Orientador: Camila Coelho Greco / Banca: Fabrizio Caputo / Banca: Sarah Regina Dias da Silva / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a validade da máxima fase estável de lactato (MLSS) como fronteira entre o domínio pesado e severo, analisar o efeito do tempo para análise cinética da concentração de lactato sanguíneo ([La]) sobre a (MLSSw) e a [La] correspondentes a MLSS em exercícios intermitentes (MLSSi) com recuperação passiva e ativa e, verificar a influência da recuperação passiva ou ativa na [La], MLSSw, freqüência cardíaca (FC) e intensidade relativa à potência máxima (%Wmax) correspondentes à MLSS. Dezenove ciclistas treinados do gênero masculino divididos em dois grupos, recuperação passiva (VO2max = 3960,6 ± 312,8 ml.min-1; N = 9) ou ativa (VO2max = 3958,3 ± 318,3 ml.min-1; N = 10), realizaram os seguintes testes, em dias diferentes, em um cicloergômetro: 1) Teste incremental até a exaustão; 2) 2 a 3 testes de carga contínua para a determinação da MLSS de forma contínua (MLSSc) e; 3) testes intermitentes de carga submáxima (8 x 4 min, com 2 min de recuperação passiva ou ativa) para determinar a MLSSi com recuperação passiva (MLSSip) e ativa (MLSSia). A MLSSi foi definida como a mais alta carga na qual a [La] não aumentou mais do que 1 mM entre o 10o e o 30o min (critério 1 - C1) ou 14o e 44o min (critério 2 - C2) do protocolo. Os valores do VO2 obtidos no 30o min de exercício foi estatisticamente maior que o valor obtido no 3o min de exercício a 100%MLSSc (3379,3 ± 250,1 ml/min vs. 3496,7 ± 280,2 ml/min, p<0,05) e a 105%MLSSc (3439,5 ± 289,3 ml/min vs. 3545,5 ± 303,2 ml/min, p<0,05), sendo estes valores significantemente menores do que o VO2pico (3978,6 ± 296,2 ml/min, p>0,05). O tempo (C1 ou C2) parece não influenciar significantemente a [La] (Passiva - 5,89 ± 1,41 mM vs. 5,61 ± 1,78 mM; Ativa - 5,62 ± 1,83 mM vs. 4,91 ± 1,91 mM) e a MLSSw (Passiva - 294,5 ± 31,8 W vs. 294,7 ± 32,2 W; Ativa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the validity of the maximal lactate state (MLSS) as a boundary between heavy and severe domain, to check the effect of time for the analysis of blood lactate concentration ([La]) kinetics on workload (MLSSw) and related to MLSS during intermittent exercises (MLSSi) with passive and active recovery and to verify the influence of passive or active recovery at [La], MLSSw, heart rate and relative intensity of Wmax (%Wmax) correspondent to maximal lactate steady state. Nineteen male trained cyclists were divided into two groups: passive recovery (VO2max = 3960,6 ± 312,8 ml.min-1; N = 9) and active (VO2max = 3958,3 ± 318,3 ml.min-1; N = 10), they performed the following tests, in different days, on a cycle ergometer: 1) Incremental test until exhaustion and; 2) 2 to 3 constants workload tests to determine (MLSSc) and; 3) intermittent submaximal workload tests (8 x 4 min, with 2 min of passive or active recovery) to determine MLSSi with passive recovery (MLSSip) and active (MLSSia). MLSSi was defined as the highest workload at which [La] increased no more than 1 mM between 10th and 30th min (criterion 1 - C1) or 14o and 44o min (criterion 2 - C2) of the protocol. VO2 values obtained at 30th min was statistically higher than that obtained at 3rd min of the exercise performed at 100%MLSS (3379.3 ± 250.1 vs. 3496.7 ± 280.2 ml/min, p<0.05) and 105%MLSS (3439.5 ± 289.3 vs. 3545.5 ± 303.2 ml/min, p<0.05) and the VO2 value obtained at 30th min of the exercise performed at 100%MLSS and 105%MLSS was statistically lower than VO2peak (3978.6 ± 296.2 ml/min, p>0.05). Time (C1 or C2) seems not influence significantly [La] (Passive - 5,89 ± 1,41 mM vs. 5,61 ± 1,78 mM; Active- 5,62 ± 1,83 mM vs. 4,91 ± 1,91 mM) and MLSSw ((Passive - 294.5 ± 31.8 vs. 294.7 ± 32.2 W; Active - 304.6 ± 23.0 vs. 300.5 ± 23.9 W). Interruptions at exercise... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A human thermoregulation model has been adapted for predicting the thermal response of Typical Older Persons. The model known as the Older Persons Model predicts the core body temperature and regulatory responses of the older people in environmental exposures of cold, warm and hot. The model was developed by modifying an existing dynamic human thermoregulation model using anthropometric and thermo-physical properties of older people. The Model defines the body as two interrelating systems of the body structure (passive system) and the control system of the central nervous system (active system). The Older person's passive system of the model was developed by meticulously extracting relevant experimental data from selected published research works relating to anthropometric and thermo-physical properties of older people. The resultant body structure (passive system) is a multi-segmented representation of a Typical Older Person. The active system (central nervous system) was developed by the application of a novel optimization method based on the working principles of Genetic Algorithms. The use of Genetic Algorithm enables the complex characteristics of the central nervous system of the older persons to be well represented and evaluated based on available data. Active system control signal coefficients for sweating, shivering, vasodilation and vasoconstriction were explicitly derived based on experimental data sourced from literature. The Older Persons Model has been validated using independent experimental data and its results show good agreement with measured data. Furthermore, the Older Persons Model has been applied to several test cases extracted from published literature and its results show good agreement with published findings on the thermal behaviour of older persons. An interview study conducted as part of this research revealed that, professionals (built environment specialists) found the Older Persons Model useful in assisting to further understand the thermal response of the older persons. In conclusion, the adaptation of an existing human thermoregulation model has resulted in a new model, which allows improved prediction of heat and cold strain of the older person although there exist limitations.

Le cancer est un problème de santé publique dans le monde entier et d'importantes ressources en soins de santé sont dépensées pour le diagnostic. Plus précoce sera le dépistage des tumeurs, meilleures sont les chances de rémission sans rechute. Les techniques d'imagerie permettent de suivre l’évolution du traitement et de réorienter la stratégie en cas d’échec. En combinaison avec des agents de contraste ciblés, les modalités d'imagerie permettent même de sonder les structures à l’échelle moléculaires ce qui pourrait laisser envisager un traitement personnalisé du cancer [1, 2]. L’imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) et l’échographie sont deux techniques complémentaires et non invasives qui permettent la détection de plusieurs cancers (sein, colon, cerveau ...). L'échographie est rentable, portable et fournit, en temps reel, des informations anatomiques. L'IRM profite d’une pénétration profonde dans les tissus mous, d’un contraste élevé et d’une meilleure sensibilité que l’échographie [3]. Néanmoins, l'utilisation de ces techniques en combinaison avec des agents de contraste est difficile, surtout parce que la concentration locale atteint dans la tumeur est souvent inférieure à la plage de sensibilité de détection [4]. Au cours des 20 dernières années, les agents de contraste multifonctionnels ont été construits sur mesure pour atteindre une accumulation préférentielle dans les tissus malades [5]. Dans cette étude, des stratégies de ciblage passif et actif de la tumeur ont été envisagées pour renforcer la concentration locale de nanocapsules polymère, contenant un noyau liquide de bromure de perfluorooctyle (PFOB). L’approche de ciblage passif est basée sur l’effet de pénétration et la rétention accrue (EPR). Les nanocapsules doivent avoir un diamètre inférieur à 400nm une demi-vie plasmatique prolongée. L’approche de ciblage actif est basée sur la reconnaissance spécifique d’un ligand pour une cible biologique surexprimée par la tumeur ou la néovascularisation. Pour le ciblage passif, les nanocapsules ont été préparées avec PLGA-b-PEG par un procédé d'émulsion-évaporation. La morphologie cœur-couronne a été confirmée par RMN du Fluor et cryo microscopie électronique. La surface des nanocapsules est densément couverte par des chaînes de PEG qui adoptent une conformation en brosse, telle qu'évaluée par XPS et diffusion des neutrons aux petits angles. La furtivité des nanocapsules a été démontrée in vitro par des mesures d'activation du complément et in vivo par une étude cinétique de la capture hépatique, réalisée après l'administration intraveineuse de nanocapsules chez la souris nude. L'imagerie des tumeurs, par IRM du Fluor, a révélé que seulement 1% de la dose injectée a été accumulée dans le tissu malade. Par échographie aucun réhaussement du contraste n’a été observé. Ainsi, une autre approche de ciblage a été nécessaire afin d’augmenter l’accumulation des nanocapsules au sein de la tumeur. Les nanocapsules ont été fonctionnalisées avec un peptide RGD (Arginine-Glycine-Acide aspartique afin de cibler les intégrines avß3, qui sont des protéines transmembranaires surexprimées par les néovaisseaux. Deux stratégies, appelées bottom-up et top-down, ont été élaborées pour mener à une décoration satisfaisante du peptide à la surface des nanocapsules. L'efficacité du couplage a été mesurée par RMN du proton. La morphologie des nanocapsules a été étudiée par CryoTEM. / Cancer is a worldwide public health concern and significant health care resources are spent on diagnosis. The sooner the tumor detection, the better the chance of remission without relapse. Furthermore, imaging modalities facilitate the treatment monitoring and feedback, and support decision making to change the strategy when the treatment fails. When used in combination with targeted contrast agents, imaging modalities even enable to probe molecular structures on specific cells opening the doors to personalized cancer therapy [1, 2]. Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are two complementary and non invasive imaging modalities, which allow the detection of a broad range of cancers (breast, colon, brain…). Ultrasonography is cost-effective, portable and provides real-time anatomical information. MRI imparts deep penetration into soft tissues with high contrast and better sensitivity [3]. Nevertheless the use of these techniques in combination with contrast agents is challenging, mostly because the local concentration reached in the tumor is often below the sensitivity detection range [4]. In the last 20 years, multifunctional contrast agents were custom-built to achieve preferential accumulation in the diseased tissue [5]. In this study, passive and active tumor targeting strategies were considered to enhance the local concentration of polymeric nanocapsules, containing a liquid core of perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB). The passive tumor targeting approach is based on the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect. The related nanocapsules require to be small enough (< 400nm) and have extended plasmatic half life. The active tumor targeting approach is based on the specific receptor-ligand recognition.For passive tumor targeting, the nanocapsules were prepared with PLGA-b-PEG by an emulsion-evaporation process. The core shell morphology was confirmed by cryoTEM and 19F NMR. The surface of nanocapsules was densely covered by PEG chains with brush conformation, as assessed by XPS and Small Angle Neutrons Scattering. The related stealthiness of nanocapsules was evidenced in vitro by complement activation measurements and in vivo by a kinetic study of the mice liver uptake, performed after intravenous administration of nanocapsules. The tumor imaging, by 19F MRI, revealed that only 1% of the injected dose was accumulated in the diseased tissue whereas, by ultrasonography no contrast enhancement was observed. Thus, another targeting approach was required to increase nanocapsule distribution within the tumor. Nanocapsules were functionalized with an Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic acid (RGD) peptide to target the αvβ3 integrins, which are overexpressed proteins on neovessels. Two strategies, called bottom-up and top-down, were designed to achieve satisfying peptide decoration on nanocapsule surface. The coupling efficiency was measured by 1H NMR. The nanocapsule morphology was studied by CryoTEM.

Firstly, this thesis investigates the electrical power harmonics in an attempt to utilize harmonic current and its distortion power in a novel idea to reconvert the distortion power into useful power. This is done, in order to feed different DC or AC loads in single and three-phase power system by using passive or active filters and accordingly, develop a new topology of hybrid active power filter (HAPF). In addition, this circuit can be considered as a power factor corrector (PFC) because it reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) and improves the power factor (PF). Secondly, this thesis works on a new design of active power factor correction (APFC) circuit presenting two circuits with the same design principle: the first design consists of two active switches without an external complex control circuit, while the second design contains a single active switch with an additional control circuit. The main contribution of this circuit is 98% reduction of the inductor's value used in the newly proposed PFC circuit in comparison with the conventional boost converter which may lead to a huge reduction in size, weight and the cost of the new PFC circuit. Also, the active switches depend on a carefully designed switching pattern that results in an elimination of the third order harmonic from the input source current which decreases the value of total current harmonic distortion (THDI) to (14%) and improves the input PF to (0.99). Consequently, the simplicity of the design without requiring a complex control circuit and without a snubber circuit plus the minimum size of inductor, gives the newly proposed circuit the superiority on other PFC circuits. Thirdly, this research aims to describe the distortion power through submitting two novel power terms called effective active power (Pef ) & reactive power (Qef ) terms with a new power diagram called Right-Angled Power Triangle (RAPT) Diagram. In addition, a novel de nition of total apparent power (St) has been submitted in order to illustrate the physical meaning of (St) in non-sinusoidal systems. The new RAPT Diagram is based on the orthogonality law and depends on geometrical summation to describe the relationship between different aspects (apparent-active-reactive) of power, and different components (total-fundamental distortion), drawing a bridge to connect the time domain with the frequency domain in a two-dimensional diagram.

<p>The focus of this study is the opposition of Ludwik Fleck to the logical positivism. The main interest focuses on the mutability of knowledge and the inherent problems of incommensura-bility, as well as on Fleck´s notion of reality. Fleck emphasizes a rational and continuous de-velopment of knowledge, in contrast to Thomas Kuhn´s discontinuous and irrational devel-opment, and rejects all forms of reality independent of human beings.</p><p>Fleck´s monograph Entstehung und Entwicklung einer Tatsache is a rich and multifac-eted inquiry into the nature of knowledge, emphasizing the social and historical aspects of the epistemology of science at the expense of certain logical precepts. With his concepts thought style and thought collective, Fleck is generally acknowledged as a precursor to Kuhn´s con-cepts of paradigm and scientific community. Fleck maintains a relativistic view of science and develops a comparative epistemology which challenges the logical positivists in many re-spects. He dismisses every form of reality and has therefore been regarded as an idealist, al-though there are certain aspects to his epistemology which point toward an implicit ontology based upon his idea of the passive components of knowledge.</p><p>The chief epistemological works of Fleck and his contemporary Karl Popper were published within a year of each other, 1934 and 1935, respectively, by which Popper had left the Continent to eventually become one of the leading British philosophers, while Fleck spent several years during the Second World War as a prisoner in Nazi camps. Both were firmly opposed to the logical positivism, one as a critical rationalist, the other as a sceptical relativist. Fleck was also a forerunner to the constructivist ideas and the Strong Programme.</p><p>The word ”incommensurability” has been ascribed Kuhn but the term had already been used by Fleck in 1927. The ”incommensurability thesis” dominates Kuhn´s notion of scientific revolutions and is accordingly the reason why scientific progress is considered an irrational process. The debate on the incommensurability thesis has continued to interest epistemologists and philosophers of science and many solutions have been suggested, some in line with the one proposed by Fleck.</p>

The focus of this study is the opposition of Ludwik Fleck to the logical positivism. The main interest focuses on the mutability of knowledge and the inherent problems of incommensura-bility, as well as on Fleck´s notion of reality. Fleck emphasizes a rational and continuous de-velopment of knowledge, in contrast to Thomas Kuhn´s discontinuous and irrational devel-opment, and rejects all forms of reality independent of human beings. Fleck´s monograph Entstehung und Entwicklung einer Tatsache is a rich and multifac-eted inquiry into the nature of knowledge, emphasizing the social and historical aspects of the epistemology of science at the expense of certain logical precepts. With his concepts thought style and thought collective, Fleck is generally acknowledged as a precursor to Kuhn´s con-cepts of paradigm and scientific community. Fleck maintains a relativistic view of science and develops a comparative epistemology which challenges the logical positivists in many re-spects. He dismisses every form of reality and has therefore been regarded as an idealist, al-though there are certain aspects to his epistemology which point toward an implicit ontology based upon his idea of the passive components of knowledge. The chief epistemological works of Fleck and his contemporary Karl Popper were published within a year of each other, 1934 and 1935, respectively, by which Popper had left the Continent to eventually become one of the leading British philosophers, while Fleck spent several years during the Second World War as a prisoner in Nazi camps. Both were firmly opposed to the logical positivism, one as a critical rationalist, the other as a sceptical relativist. Fleck was also a forerunner to the constructivist ideas and the Strong Programme. The word ”incommensurability” has been ascribed Kuhn but the term had already been used by Fleck in 1927. The ”incommensurability thesis” dominates Kuhn´s notion of scientific revolutions and is accordingly the reason why scientific progress is considered an irrational process. The debate on the incommensurability thesis has continued to interest epistemologists and philosophers of science and many solutions have been suggested, some in line with the one proposed by Fleck.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att kritiskt granska leksaksreklam riktad till barn. Genom att använda oss av reklamklipp från det sociala mediet YouTube vill vi undersöka hur manligt respektive kvinnligt samt heteronormativitet konstrueras i dessa. För att finna mönster som vi kan koppla till vårt syfte tittar vi ur ett genusperspektiv genom textanalys närmare på reklamklippen. Genom vår analys fann vi att leksaksreklam riktad till barn är påtaglig könsstereotyp och skapar förväntningar på barn hur de ska se ut samt vilka egenskaper de förväntas inneha. Vi fann också att reklamklippen reproducerar heterosexualiteten som den hegemoniska sexualiteten. Detta gör att heteronormativiteten blir stark i reklamklipen då samtliga reklamklipp riktade till flickor vi tittat på är byggda på en parrelation mellan en man och en kvinna. Nyckelord: Genus, heteronormativitet, maskulinitet, könsroller, leksaker, den inre och yttre sfären, arbetsdelningen, passiv och aktiv, rosa. / English title: Boys are strong, girls are pink - a study of toy advertising to children. The purpose of this study was to critically examine the toy advertising to children. Through the use of commercials from the social media YouTube, we wanted to examine how male or female and heteronormativity were socially constructed in them. Through text analysis, we looked closer at the commercials with a gender perspective in order to find patterns that we could connect to our purpose. Through our analysis we found that toy advertising to children is reproducing gender stereotypes creating expectations for children how they should look and what features they expected to hold. We also found that the commercials reproduce heterosexuality as the hegemonic sexuality, as all commercials aimed at girls we looked at reproduces the partnership between two individuals as a relationship between a man and a woman. Keywords: gender, heteronormativity, masculinity, gender roles, toys, the inner and outer sphere of labor, passive and active, pink.

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Title: The effect of active recovery and hydroterapy on the subsequent short-term and medium-term muscular performance Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of two recoveries (ice pack, passive recovery) on the subsequent short-term and three recoveries (active recovery, cold water immersion, passive recovery) on the medium-term knee strength in the extension and flexion. Methods: Fourteen athletes in an average age of 26,6±4,4 years performed, in a random cross-over design, 2 sessions with 5 repeated short-term isokinetic tests and 3 sessions with 3 repeated medium-term isokinetic tests. The effect of ice packs and passive rest and the effect of active recovery, passive rest and cold water immersion were assessed by the 5x2 (time x recovery) and 3x3 (time x recovery) repeated-measure ANOVA, respectively. Results: The ice packs did not have any effect on peak torque, total work and average power during short-term performances. The average heart rate was significantly lower during measurements with the ice packs than during the passive recovery (125±15 vs. 135±20 tepů. min-1 ). We stated significantly lower changes in knee extension for the peak torque after the active recovery (↑ 0,9 N.m) than after the cold water immersion (↓ 14,6 N.m) or the passive recovery (↓ 13,9 N.m). The...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:49:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_lf_me_rcla.pdf: 370403 bytes, checksum: 01d2e0d380cd68aad350f8cb36b5f132 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a validade da máxima fase estável de lactato (MLSS) como fronteira entre o domínio pesado e severo, analisar o efeito do tempo para análise cinética da concentração de lactato sanguíneo ([La]) sobre a (MLSSw) e a [La] correspondentes a MLSS em exercícios intermitentes (MLSSi) com recuperação passiva e ativa e, verificar a influência da recuperação passiva ou ativa na [La], MLSSw, freqüência cardíaca (FC) e intensidade relativa à potência máxima (%Wmax) correspondentes à MLSS. Dezenove ciclistas treinados do gênero masculino divididos em dois grupos, recuperação passiva (VO2max = 3960,6 ± 312,8 ml.min-1; N = 9) ou ativa (VO2max = 3958,3 ± 318,3 ml.min-1; N = 10), realizaram os seguintes testes, em dias diferentes, em um cicloergômetro: 1) Teste incremental até a exaustão; 2) 2 a 3 testes de carga contínua para a determinação da MLSS de forma contínua (MLSSc) e; 3) testes intermitentes de carga submáxima (8 x 4 min, com 2 min de recuperação passiva ou ativa) para determinar a MLSSi com recuperação passiva (MLSSip) e ativa (MLSSia). A MLSSi foi definida como a mais alta carga na qual a [La] não aumentou mais do que 1 mM entre o 10o e o 30o min (critério 1 – C1) ou 14o e 44o min (critério 2 – C2) do protocolo. Os valores do VO2 obtidos no 30o min de exercício foi estatisticamente maior que o valor obtido no 3o min de exercício a 100%MLSSc (3379,3 ± 250,1 ml/min vs. 3496,7 ± 280,2 ml/min, p<0,05) e a 105%MLSSc (3439,5 ± 289,3 ml/min vs. 3545,5 ± 303,2 ml/min, p<0,05), sendo estes valores significantemente menores do que o VO2pico (3978,6 ± 296,2 ml/min, p>0,05). O tempo (C1 ou C2) parece não influenciar significantemente a [La] (Passiva – 5,89 ± 1,41 mM vs. 5,61 ± 1,78 mM; Ativa - 5,62 ± 1,83 mM vs. 4,91 ± 1,91 mM) e a MLSSw (Passiva – 294,5 ± 31,8 W vs. 294,7 ± 32,2 W; Ativa... / The aim of this study was to analyze the validity of the maximal lactate state (MLSS) as a boundary between heavy and severe domain, to check the effect of time for the analysis of blood lactate concentration ([La]) kinetics on workload (MLSSw) and related to MLSS during intermittent exercises (MLSSi) with passive and active recovery and to verify the influence of passive or active recovery at [La], MLSSw, heart rate and relative intensity of Wmax (%Wmax) correspondent to maximal lactate steady state. Nineteen male trained cyclists were divided into two groups: passive recovery (VO2max = 3960,6 ± 312,8 ml.min-1; N = 9) and active (VO2max = 3958,3 ± 318,3 ml.min-1; N = 10), they performed the following tests, in different days, on a cycle ergometer: 1) Incremental test until exhaustion and; 2) 2 to 3 constants workload tests to determine (MLSSc) and; 3) intermittent submaximal workload tests (8 x 4 min, with 2 min of passive or active recovery) to determine MLSSi with passive recovery (MLSSip) and active (MLSSia). MLSSi was defined as the highest workload at which [La] increased no more than 1 mM between 10th and 30th min (criterion 1 – C1) or 14o and 44o min (criterion 2 – C2) of the protocol. VO2 values obtained at 30th min was statistically higher than that obtained at 3rd min of the exercise performed at 100%MLSS (3379.3 ± 250.1 vs. 3496.7 ± 280.2 ml/min, p<0.05) and 105%MLSS (3439.5 ± 289.3 vs. 3545.5 ± 303.2 ml/min, p<0.05) and the VO2 value obtained at 30th min of the exercise performed at 100%MLSS and 105%MLSS was statistically lower than VO2peak (3978.6 ± 296.2 ml/min, p>0.05). Time (C1 or C2) seems not influence significantly [La] (Passive – 5,89 ± 1,41 mM vs. 5,61 ± 1,78 mM; Active- 5,62 ± 1,83 mM vs. 4,91 ± 1,91 mM) and MLSSw ((Passive - 294.5 ± 31.8 vs. 294.7 ± 32.2 W; Active - 304.6 ± 23.0 vs. 300.5 ± 23.9 W). Interruptions at exercise... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)