Passive samplers are subject to a myriad of sources of uncertainty, which affect their precision and accuracy. To investigate this uncertainty, an evaluation of passive sampler data for SO2, NO2, O3, and H2S was carried out in the Lakeland Industry & Community Association in east-central Alberta from 2009 – 2011. The results of this study indicate that while passive sampler data followed the same general trend as continuous monitoring data, passive sampler data were often statistically different which strongly indicates they were not always accurate. Passive samplers are further limited by only providing a time weighted average of pollutant concentrations over the sampling period, which prevents determination of when or where a pollutant has exceeded regulatory limits. While passive samplers are useful in monitoring general changes in ambient air quality at low concentrations, this work strongly suggests that passive sampler data should not be used for regulatory monitoring.

Mercury is a pervasive environmental contaminant which is globally distributed in freshwater ecosystems. In order to assess the risk that mercury and methylmercury pose to public health through consumption and trophic level transfer, it is first necessary to understand the interactions and uptake that occurs between benthic organisms and mercury impacted sediments. Delineation of these interactions currently rely on correlating measurements of bulk sediment concentrations with bioaccumulation of either total mercury or methylmercury. However, it has been proposed that porewater concentrations, rather than sediment concentrations, should be used to predict uptake and bioavailability. Diffusive gradient in thin films (DGTs) have been proposed as a viable technique for porewater measurements to assess the bioavailable fractions of mercury. DGTs were compared to traditional bulk solid sampling to assess their capabilities for the prediction of total and methylmercury bioaccumulation in benthic oligochaetes, T. tubifex. DGTs performed similarly to the bulk solids sampling approach in respect to their correlation with mercury bioaccumulation in the sediment matrix studied. Bioturbation was shown to impact redox profiles in the sediment which led to a decrease in porewater methylmercury concentrations in the uppermost surficial sediment depths. These results indicate that monitoring tools such as DGTs are necessary to better understand the fate of mercury at field scale contaminated sites. / text

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T22:01:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Najara Marinho de Assis.pdf: 4136541 bytes, checksum: e841bade3c95236a92cf25313bf4398e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-30 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is a toxic gas and contributed to the environmental impact. This work showed an evaluation of the levels and distribution of NO2 in Manaus by passive technique of sampling. Twenty points were distributed in strategic points in the city. The NO2 varied from 4,56 ± 1,29 to 22,48 ± 3,91 μg m-3 in 2006. The largest values were found at places of great flow of vehicles. The minimum value were found at Marina Tauá (place with little urban influence). The method detection limit observed was (0,37 ± 0,26 μg m-3). / Dióxido de nitrogênio (NO2) é um gás tóxico e contribui para o desequilíbrio ambiental. Neste trabalho fez-se uma avaliação dos níveis e distribuição de NO2 em Manaus usando técnica passiva de amostragem. Vinte pontos foram distribuídos de maneira estratégica na cidade. Os níveis médios de NO2 encontrados variaram de 5,0 ± 1,0 a 23,5 ± 4,0 μg m-3 de NO2 no ano de 2006, sendo os maiores valores encontrados em locais de grande fluxo de veículos. O valor mínimo representa a região da Marina Tauá (referência de pouca influência urbana). O limite de detecção para o método usado foi de (0,4 ± 0,3) μg m-3.

L’augmentation globale de la démographie couplée à une amélioration du niveau de vie conduit à l’augmentation de la pression anthropique pesant sur les ressources en eau. Cette pression passe entre autre par une consommation et donc un rejet de multiples molécules organiques, parmi lesquelles les pesticides représentent des contaminants emblématiques. Longtemps utilisés en agriculture afin d’en augmenter la productivité, ces substances sont aujourd’hui utilisées également de façon importante dans notre quotidien (traitements vétérinaires, protection des matériaux de construction, peintures, papier, textiles, etc.). Cela conduit à identifier les rejets urbains comme des vecteurs de pesticides au travers des effluents de station de traitement des eaux usées ou des effluents d’exutoires pluviaux, qui viennent s’ajouter aux apports induits par l’agriculture. Cette multiplicité de sources couplée à une toxicité intrinsèque avérée en font des molécules à fort enjeu environnemental dont il est essentiel de hiérarchiser les apports afin de pouvoir mettre en place des mesures de réduction.Dans ce cadre, un continuum péri-urbain situé sur la Métropole de Bordeaux (France) a permis de mettre en évidence des profils de contamination différents entre les eaux naturelles, les effluents urbains et les exutoires pluviaux, tant sur l’aspect qualitatif que sur l’aspect quantitatif. Si les eaux de surface sont principalement quantitativement marquées par des phytopharmaceutiques (métolachlore, glyphosate), les molécules identifiées comme potentiellement impactantes (en termes d’effets potentiels) proviennent d’avantage d’effluents urbains (fipronil, imidaclopride). En effet, les stations de traitement des eaux usées sont identifiées comme d’importants vecteurs en biocides et antiparasitaires à usages vétérinaires en raison de leur faible capacité de traitement vis-à-vis de ces contaminants. Toutefois, ces effluents ne sont que le reflet des utilisations en amont du réseau. L’investigation de ce dernier a conduit à identifier les usages domestiques comme responsables de l’introduction de certaines molécules préoccupantes tels les antiparasitaires à usages vétérinaires (fipronil et imidaclopride). En parallèle, bien que non majoritaires en ce qui concerne les apports en pesticides, les exutoires pluviaux ne sont toutefois pas négligeables et apportent en quantités conséquentes des biocides de protection (comme la carbendazime, le diuron, le propiconazole ou la terbutryne) de par le lessivage de surfaces traitées en zones urbaines. Le cas du glyphosate semble complexe puisque aucune des voie d’apport n’est clairement identifiée comme majoritaire. L’apport est très global, probablement du fait de sa multiplicité d’usages, tant en agriculture que par certains professionnels ou par les particuliers.L’échantillonnage passif par les POCIS (Polar Organic Chemicals Integrative Sampler) a été appliqué avec succès afin de calculer des flux plus précis dans les eaux de surfaces, permettant ainsi une identification plus fine des sources majoritaires. Cet outil montre toutefois ses limites en ce qui concerne le suivi d’échantillons complexes telles que les eaux brutes, en présentant des cinétiques d’accumulation trop courtes pour permettre un suivi quantitatif du réseau d’assainissement sur de longues périodes. Ces observations ont été confirmées à l’occasion de calibrations in-situ en rivière et en entrée de station de traitement des eaux usées et qui ont donné lieu au développement de nouveaux outils. Les mini-POCIS et les POCIS-T, plus légers et plus petits ont été calibrés à la fois en laboratoire et en station de traitement des eaux usées. Ils se sont révélés plus adaptés que la forme classique pour suivre la contamination des eaux usées car ils permettent d’augmenter la durée du suivi. Ils représentent une alternative intéressante pour le suivi du réseau d’assainissement. / Global demographic increase coupled with standard of living increase drive water resources’ anthropic pressure. This phenomenon is linked with consumption habits and with chemicals dispersion in environment. Pesticides are part of the most concerning contaminants. They were firstly used to enhance agricultural productivity but nowadays these chemicals are used for our daily life needs (in building materials, veterinary treatments, papers, textile products, paints, etc.) and so urban effluents such as storm sewer or wastewater treatment plant effluents are identified as important vectors of pesticides which are added to agricultural inputs. The diversity of sources coupled to an intrinsic toxicity highlight pesticides as environmental concerning compounds and their sources have to be clearly identified and classified to consider source reduction actions.The study of an urban continuum in Bordeaux Metropolis (France) highlighted qualitative and quantitative differences in contamination profiles between river water, storm sewers and wastewater treatment plant effluents. River waters are contaminated with phytopharmaceuticals (metolachlor, glyphosate) but molecules of high ecotoxicological concern (fipronil, imidacloprid) are mostly brought by wastewater treatment plants. These structures are indeed not built for micropollutant treatment and biocides provided by wastewaters are discharged in surface water. Urban effluents reflect uses of wastewater network by private consumers and industries. Advanced investigations in the wastewater network allowed identifying them as providers of veterinary molecules such as fipronil and imidacloprid. In parallel, monitoring of rain effluents allowed to identify storm sewers as less important sources of pesticides that wastewaters but they have to be considered for some molecules. Indeed, they can locally increase contamination in natural water around the discharge site especially concerning biocides (carbendazime, diuron, propiconazole, terbutryne) because of runoff waters over treated surfaces. Case of glyphosate is much more complex because this molecule was found in every compartment and seemed to be introduced massively both by agriculture and urban effluents in link with its use by farmers but also private consumers and some professionals.Passive sampling of water resources with POCIS (Polar Organic Chemicals Integrative Sampler) was successfully applied, allowing to quantify pesticides at trace levels and to calculate precise fluxes leading to the confirmation of previous results. However, the usefulness of this tool is limited in the case of wastewater monitoring. Uptake kinetics are too rapid to allow a quantitative characterisation of raw wastewaters over long period of deployment. These observations were confirmed with the comparison of in-situ calibration performed both in river and in effluent of a wastewater treatment plant and leaded to the development of new version of POCIS. Mini-POCIS and POCIS-T (lighter and smaller than original ones) were calibrated both in laboratory and in real conditions. They are more adapted than classical devices to wastewater sampling allowing covering a much longer period of monitoring.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-03-27T15:24:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Maria Andréa da Silva.pdf: 2665297 bytes, checksum: 5d7613a0f2ca73967ba58859bd84a7f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-15T14:01:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Maria Andréa da Silva.pdf: 2665297 bytes, checksum: 5d7613a0f2ca73967ba58859bd84a7f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-15T14:01:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Maria Andréa da Silva.pdf: 2665297 bytes, checksum: 5d7613a0f2ca73967ba58859bd84a7f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / CAPES / Neste trabalho foram usados amostradores passivos POCIS e Chemcatcher com a técnica de Extração em Fase Sólida SPE e a Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas, GC/MS. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia para os amostradores passivos POCIS e Chemcatcher para a análise de agrotóxicos em água superficial e os objetivos específicos: estudar o desempenho dos amostradores passivos através de desenvolvimento de metodologia SPE e GC/MS, calibrar em laboratório, determinando as taxas de amostragem e implantar os amostradores na região do Vale do São Francisco, em Petrolina, Pernambuco. O sorvente usado na SPE foi à base de sílica modificada (C18) e os solventes foram metanol e diclorometano. A validação do método foi feita para disco e cartucho, onde, o LD para disco variou de 0,0080 a 0,096 μg L-1 e para cartucho 0,0070 a 0,43 μg L-1, o LQ de 0,026 a 0,32 μg L-1 e 0,024 a 1,4 μg L-1, respectivamente. Os percentuais de recuperação para o disco variaram de 70,0 a 119,9 para disco e 70,2 a 119,7 para cartucho. Os desvios-padrões para o disco variaram de 2,86 a 19,9 e para cartucho 1,89 a 19,8. A repetitividade com 95% de confiança para disco variou de 0,0070 a 0,089 e 0,0070 a 0,41 para cartucho. As taxas de amostragem para os dispositivos POCIS e Chemcatcher variaram, respectivamente: para 1 dia: sem membrana, 0,105 a 0,693 L dia-1 e 0,100 a 0,757 L dia-1; com membrana PES < 0,0080 a 0,069 L dia-1 e <0,0080 a 0,050 L dia-1; com malha de nylon 0,103 a 0,333 L dia-1 e 0,093 a 0,33 L dia-1. Para 3 dias com renovação de água: com membrana PES < 0,011 a 0,083 L dia-1 e < 0,011 a 0,042 Ldia-1; com malha de nylon 0,077 a 0,80 L dia-1 e 0,074 a 0,95 L dia-1. Durante três dias sem renovação de água: com malha de nylon 0,067 a 0,28 L dia-1 e 0,064 a 0,31 L dia-1. Taxas de amostragem teóricas foram calculadas em função dos coeficientes de difusão dos pesticidas em água e do desenho e configuração dos dois modelos de amostradores passivos. As taxas de amostragem para o POCIS e Chemcatcher variaram respectivamente de 0,11 a 0,23 L dia-1 e 0,077 a 0,16 L dia-1. Considerando-se um ambiente aquático com baixa contaminação (ao nível do LQ do método) o tempo de exposição dos amostradores para captar os pesticidas pode variar, a depender do composto, de 3 a 9 dias para o POCIS e de 4 a 10 dias para o Chemcatcher. O desempenho dos dois modelos pode ser considerado semelhante e seu uso com a técnica SPE e GC/MS é uma alternativa para a metodologia de determinação de pesticidas em água, uma vez que o procedimento é simples, rápido e econômico. / Salvador

Depuis 2001 et la création d'un observatoire de la qualité de l'air intérieur (OQAI), la qualité de l'air intérieur est devenue un enjeu majeur de santé publique et fait l'objet d'un cadre réglementaire qui continue d'évoluer au cours des dernières années. Deux décrets récents, en France, prévoient la mise en œuvre de l'étiquetage des matériaux de construction en fonction de leurs émissions de composés organiques volatils (COV) (décret n° 2011-321, 23/03/2011) et le contrôle de la concentration des polluants (benzène et formaldéhyde) avec un guide des valeurs pour les bâtiments ouverts au public (n ° 2011-1728, 12/02/2012). De nos jours, la méthode analytique utilisée pour mesurer la concentration en formaldéhyde dans l'air consiste en un prélèvement sur cartouche de 2,4-dinitrophénylhydrazine (DNPH), qui est analysée par chromatographie en phase liquide après extraction. Cette méthode nécessite un équipement lourd et une étape en laboratoire est nécessaire. La société Ethera développe et commercialise des capteurs spécifiques pour la détection et la mesure du formaldéhyde avec des échantillonneurs passifs ou actifs. Ce capteur est basé sur des matrices nanoporeuses contenant du Fluoral-P (4-amino-3-pentène-2-one), qui réagit sélectivement avec le formaldéhyde pour produire un composé coloré de la 3,5-diacétyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL). La DDL est détectée à 420nm par lecture optique et la différence de densité optique mesurée avant et après l'exposition du capteur est directement proportionnelle à la concentration en formaldéhyde dans l'air intérieur. Le but de cette thèse est d'améliorer les performances des échantillonneurs passifs. Les différentes phases du développement des échantillonneurs passifs sont étudiées (conception, évaluation en chambre d’exposition) avec différentes approches et méthodologies. Deux axes d'étude sont considérés: une approche théorique et des essais en laboratoire. Une approche théorique a été mise en œuvre pour optimiser un échantillonneur passif ou dimensionner un nouveau préleveur. Les tests de laboratoire ont permis d'évaluer les paramètres métrologiques des échantillonneurs passifs (limite de détection, sensibilité, répétabilité, linéarité ...) et les effets des facteurs d'exposition (température, humidité relative, concentration). / Since 2001 and the creation of a French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), indoor air quality has become a major public health issue. It is the subject of a regulatory framework that continues to evolve in recent years. Two recent decrees, in France, foresee the implementation of the labeling of building materials according to their emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (decree n°2011-321, 23/03/2011) and the survey of air concentration of two pollutants (benzene and formaldehyde) with guide values in public buildings (n°2011-1728, 2/12/2012). Today, the analytical method used to measure formaldehyde concentration in air consists in a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) sampling cartridge which is analyzed by liquid chromatography after solvent extraction. This method is time consuming, expensive and complicated to perform. The company Ethera develops and markets specific, sensitive sensors for detection and measurement of formaldehyde with passive or active samplers. This sensor is based on a nanoporous matrix containing Fluoral-P (4-amino-3-penten-2-one), which selectively reacts with formaldehyde to produce a colored compound the 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL). DDL is detected at 420nm by optical reading and the difference of the optical density measured before and after exposition of the sensor is directly proportional to the concentration of formaldehyde in air. The purpose of this thesis is to improve the performance of passive samplers. The different phases of the development of passive samplers are studied (design, evaluation in environmental chamber) with different approaches and methodologies. In fact, two axis of study are considered: a theoretical approach and laboratory tests. Theoretical approach will be implemented to optimize a passive sampler or for sizing a new one based on the study of theoretical sampling rates. Laboratory tests will allow to assess metrological parameters of passive samplers (detection limit, sensitivity, repeatability, linearity…) and to estimate effects of exposure factors (temperature, relative humidity, concentration levels …).

The aim of this study was to investigate a potential impact of the old polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) dump on their occurrence in Bezdrevsky stream basin. Wastes, containing PCBs, were illegally stored in the area of ex-agrochemical factory in Lhenice village. Six localities were chosen for sampling by the method of integrative passive samplers SPMD, which provides more valuable information about contamination than commonly used grab samples. Passive samplers were exponated for 18 days in June 2017. The samples extraction was performed at the Laboratory of environmental chemistry and biochemistry (Faculty of fisheries and protection of waters), followed by clean up and preparation of these extracts for analysis with gas chromatograph coupled to tandem mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS). Obtained data on PCBs amount in the samples were recalculated to their concentration in water. Concentration of seven indicator PCBs congeners (PCB 28 + 31, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 118, PCB 138, PCB 153 a PCB 180) was determined. These congeners are typical for technical PCBs mixtures which were produced in Czechoslovakia in the past. From their relative abundance, the potential source and an age of the contamination were estimated. Their total sum indicated significant exceedance of the limit only for the first locality, in the reservoir draining the dump area. There was found the concentration of 100 ng.l-1 of the 7 indicator PCBs sum. Concentrations at other localities complied with required limits and varied between hundredths to tenths of ng.l-1. In comparison with older data acquired from this area, the concentration at the first locality did not change, whereas PCBs concentration at the second and third locality downstream is currently lower than in past. Our data were compared to the latest data of PCBs concentrations in selected localities in CZ, which were received from Czech hydrometeorological intitute. From measured values can be stated, that the basin of Bezdrevsky stream and its fish pond system are not endangered by the presence of PCBs. Only two localities situated near the source of PCBs are comparable with localities in CZ which are influenced by the long term industry presence.

Les pesticides sont aujourd’hui reconnus comme ayant des effets néfastes sur l’environnement et sur la santé humaine. La surveillance du niveau de pollution par les pesticides dans les écosystèmes aquatiques implique la mise en place d’une stratégie d’échantillonnage basée sur des prélèvements ponctuels, suivi d’une étape de traitement et d’analyse des échantillons. Par ailleurs, la concentration de ces polluants est sujette à de nombreuses fluctuations et par conséquent une faible fréquence d’échantillonnage ne donne pas une image représentative du réel niveau de pollution et de l’évolution de la qualité des masses d’eau.Ainsi, ce travail de recherche porte sur une méthode alternative d’échantillonnage basée sur l’utilisation d’échantillonneurs passifs, afin de suivre le niveau de contamination des eaux de surface et souterraines par les pesticides. Deux types d’échantillonneurs passifs, les Chemcatchers (version polaire) et les POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Intégrative Sampler), ont été étudiés afin de comparer leurs efficacités comme outils de diagnostic et de surveillance de la pollution des milieux aquatiques par les pesticides polaires. La première phase de l’étude concerne la validation de ces outils, basée sur la calibration en laboratoire et in-situ des POCIS et des Chemcatchers, afin de permettre leurs utilisations en tant qu’outils d’analyse quantitative pour l’évaluation de la concentration moyenne des pesticides dans les masses d’eau. La deuxième partie du travail est plus orientée sur l’applicabilité de ces échantillonneurs passifs pour l’étude de la distribution spatiale des pesticides, de l’identification des sources de pollution et du transfert des polluants (eau de surface/eau souterraine). / Nowadays, pesticides are recognized as having adverse effects on the environment and human health. Monitoring the level of pesticides pollution in aquatic ecosystems involves the establishment of a sampling strategy based on a water spot sampling, followed by a stage of processing and analysis of samples. Furthermore, the concentration of these pollutants can fluctuate over time and therefore a low sampling frequency does not give a representative picture of the real level of pollution and cannot describe faithfully the changing of the quality of the water bodies.Thus, this work focuses on an alternative sampling method based on the use of passive samplers to monitor the level of contamination of surface and groundwater by pesticides. Two types of passive samplers, the polar Chemcatcher and the POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Intégrative Sampler) were studied in order to compare the effectiveness of these tools for the diagnosis and the monitoring of aquatic pollution by polar pesticides.The first step of the study consists the validation of these two passive samplers, which is based on the laboratory and in-situ calibration of POCIS and polar Chemcatcher, to allow their use as tools for quantitative analysis for the assessment of the average concentration of pesticides in water bodies. The second part of the work is more focused on the applicability of these passive samplers for the study of the spatial distribution of pesticides, the identification of pollution sources and the assessment of pollutants transfer (surface water/groundwater).

Les activités humaines sont responsables de l’apport de nombreux micropolluants vers les systèmes aquatiques parmi lesquels les substances poly- et perfluoroalkylées (PFAS) ont été identifiées. Ces molécules sont utilisées depuis les années 1950 comme tensio-actifs dans de nombreuses applications industrielles et produits d’usage courant. Depuis deux décennies, certaines de ces substances, les acides perfluoroalkylés (PFAA) ont particulièrement attiré l’attention en raison de leur caractère ubiquiste et persistant dans l’environnement. Actuellement, il existe un réel manque de connaissance sur l’intégralité de la contamination environnementale par l’ensemble des PFAS. L’objectif global de ces travaux de thèse est de poursuivre les efforts menés depuis le début des années 2000 pour mieux comprendre la dynamique des PFAS depuis leurs sources en milieu urbain, leurs rejets dans les rivières et leur transfert trophique.La première partie consiste à optimiser une configuration de l’échantillonneur passif POCIS (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler) pour l’analyse ultra-trace de 25 PFAS dans les eaux de surface. Dans un second temps, il est question d’identifier les sources en PFAS sur la métropole de Bordeaux. L’analyse de 30 PFAS dans les eaux usées collectées en raiseau d’assainissement tend à montrer l’importance des apports industriels par rapport aux rejets domestiques pour la quasi-totalité des PFAS étudiés. A noter que les eaux de ruissellement sont également vectrices de contamination en PFAS. La caractérisation des effluents d’entrée et de sortie des quatre principales stations d’épuration des eaux usées (STEU) de la métropole met en évidence une faible efficacité des filières de traitement. L’utilisation d’une approche d’analyse non ciblée par oxydation, la méthode TOP (Total Oxidizable Precursors) révèle des quantités non négligeables de précurseurs de PFAA aussi bien en réseau d’assainissement que dans les effluents de STEU. L’impact de l’exutoire collectant les eaux de ruissellement en provenance de l’aéroport et d’une portion du périphérique de Bordeaux sur les niveaux en PFAS d’une petite rivière périurbaine est également montré. Enfin, la dernière partie renseigne la bioamplification des PFAS en milieu lotique. L’évaluation des concentrations le long de 5 réseaux trophiques du bassin hydrographique Rhône-Méditerranée permet d’une part de confirmer la bioamplification du perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) et des perfluoroalkyles carboxylates (PFCA) à chaîne longue, et d’autre part d’évaluer la variabilité spatiale des facteurs d’amplification trophique (TMF). Le caractère bioamplifiable de PFAS d’intérêt « plus émergent » tels que les 8:2 et 10:2 fluorotélomères sulfonates est mis en évidence dans une rivière localisée à la périphérie de Paris. L’application de la méthode TOP à différents maillons de cette chaîne trophique permet de soutenir l’hypothèse de l’implication de la biotransformation des précurseurs dans la bioamplification apparente des PFAA. / Human activities are responsible for the release of multiple micropollutants into aquatic systems, such as poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs). These molecules have been used since the 1950s as surfactants in many industrial applications and commonly used products. For two decades, some of these substances, perfluoroalkylated acids (PFAA), have generated a major concern due to their ubiquitous and persistent behavior in the environment. Currently, there is a real lack of knowledge about the full extent of environmental contamination by all PFASs. The overall objective of this thesis is to continue the efforts undertaken since the early 2000s to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of PFASs, from their sources in urban areas, their releases to aquatic systems, to their trophic transfer.The first part consisted in optimizing a configuration of the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the ultra-trace analysis of 25 PFASs in surface water. In a second time, the dynamics of the PFASs on the Bordeaux conurbation is studied. The analysis of 30 PFASs in wastewater collected in the sewerage network tends to show the importance of industrial inputs compared to domestic discharges for almost all the studied PFASs. Note that urban runoff is also a source of PFAS contamination. The characterization of the influents and effluents of the four main wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in the metropolis shows a low efficiency of treatment channels. The use of a non-targeted analysis approach by oxidation, the TOP method (Total Oxidizable Precursors) reveals significant amounts of PFAA precursors in the sewerage network as well as in WWTP effluents. The impact of urban and airport storm water discharge on the contamination levels of a small peri-urban river has also been shown. The last part dealt with the biomagnification of PFASs in lotic systems. The evaluation of PFAS concentrations along 5 food webs from the Rhone-Mediterranean watershed enables to confirm the biomagnification of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCA) and to evaluate the spatial variability of trophic magnification factors (TMF). The biomagnification character of PFASs of "more emerging" interest, such as the 8:2 and 10:2 fluorotelomer sulfonates, is observed in a river located on the outskirts of Paris. The application of the TOP method to different trophic levels supports the hypothesis of the involvement of the biotransformation of precursors in the apparent biomagnification of PFAAs.

This diploma thesis has been carried out as a part of the project Utilization of long term (passive) sampling methods combined with in situ microcosms for assessment of (bio)degradation potential (PASSES). In the frame of the project groundwater remediation took place in the premises of Farmak a.s. in Olomouc using a pilot photooxidation unit and efficiency of the remediation was monitored through passive and active sampling methods. Pilot photooxidation unit is a technology based on the H2O2/UV-C photochemical oxidation of organic pollutants. In this work optimization tests of the pilot photooxidation unit were performed. The residence time of the groundwater in the photoreactors, required for its sufficient decontamination from pharmaceuticals and aromatic hydrocarbons, was 2.5 hours. 91% degradation of the pharmaceuticals and 80% degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons were reached during this interval. Although the removal efficiency of the pharmaceuticals by the photooxidation unit was high, the pilot photooxidation unit was not able to effectively remove the pharmaceuticals at the studied locality. By comparing the results of the pharmaceuticals from active and passive groundwater sampling during the remediation attempt, passive Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) was found to be...