrus caraboides bezeichnet werden. Indikatoren: Es wurden Zielgrößen für 29 Struktur-Indikatoren für naturnahe Wälder vorgeschlagen. Für WiWälder wurden gesonderte Zielgrößen festgelegt, die die nutzungsbedingte, nicht zu vermeidende Abweichung vom Naturzustand berücksichtigen. / Beech forests are the most important natural vegetation type of Germany,and they are included in annex II of the EU-FFH-Directive,which requests nature conservation for the listed habitat types.High naturalness is necessary in managed forests (w-sites) to maintain the typical biocoenosis of forests near nature. But there is a lack of practicable/verified indicators to determine the degree of alteration managed forests have compared to natural forests. In &amp;gt;100 year old and ~40 ha big lowland beech forests in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Brandenburg, 13 w-sites, 4 study sites which are unmanaged since &amp;lt;20 years (k-sites) and 3 sites which are unmanaged since &amp;gt;50 years (r50-sites) were investigated to answer these questions: What the differences are between w-, k- and r-sites according to forest structure, vegetation and carabids? Are there valid structural indicators with thresholds to assess the impact of forestry use on the biocoenosis of lowland beech forests? At grid points(distance 100 mx 100 m),on circular sample plots (SP) of 500 m² the structural data and on SP of 314 m² the vegetation was investigated. At five SP/study site a pitfall trap was installed during the entire vegetation period. On the whole study site the distribution of forest development phases (FDP) was mapped, and on full one ha plots the special structures were investigated. The following special structures were mapped e.g. Fomes fomentarius trees, crown and crotch breakage, substitute crowns, lightning shakes,gutters/rifts, cavities, mould and bark bag. These special structures have been derived from the habitat needs of the typical beech forest fauna.The results revealed tremendous differences between w- and r50-sites. The k-sites show no clear differences to the managed sites.In the r50-sites, the number of different FDP/ha and FDP units/ ha is significant higher than in w-sites. The timber stock of the r50-sites is ~600 m³/ha (terminal phase ~800 m³/ha, decay phase ~450³/ha). A characteristic feature of the r50-sites is the occurrence of trees with 80 cm bhd or more with reduced vitality. The timber trunk) qualities of r-sites differ only slightly from managed stands. In the r50-sites the dead wood volume (&amp;gt;142 m³/ha) is much higher than in the w-sites (max. 34 m³/ha). Many different features of dead wood occur only fragmentary within w-sites. About 40 % of the dead wood objects have no &amp;quot;dead wood neighbour&amp;quot; (r50-sites: &amp;lt;2 %), and the light distribution is much less diverse. In &amp;gt;100 years unmanaged r-sites ~12 different types of special structures and 200 single special structures occur per ha. 19 out of 20 special structures are significantly less frequent in w-sites; 11 special structures are specifically valuable to be used as naturalness indicators.Vegetation: In the herb layer occur higher coverage values, more (light-indicating) species, but only few species indicating ancient forests and a higher diversity index value. In w-sites, the occurrence of e. g. Calamagrostis epigeios, Impatiens parviflora and Rubus idaeus is supported. reduced. Threatened moss species are rare in w-sites compared to r-sites, since they mainly grow on laying dead wood, which is rare in forests in use, and on inclined/rough-barked stem bases. Ground beetles: The forestry use of lowland beech forests leads to less individuals and lower biomass of so-called mesophilous forest species. Furthermore, the number of flightless individuals is lower. As proper indicators for near-natural lowland beech forests, the three species Carabus glabratus, C. hortensis und Cychrus caraboides could be identified. Indicators: 29 structural indicators were identified and thresholds were given. But even in lowland beech forests managed in a conservation-friendly way, these target values for near-natural and natural forests are unlikely to be reached. Therefore, for w-sites special threshold values have been defined, which consider the inevitable difference between managed and natural forests.