Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:09:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pretti_t_me_arafcf.pdf: 649581 bytes, checksum: 01a43b71b827a486ed71045fb400a33b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Visando ampliar o aproveitamento nutricional e tecnológico do amendoim realizou-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de elaborar extrato aquoso, com diferentes processamentos, e verificar a aceitação do extrato fermentado com Streptococcus thermophilus e Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp bulgaricus e com adição de leite em pó desnatado. O procedimento para obtenção do extrato consistiu no aquecimento dos grãos em solução de bicarbonato de sódio a 0,5% (1:4, p/v) até ebulição, com posterior drenagem, lavagem, desintegração e filtração. Foram avaliadas duas temperaturas (75 ºC e 97 ºC) e duas proporções de grão: água (1:5 e 1:8, p/v) para a desintegração dos grãos. Os produtos fermentados, com 0%, 2% e 4% de leite em pó, foram avaliados sensorialmente. Água a 75 ºC produziu extrato com o menor conteúdo de lipídeos (5,87%) e maior de carboidratos (2,31%). Os componentes dos extratos foram significativamente diluídos com a maior proporção de água (1:8 p/v), que permitiu o maior rendimento (1:6,92 kg), a maior extração de sólidos totais e proteína e a menor perda de sólidos no resíduo, sendo este procedimento selecionado para elaboração do extrato fermentado. O aquecimento dos grãos a 97 ºC propiciou proteína com maior digestibilidade (80,6%). Os resultados mostraram a possibilidade de se elaborar um produto adequado, fermentando-se o extrato de amendoim adicionado de leite em pó. Apresentou pH 4,5, 0,5% de ácido lático, 4,86% proteína e 2,36% de lipídeos e características sensoriais aceitáveis. A adição de leite em pó desnatado favoreceu a fermentação (4 horas e meia), melhorou a consistência e a aceitação geral do produto fermentado. O extrato aquoso fermentado de grãos de amendoim é uma alternativa tecnológica viável à elaboração de alimentos para a população, pela qualidade nutricional de seus componentes e a sua fácil disponibilidade. / Aiming to increase nutritional and technological utilization of the peanut, this research was realized to produce an aqueous extract, with variations in processing, and to check the acceptance of the fermented extract with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp bulgaricus and with the addition of powder milk. The procedure to obtain the extract consisted of heating the beans until boiling (1:4 w/v) 0.5% of sodium bicarbonate, draining, washing, disintegration and filtration. It was evaluated two temperatures (75 ºC and 97 ºC) and two amounts of grain: water (1:5 and 1:8, w/v) in disintegration of the grains. Fermented products, with 0%, 2% and 4% of powder milk, were evaluated. Water at 75 ºC produced extract with lower content of lipids (5.87%), and higher of carbohydrates (2.31%). The extracts components of the were significantly diluted with the proportion 1:8 w/v, that permited the highest yield of process (1:6.92 kg) and better total solids and protein extraction and lower loss of solids in the waste. It was therefore selected for preparation of the fermented extract. The heating of the grains at 97 ºC, due to better digestibility of protein (80.6%). The results showed that is possible to obtain a fermented product with peanut extract added at milk powder. It presented pH 4.5, 0.5% lactic acid, 4.86% protein and 2.36% lipids and sensorial quality. The addition of powder milk favored fermentation (4 hours) and improved the consistency and general acceptance of the fermented product. The aqueous extract fermented of peanut grains represents a viable technological alternative in the preparation of food for population, due to nutritional quality of its components and its easy availability.

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Leonotis leonurus, a South African indigenous medicinal plant, is frequently used in the form of a tea. However, this dosage form has many disadvantages. Consequently three L. leonurus solid extract preparations were prepared and explored as possible replacements of the tea form, but very little was known about their physical and chemical stability during storage. The specific objectives were to: (i) prepare a freeze dried aqueous extract (FDAE), 20 % aqueous ethanol (Aq EtOH) extract and calcium alginate beads of the FDAE form of L. leonurus, (ii) characterize the extracts using parameters of select physical and chemical features and, (iii) determine the long-term stability of the extracts. It was hypothesised that the Aq EtOH extract would contain higher levels of chemical marker compounds (marrubiin and leonurine) than the FDAE and calcium alginate FDAE beads of L. leonurus and, that the calcium alginate FDAE beads would have greater stability (i.e. longer shelf-life) than the FDAE and the Aq EtOH extract. The three L. leonurus solid extracts were prepared using accepted published methods. For the physical characterization of the extracts, the organoleptic properties were determined using the natural senses (e.g. sight, smell, taste, etc.) and for chemical characterization, total phenol content (TPC; using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method), total flavonoid content (TFC; using aluminium chloride-methanol solution) and antioxidant activity (using the -diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay). To establish the long-term stability of the preparations, encapsulated L. leonurus solid extracts was stored in sealed standard plastic containers at four conditions: (A), room temperature of 24 ˚C ± 5 ˚C; (B), fixed temperature of 30˚C ± 5 ˚C and (C), elevated temperature of 40˚C ± 5 ˚C for 6 months, and (D), accelerated stability test conditions of 40˚C ± 5 ˚C / 75 % RH for 4 weeks. Samples of the stored encapsulated preparations were collected periodically and assessed for changes in organoleptic properties, TPC, TFC, antioxidant activity levels and marker compound (i.e. marrubiin and leonurine) levels. The latter was determined by validated HPLC assay. Yields of 19.9, 12.82 and 10.7 % of FDAE, Aq EtOH extract and calcium alginate FDAE beads were obtained, respectively. Physically the calcium alginate beads contained less moisture (1.86 %) than the FDAE (3.77 %) and Aq EtOH (2.91 %). Chemically the FDAE, Aq EtOH extract and calcium alginate FDAE beads respectively had appreciable and similar TPC (i.e.7.86, 7.52 &, 6.94 mg GAE/g; p > 0.05; Anova) and TFC (i.e. 4.30, 4.47 & 3.67 mg QE/g; p > 0.05; Anova) levels, but variable amounts of marrubiin (i.e. 22.5, 17.5, and 0.4 ug/mg plant extract) and leonurine (i.e. 2.0, 1.4 and 0.7 ug/mg plant extract), respectively. The antioxidant activity levels were also different i.e. EC50 values of 7.71, 6.66 and 11.53 mg/mL (student t-test p-value of < 0.0001; ANOVA-test; p< 0.05) for the FDAE, Aq EtOH extract and calcium alginate FDAE beads, respectively. During storage (i.e. stability study) the L. leonurus solid extracts generally remained physically unaffected by temperature (i.e. no significant change in organoleptic features), but when exposed to humidity the FDAE and Aq EtOH extracts showed clear signs of physical degradation i.e. changed from being flaky powders to sticky melted masses, while the calcium alginate beads remained unchanged. Within 1 month storage at RT, 30 °C, 40 °C and 1 week at 40 °C / 75 % RH the TPC of the encapsulated FDAE decreased significantly by 61, 60, 58 and 52 %, respectively, that for the encapsulated Aq EtOH extract by 61, 54, 46 and 50 %, respectively, and for calcium alginate FDAE beads by 66, 71, 59 and 57 %, respectively. Using TPC as a stability parameter all three encapsulated extracts had very short shelf-lives ranging from 1.24 weeks (0.31 months) to 3.72 weeks (0.93 months). Under the same conditions and storage periods (i.e. 1 month & 1 week) the TFC of the encapsulated FDAE decreased significantly by 25, 25, 29 and 66 %, respectively, for encapsulated Aq EtOH extract by 26, 26, 23 and 70 %, respectively, and the calcium alginate FDAE beads by 55, 55, 52 and 64 %, respectively. The results obtained for TFC was thus similar to that obtained for the TPC data. Based on the TFC data all three encapsulated extracts had very short shelf-lives ranging, from 1.56 weeks (0.39 months) to 6.76 weeks (1.69 months). Under the same conditions and storage periods (i.e. 1 month & 1 week) as that used to determine TPC and TFC, the antioxidant activity of the extracts changed little, i.e. decreased by 0.2, 0.1, 0.8 and 2 %, respectively for FDAE, by 0.7 %, 1 %, 0.1 % and 5.3 %, respectively for the Aq EtOH and by 2, 2, 1.4 and 0.8 %, respectively for the calcium alginate FDAE beads. Moreover, based on antioxidant activity, all three encapsulated extracts had relatively long shelf-lives ranging from 15.6 weeks (3.9 months) to 22.4 weeks (5.6 months). Finally, the determination of the stability of the encapsulated L. leonurus extracts stored under stress conditions (i.e. 40 °C / 75 % RH) and based on marker compound levels was unresolved. Between the time of extract preparation and characterisation until start of the stability study the marrubiin levels in the FDAE, Aq. ETOH and calcium beads had decreased from 22.5, 17.5, and 0.4 ug/mg plant extract, respectively, to 0.30, 0.11, 0.30 μg/mg, respectively, and the leonurine levels from 2.0, 1.4 and 0.7 to 0.46, 0.38 and 0.09 μg/mg, respectively and was too low to conduct a meaningful stability study with the developed validated assay. Overall, all three the encapsulated L. leonurus solid extracts studied were clearly very unstable and did not have suitable long-term storage stability. The modification of the freeze-dried aqueous extract of L. leonurus into a calcium alginate bead form seemed to combat physical instability but did not improve the chemical instability of the aqueous extract. It is therefore recommended that the addition of excipients or other post extract modification (e.g. production of phytosomes) be explored to combat the hygroscopicity of L. leonurus FDAE and ultimately improve its overall product stability.

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / Leonotis leonurus (L. leonurus) and Artemisia afra (A. afra) are two of the most commonly used medicinal plants in South Africa traditionally advocated for use in asthma. However, proper scientific studies to validate these claimed uses are lacking and little is known about the mechanisms for this effect. These plants contain flavonoids, which are reported to have smooth muscle relaxant activity and may be responsible for the activity of these two plants. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine and compare the flavonoid profiles and levels in A. afra and L. leonurus, (2) compare the respiratory smooth muscle relaxant effects of freeze-dried aqueous extracts of A. afra and L. leonurus and (3) investigate whether K⁺ - channel activation (i.e. KATP channel) is one possible mechanism of action that can explain the effect obtained in traditional use of these two plants. It was hypothesized that: (1) the flavonoid levels and profile of A. afra would be greater than the flavonoid levels and profile of L. leonurus, (2) A. afra would have a more potent respiratory muscle relaxant effect than L. leonurus and (3) A. afra and L. leonurus will inhibit K⁺ - induced contractions in a superior manner than carbachol and histamine - induced contractions. To realize these objectives, freeze-dried aqueous extracts (FDAE) of the dried leaves of the two plants were prepared. A validated HPLC assay was developed and used to identify and determine the levels of luteolin in the plant preparations. Solutions of the plant extracts were studied in the isolated guinea-pig trachea tissue preparation in the presence of carbachol, histamine and KCL. The possible mechanism of action of the two plants was determined by cumulative log dose-response curves (LDRC) for carbachol, histamine and KCL in the absence and presence of 1, 30 and 100 mg/ml solutions of the plant extracts. The flavonoid profile of un-hydrolyzed and hydrolyzed L. leonurus was greater than that of un-hydrolyzed and hydrolyzed A. afra. The levels of free and total luteolin in A. afra FDAE (8.977 ± 0.73 μg/ml and 16.394 ± 0.884 μg/ml, respectively) were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that in L. leonurus FDAE (0.929 ± 0.066 μg/ml and 3.093 ± 0.531 μg/ml, respectively). L. leonurus and A. afra relaxed tracheal smooth muscles contracted with histamine, KCL and carbachol in a dose dependent manner. The degree of relaxant activity of L. leonurus versus the three inducers of contraction (agonists) could be classified as KCL > carbachol > histamine, with EC₅₀ values of 9.87, 29.34 and 94.76 mg/ml, respectively. The A. afra tracheal smooth muscle relaxant activity was categorized as carbachol > histamine > KCL, with EC₅₀ values of 13.93, 15.47 and 19.88 mg/ml, respectively. Overall, A. afra which contained the higher levels of luteolin, was more potent at relaxing the guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle than L. leonurus. Collectively, the results confirm that aqueous solutions of A. afra and L. leonurus as used in local traditional practice have potent but different degrees of bronchodilator activities that could be useful in the treatment of asthma, and that these actions may be related to each plant's luteolin (or flavonoid) levels. Moreover it is very unlikely that KATP channels are primarily responsible for the actions of A. afra and L. leonurus, but rather that more than one mechanism of action is involved in the tracheal smooth muscle relaxant effects of these two plants. / National Research Foundation

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:17:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Alexander Santos.pdf: 2028526 bytes, checksum: 5876d3f1d1f305df3af598f0bef1531d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-15 / This work was developed in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology of the Institute of Veterinary Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro in Serop?dica-RJ. We evaluated the antifungal activity plant Cymbopogon citratus (lemon-grass), Peumus boldus (boldo) and Shinus terebinthifolia (aroeira), inhibition of growth of species of the genus Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. Parasiticus and A. carbonarius. Using the method of minimum inhibitory concentration in agar, with the technique of dilution plate (Pour-Plate), were held dilutions of different extracts, resulting in the final concentrations of 5%, 2.5% and 1.25%. Testing of commercial sensitivity to antifungal - ketoconazole were made in a final concentration of 1933.18 ? g /mL, as recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). The results obtained in the experiments have shown that aqueous extracts of C. citratus and S. terebinthifolia, after 24 hours of incubation, were able to inhibit the growth of A. flavus and A. carbonarius, respectively. The other extracts being studied and tested in the concentrations were not able to inhibit the growth of mycelial species of the genus Aspergillus. / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia do Instituto de Veterin?ria da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, em Serop?dica-RJ. Foram avaliadas a atividade antif?ngica das plantas Cymbopogon citratus (capim-lim?o), Peumus boldus (boldo) e Shinus terebinthifolia (aroeira), na inibi??o do crescimento de esp?cies do g?nero Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus e A. carbonarius). Utilizando o m?todo da concentra??o inibit?ria m?nima em ?gar, com a t?cnica de dilui??o em placa (Pour-Plate), foram realizadas dilui??es dos diferentes extratos, obtendo-se as concentra??es finais de 5%, 2,5% e 1,25%. Testes de sensibilidade ao antif?ngico comercial - cetoconazol foram realizados numa concentra??o final de 1933,18 ?g/mL, conforme recomendada pelo National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Os resultados obtidos nos experimentos demonstraram que os extratos aquosos de C. citratus e S. terebinthifolia, ap?s 24 horas de incuba??o, foram capazes de inibir o crescimento de A. flavus e A. carbonarius, respectivamente. Os demais extratos em estudo e nas concentra??es testadas, n?o foram capazes de inibir o crescimento micelial das esp?cies do g?nero Aspergillus.

Neaustinė medžiaga gali būti nauja vaisto forma, todėl yra svarbu rasti biofarmacinį tyrimą, kuris būtų tinkamas įvertinti vaistinių medžiagų atsipalaidavimą iš neaustinės medžiagos. Tyrimo tikslas buvo atlikti tirpimo testo modifikacijas siekiant jį pritaikyti nustatant vaistinių medžiagų atpalaidavimą iš neaustinės medžiagos. / Nonwoven fabric can be a new drug form, it is important to find a biopharmaceutical assay, which would be suitable to assess the drug release from nonwoven fabric. Main aim was to carry out the modifications of the dissolution test in order to adapt it to the process of medicinal substance release from nonwoven fabric.

Orientador: Maria Regina Barbieri de Carvalho / Banca: José Fernando Durigan / Banca: José Paschoal Batistuti / Resumo: Visando ampliar o aproveitamento nutricional e tecnológico do amendoim realizou-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de elaborar extrato aquoso, com diferentes processamentos, e verificar a aceitação do extrato fermentado com Streptococcus thermophilus e Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp bulgaricus e com adição de leite em pó desnatado. O procedimento para obtenção do extrato consistiu no aquecimento dos grãos em solução de bicarbonato de sódio a 0,5% (1:4, p/v) até ebulição, com posterior drenagem, lavagem, desintegração e filtração. Foram avaliadas duas temperaturas (75 ºC e 97 ºC) e duas proporções de grão: água (1:5 e 1:8, p/v) para a desintegração dos grãos. Os produtos fermentados, com 0%, 2% e 4% de leite em pó, foram avaliados sensorialmente. Água a 75 ºC produziu extrato com o menor conteúdo de lipídeos (5,87%) e maior de carboidratos (2,31%). Os componentes dos extratos foram significativamente diluídos com a maior proporção de água (1:8 p/v), que permitiu o maior rendimento (1:6,92 kg), a maior extração de sólidos totais e proteína e a menor perda de sólidos no resíduo, sendo este procedimento selecionado para elaboração do extrato fermentado. O aquecimento dos grãos a 97 ºC propiciou proteína com maior digestibilidade (80,6%). Os resultados mostraram a possibilidade de se elaborar um produto adequado, fermentando-se o extrato de amendoim adicionado de leite em pó. Apresentou pH 4,5, 0,5% de ácido lático, 4,86% proteína e 2,36% de lipídeos e características sensoriais aceitáveis. A adição de leite em pó desnatado favoreceu a fermentação (4 horas e meia), melhorou a consistência e a aceitação geral do produto fermentado. O extrato aquoso fermentado de grãos de amendoim é uma alternativa tecnológica viável à elaboração de alimentos para a população, pela qualidade nutricional de seus componentes e a sua fácil disponibilidade. / Abstract: Aiming to increase nutritional and technological utilization of the peanut, this research was realized to produce an aqueous extract, with variations in processing, and to check the acceptance of the fermented extract with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp bulgaricus and with the addition of powder milk. The procedure to obtain the extract consisted of heating the beans until boiling (1:4 w/v) 0.5% of sodium bicarbonate, draining, washing, disintegration and filtration. It was evaluated two temperatures (75 ºC and 97 ºC) and two amounts of grain: water (1:5 and 1:8, w/v) in disintegration of the grains. Fermented products, with 0%, 2% and 4% of powder milk, were evaluated. Water at 75 ºC produced extract with lower content of lipids (5.87%), and higher of carbohydrates (2.31%). The extracts components of the were significantly diluted with the proportion 1:8 w/v, that permited the highest yield of process (1:6.92 kg) and better total solids and protein extraction and lower loss of solids in the waste. It was therefore selected for preparation of the fermented extract. The heating of the grains at 97 ºC, due to better digestibility of protein (80.6%). The results showed that is possible to obtain a fermented product with peanut extract added at milk powder. It presented pH 4.5, 0.5% lactic acid, 4.86% protein and 2.36% lipids and sensorial quality. The addition of powder milk favored fermentation (4 hours) and improved the consistency and general acceptance of the fermented product. The aqueous extract fermented of peanut grains represents a viable technological alternative in the preparation of food for population, due to nutritional quality of its components and its easy availability. / Mestre

We previously reported that Prunella vulgaris aqueous extract (PVAE) promotes hepatic glycogen synthesis and decreases postprandial hyperglycemia in ICR mice. Inflammatory cytokines play a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. This study was designed to examine whether PVAE has a protective effect on IL-1β-induced apoptosis in INS-1 cells. INS-1 pancreatic β cells were plated at 2×10 6/ml and treated with PVAE (100 μg/ml) 30 min before the cells were challenged with IL-1β (10 ng/ml). Untreated INS-1 cells served as control. INS-1 cell cytotoxicity was examined by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assays. Caspase-3 activity and activation of the apoptotic signaling pathway were analyzed by western blotting. NF-κB binding activity was examined by EMSA. The levels of inflammatory cytokines in the supernatant were measured by ELISA. IL-1β treatment significantly induced INS-1 cell death by 49.2%, increased LDH activity by 1.5-fold and caspase-3 activity by 7.6-fold, respectively, compared with control cells. However, PVAE administration significantly prevented IL-1β-increased INS-1 cell death and LDH activity and attenuated IL-1β-increased caspase-3 activity. Western blot data showed that PVAE also significantly attenuated IL-1β-increased Fas, FasL and phospho-JNK levels in the INS-1 cells. In addition, PVAE treatment significantly attenuated IL-1β-increased NF-κB binding activity and prevented IL-1β-increased TNF-α and IL-6 expression in INS-1 cells. Our data suggest that PVAE has a protective effect on IL-1β-induced INS-1 cell apoptosis. PVAE also attenuates IL-1β-increased NF-κB binding activity and inflammatory cytokine expression in INS-1 cells. PVAE may have a benefit for type I diabetic patients.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:35:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caroline Bello.pdf: 5805271 bytes, checksum: 46fa6ef84e116f464b6fe98b918d068d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Inflammation is involved in many diseases affecting much of the world's population. Ketoprofen is a widely used drug in the treatment of these inflammatory processes. However, despite its efficacy, this drug has significant side effects. The mechanism by which these undesired effects occur are not fully known. Research indicates the involvement of inhibition of some enzymes in this process. But nowadays other targets have been identified as corroboradores of the clinical complications by use ketoprofen, such as the oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is a deleterious condition for the organism that may be softened by the action of antioxidants such as catechins, tannins and other polyphenols. The relationship between oxidative stress, ketoprofen and the contribution of antioxidant molecules in this process need to be clarified and may be a future therapeutic target when it comes to improving the pharmacologic action and/or decreased side effects caused by use of ketoprofen. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the action of ketoprofen and the aqueous extract of guarana alone and associates in oxidation in vitro and in vivo models of renal and hepatic toxicity studies evaluating biochemical and hematological laboratory parameters systems. Among the models used are direct action on ABTS•+, DPPH•, HOCl, O2•-, inhibition of peroxidase and hemolysis by AAPH radical. For the in vivo study, were used rats (female) (Wistar), which were divided into groups (n=10 or 11 animals): control group (saline), ketoprofen group (20 mg/kg/ day), aqueous extract guarana group 0,1 (0,1 mg/g/day), aqueous extract guarana group 1 (1 mg/g/day), association group 0,1 (ketoprofen (20mg/kg/day + water extract of guarana 0.1 mg/ g/day) and association group 1 (ketoprofen (20mg/kg/day + water extract of guarana 1 mg/g/ day), the administration of the samples was given by oral route (gavage) for 7 days. The results show that the aqueous extract of guarana show significant antioxidant activity in all in vitro tests. The ketoprofen virtually showed no activity in in vitro assays used in this study. The combination of these substances been shown to be potentially beneficial for action against free radicals and oxidizing agents, as well as in the inhibition of peroxidase . In in vivo assays, the ketoprofen caused significant changes in renal parameters: urea, creatinine and uric acid, and the association with the aqueous extract of guarana reversed this change. In hematological parameters, the ketoprofen caused anemia was not reversed by treatment with the extract. On markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense we observed variability in results, according to the indicator analyzed. In general, ketoprofen causes a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity and catalase levels of treated animals, and the aqueous extract of guarana contributed to re-establishment of this defense. On markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense we observed variability in results, according to the indicator analyzed. In general, the ketoprofen causes a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity and of the catalase levels of treated animals, and the aqueous extract of guarana contributed to re-establishment of this defense. The results are promising and indicate that the association between ketoprofen and the aqueous extract of guarana can be an alternative to reduce the potential damage linked to the use of this drug and considering the perspective addressed in this study. It is important to emphasize the importance of conducting studies to assess the maintenance of ketoprofen anti-inflammatory efficacy when used in combination with other substances. / A inflamação está envolvida com diversas doenças que acometem grande parte da população mundial. O cetoprofeno é um medicamento amplamente utilizado no tratamento dos processos inflamatórios. Apesar de sua eficácia, este fármaco apresenta importantes efeitos colaterais. O mecanismo pelo qual tais efeitos indesejados acontecem não são totalmente conhecidos. Pesquisas indicam o envolvimento da inibição de algumas enzimas. Porém, outros alvos têm sido apontados como corroboradores das complicações clínicas do cetoprofeno, como é o caso do estresse oxidativo. O estresse oxidativo é uma condição deletéria para o organismo que pode ser amenizada pela ação de agentes antioxidantes, tais como: catequinas, taninos e outros polifenóis. A relação entre o estresse oxidativo, cetoprofeno e a contribuição de moléculas antioxidantes neste processo precisa ser melhor esclarecida e pode ser um futuro alvo terapêutico quando se trata da melhoria da ação farmacológica e/ou diminuição de efeitos colaterais provocados pelo uso do cetoprofeno.Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação do cetoprofeno e do extrato aquoso de guaraná, isoladamente e associados, em sistemas oxidativos in vitro e modelos in vivo de estudos de toxicidade renal e hepática avaliando-se parâmetros laboratoriais bioquímicos e hematológicos. Dentre os modelos utilizados estão: ABTS+, DPPH, HOCl, O2 -, inibição de peroxidase e hemólise provocada pelo radical AAPH. Para o estudo in vivo foram utilizadas ratas (Wistar), que foram assim divididas (n=10 ou 11 animais): grupo controle (salina), grupo cetoprofeno (20mg/kg/dia), grupo extrato aquoso de guaraná 0,1 (0,1mg/g/dia), grupo extrato aquoso de guaraná 1 (1mg/g/dia), grupo associação 0,1 (cetoprofeno 20mg/kg/dia +extrato aquoso de guaraná 0,1mg/g/dia) e grupo associação 1 (cetoprofeno 20mg/kg/dia + extrato aquoso de guaraná 1mg/g/dia), a administração das amostras se deu por via oral (gavagem) durante 7 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que o extrato aquoso de guaraná apresentou significativa atividade antioxidante em todos os testes in vitro. O cetoprofeno apresentou baixa atividade na maioria dos ensaios in vitro. A associação destas substâncias demonstrou-se potencialmente benéfica sobre a ação contra radicais livres e agentes oxidantes, assim como na inibição da peroxidase. Nos ensaios in vivo, o cetoprofeno provocou alterações significativas nos parâmetros renais: ureia, creatinina e ácido úrico, e a associação com o extrato aquoso de guaraná reverteu esta alteração. Nos parâmetros hematológicos, o cetoprofeno causou anemia que não foi revertida pelo tratamento com o extrato. Sobre os marcadores de estresse oxidativo e defesa antioxidante observou-se variabilidade nos resultados, de acordo com o indicador analisado. De uma maneira geral, o cetoprofeno provoca a diminuição da capacidade antioxidante total bem como dos níveis de catalase dos animais tratados, e o extrato aquoso de guaraná contribuiu para o reestabelecimento desta defesa. Os resultados são promissores e indicam que a associação entre o cetoprofeno e o extrato aquoso de guaraná pode ser uma alternativa para a diminuição dos possíveis danos vinculados ao uso deste fármaco e sob a perspectiva abordada neste estudo. E ainda,é importante a realização de estudos para a avaliação da manutenção da eficácia anti-inflamatória do cetoprofeno quando utilizado associado à outras substâncias.

Guava is cultivated in many parts of the world, but the high perishability and the incidence of diseases such as anthracnose limits its commercialization. The challenge to the method used to attempt to solve these problems, the use of chemicals, has instigated the conduct of research with products. Thus, plantas have been studied mant times have active substances with antimicrobial properties, among them aroeira that is widely used in folk medicine and its potencial for the use in agricultura are being targeted studies. Another alternative is the use of coatings based on polymers such as chitosan that in addition to prolonging the shelf-life also presents potencial antifungal. This study to determine the yeld of aqueous extract and hydrolate mastic and the main chemical compounds contained, to evaluate the antifungal effect of hydrodistillation byproducts on in vitro development of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and test biofilm-base chitosan for promote increased service life and control the attack of anthracnose in guavas Paluma . The aqueous extract end hydrolate were obtained by hydrodistillation of leaves and seeds at different times. For the in vitro antifungical power of aroeira in C. gloeosporioides concentrations used were 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% aqueous extraxt, 10, 15, 20 and 25% hydrolate and 2μL fungicide. In vivo test, guavas were inoculated with the pathogen were for 1 minute in chitosan solutions 2, 3 and 4% and subjected to chemical and physical assessments every 4 days storage totaling 12. It was observed that the time of hydrodistillation did not influence the yeld of the aqueous extract and hydrolate, indicating 2,5h for extraction. Larger amounts of hidrolact were obtained from levaes of aroeira, while the yield of the extract was not influenced by the plant. Unable to determine the compounds existing in the hydrolate aroeira. The fungus developed in all treatments with respect cotonoso except in fungicide Captan® (2μL). The aqueous extract and hydrolate aroeira showed no fungicidal properties of inhibiting the development of in vitro concentrations used in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is not recommended to control of this fungus. The guavas coated with chitosan 3 and 4% had delayed ripening being evidenced by the high firmness, color maintenance from the pulp and peel, slight increase of soluble solids and vitamin C in addition to having constant pH. A 2% chitosan was not as efficient when compared to other concentrations. The fruits control and fungicide were not fit for consumption for 12 days due to the rapid maruration and incidence of anthracnose. All concentrations of chitosan were efficient in controlling the fungus. / A goiaba é cultivada em várias partes do mundo, porém a alta perecibilidade e a incidência de doenças como a antracnose limitam a sua comercialização. A contestação do método mais utilizado para tentar solucionar tais problemas, o uso de produtos químicos, tem instigado a realização de pesquisas com produtos naturais. Assim, as plantas vêm sendo estudadas por muitas vezes possuírem substâncias ativas com propriedades antimicrobianas, dentre elas a aroeira que é amplamente utilizada na medicina popular e suas potencialidades quanto ao uso na agricultura estão sendo alvo de estudos. Outra alternativa é o uso de revestimentos a base de biopolímeros como a quitosana que além de prolongar a vida pós-colheita também apresenta potencial fungitóxico. Este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar o rendimento do extrato aquoso e hidrolato de aroeira e os principais compostos químicos contidos, avaliar o efeito fungitóxico destes subprodutos da hidrodestilação no desenvolvimento in vitro do fungo Colletotrichum gloeosporioides e testar biofilmes a base de quitosana para promover o aumento da vida útil e controlar o ataque da antracnose em goiabas Paluma . O extrato aquoso e o hidrolato foram obtidos por hidrodestilação de folhas e sementes em diferentes tempos. Para o ensaio in vitro do poder fungitóxico da aroeira em C. gloeosporioides foram utilizadas as concentrações 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30% de extrato aquoso; 10, 15, 20 e 25% de hidrolato e 2μL de fungicida. No ensaio in vivo as goiabas foram inoculadas com o patógeno, imersas por 1 minuto em soluções de quitosana a 2, 3 e 4% e submetidas a avaliações físicas e químicas a cada 4 dias totalizando 12 de armazenamento. Observou-se que os tempos de hidrodestilação não influenciaram o rendimento do extrato aquoso e do hidrolato, indicando-se 2,5h para extração. Maiores quantidades de hidrolato foram obtidas a partir de folhas de aroeira, enquanto que o rendimento do extrato também não foi influenciado pela parte da planta. Não foi possível determinar os compostos existentes no hidrolato da aroeira. Os fungos desenvolveram-se em todos os tratamentos com aspecto cotonoso exceto no fungicida Captan® (2μL). O extrato aquoso e hidrolato de aroeira não apresentaram propriedade fungicida para a inibição do desenvolvimento do in vitro do Colletotrichum gloeosporioides nas concentrações utilizadas não sendo recomendados para controle deste fungo. As goiabas revestidas com quitosana 3 e 4% tiveram seu amadurecimento retardado sendo evidenciado pela alta firmeza, manutenção da coloração tanto da polpa quanto da casca, leve incremento de sólidos solúveis e vitamina C além de apresentarem pH constante. Os frutos controle e fungicida não se encontravam aptos para o consumo aos 12 dias em função do rápido amadurecimento e incidência de antracnose. Todas as concentrações de quitosana foram eficientes no controle do fungo.

As biotécnicas da reprodução animal, amplamente difundidas no Brasil, tem possibilitado maior controle em relação à transmissão de agentes patogênicos, porém, a transmissão de doenças continua a ser uma preocupação justificável para a busca de melhores meios de controle. O objetivo do trabalho foi o de avaliar a diminuição da replicação viral (BoHV-1 Colorado) em embriões murinos após tratamentos com Produtos Naturais (PN). Trabalhamos com 3 grupos de PN, totalizando 18 tratamentos: Oléos Essenciais (OE) de Chamomilla recutita, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Syzygium aromaticum, Illicium verum Hook f., Punica granatum e Melissa officinalis; Extratos Etanólicos (EE) das mesmas plantas anteriores com acréscimo de Pterodon emarginatus (casca e semente) e Extrato Aquoso (EA) de Própolis e Agaricus blazei. Inicialmente encontramos concentrações não tóxicas em células MDBK (Madin Darby Bovine Kidney) relacionada a cada PN (ampla sintonia) para posteriormente verificarmos as concentrações não tóxicas para os zigotos/embriões murinos (sintonia fina). Após encontrarmos as concentrações não tóxicas, os zigotos foram divididos em quatro grupos: G1 (Controle), G2 (expostos aos vírus BoHV-1 Colorado à 108 TCID50/mL), G3 (expostos aos PN) e G4 (expostos aos vírus e PN). Os grupos foram mantidos a 37,5 ºC em meio TCM199 (100 &mu;L) com 10% de soro fetal bovino em estufa a 5% de CO2 e 95% de umidade. Após 24h, analisamos a taxa de clivagem (Teste Exato de Fisher_p&lt;0,05), a morfologia (por microscopia óptica), a n-PCR e a titulação dos embriões em co-cultura com células MDBK após mais 72h do tratamento com os PN (Teste de Mann Whitney_ p&lt;0,05). Dentre as 18 análises, os embriões murinos tratados com EA de Própolis, EE de Punica granatum e de Pteron emarginatus (Casca) apresentaram resultados satisfatórios: sem alterações morfológicas, taxa de clivagem semelhante aos controles e apesar da constatação da partícula viral junto aos embriões pela n-PCR, houve diminuição da concentração viral após tratamentos com estes extratos, o que sugere interferência destes tratamentos no ciclo viral do BoHV-1 Colorado. / The biotech Animal reproduction widespread in Brazil, has allowed greater control over the transmission of pathogens, however, the disease transmission remains a justifiable concern for the pursuit of the best means of control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reduction of viral replicarion (Colorado BoHV-1) in murine embryos after treatments with natural products (NP). We work with groups \'3 \'PN, totaling 18 treatments: essential oils (EO) of Chamomilla recutita, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Syzygium aromaticum, Illicium verum Hook f., Melissa officinalis and Punica granatum; ethanol extracts (EE) of the same plants prior to adding Pterodon emarginatus (skin and seed) and Aqueous Extract (EA) Propolis and Agaricus blazei. Initially we find non-toxic concentrations in MDBK (Madin Darby Bovine Kidney) related to each PN (broad line) then we check for the non-toxic concentrations for zygotes / embryos murine (fine tuning). After finding the non-toxic concentrations, zygotes were divided into four groups: G1 (control), G2 (exposed to viruses BoHV-1 at 108 Colorado TCID50/mL), G3 (exposed to PN) and G4 (exposed to viruses and PN .) The groups were maintained at 37.5 °C in TCM199 (100 mL) with 10% fetal bovine serum in an incubator at 5% CO2 and 95% humidity. After 24h, we analyzed the cleavage rate (Exact Test Fisher_p &lt;0.05), morphology (light microscopy), the n-PCR and titration of embryos in co-culture with MDBK cells after 72 h of treatment with more NPs (Mann Whitney_ p &lt;0.05). Among the 18 analyzes, murine embryos treated with EA Propolis, EE Punica granatum and Pteron emarginatus (bark) showed satisfactory results: no morphological changes, cleavage rate similar to controls, and despite the finding of the viral particle with the embryos by n-PCR, decreased the viral concentration after treatment with these extracts, suggesting interference of these treatments in the viral cycle of BoHV-1 Colorado.