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User Efficient Authentication Protocols with Provable Security Based on Standard Reduction and Model CheckingLin, Yi-Hui 12 September 2012 (has links)
Authentication protocols are used for two parties to authenticate each other and build a secure channel over wired or wireless public channels. However, the present standards of authentication protocols are either insufficiently secure or inefficient for light weight devices. Therefore, we propose two authentication protocols for improving the security and user efficiency
in wired and wireless environments, respectively.
Traditionally, TLS/SSL is the standard of authentication and key exchange protocols in wired Internet. It is known that the security of TLS/SSL is not enough due to all sorts of client side attacks. To amend the client side security, multi-factor authentication is an effective solution. However, this solution brings about the issue of biometric privacy which raises public concern of revealing biometric data to an authentication server. Therefore, we propose a truly three factor authentication protocol, where the authentication server can verify their biometric data without the knowledge of users¡¦ templates and samples.
In the major wireless technologies, extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is an authentication
framework widely used in IEEE 802.11 WLANs. Authentication mechanisms built on EAP are called EAP methods. The requirements for EAP methods in WLANs authentication have been defined in RFC 4017. To achieve user efficiency and robust security, lightweight computation and forward secrecy, excluded in RFC 4017, are desired in WLAN authentication.
However, all EAP methods and authentication protocols designed for WLANs so far do not satisfy all of the above properties. We will present a complete EAP method that utilizes stored secrets and passwords to verify users so that it can (1) meet the requirements of RFC 4017, (2) provide lightweight computation, and (3) allow for forward secrecy.
In order to prove our proposed protocols completely, we apply two different models to examine their security properties: Bellare¡¦s model, a standard reduction based on computational model, that reduces the security properties to the computationally hard problems and the OFMC/AVISPA tool, a model checking approach based on formal model, that uses the concept of the search tree to systematically find the weaknesses of a protocol. Through adopting Bellare¡¦s model and OFMC/AVISPA tool, the security of our work is firmly established.
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A shoulder-surfing resistant graphical password systemAlesand, Elias, Sterneling, Hanna January 2017 (has links)
The focus of this report is to discuss graphical password systems and how they can contribute to handle security problems that threaten authentication processes. One such threat is shoulder-surfing attacks, which are also reviewed in this report. Three already existing systems that are claimed to be shoulder-surfing resilient are described and a new proposed system is presented and evaluated through a user study. Moreover, the system is compared to the mentioned existing systems to further evaluate the usability, memorability and the time it takes to authenticate. The user study shows that test subjects are able to remember their chosen password one week after having registered and signed in once. It is also shown that the average time to sign in to the system after five minutes of practice is within a range of 3.30 to 5.70 seconds. The participants in the experiments gave the system an average score above 68 on the System Usability Scale, which is the score of an average system.
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Lingvistisk knäckning av lösenordsfraser / Linguistical passphrase crackingSparell, Peder January 2015 (has links)
För att minnas långa lösenord är det inte ovanligt att användare rekommenderas att skapa en mening som sedan sätts ihop till ett långt lösenord, en lösenordsfras. Informationsteoretiskt sett är dock ett språk väldigt begränsat och förutsägbart, varför enligt Shannons definition av informationsteori en språkriktig lösenordsfras bör vara relativt lätt att knäcka. Detta arbete riktar in sig på knäckning av språkriktiga lösenordsfraser, dels i syfte att avgöra i vilken grad det är tillrådligt att basera en lösenordspolicy på lösenordsfraser för skydd av data, dels för att allmänt tillgängliga effektiva metoder idag saknas för att knäcka så långa lösenord. Inom arbetet genererades fraser för vidare användning av tillgängliga knäckningsprogram, och språket i fraserna modelleras med hjälp av en Markov-process. I denna process byggs fraserna upp genom att det används antal observerade förekomster av följder av bokstäver eller ord i en källtext, så kallade n-gram, för att avgöra möjliga/troliga nästkommande bokstav/ord i fraserna. Arbetet visar att genom att skapa modeller över språket kan språkriktiga lösenordsfraser knäckas på ett praktiskt användbart sätt jämfört med uttömmande sökning. / In order to remember long passwords, it is not uncommon users are recommended to create a sentence which then is assembled to form a long password, a passphrase. However, theoretically a language is very limited and predictable, why a linguistically correct passphrase according to Shannon's definition of information theory should be relatively easy to crack. This work focuses on cracking linguistically correct passphrases, partly to determine to what extent it is advisable to base a password policy on such phrases for protection of data, and partly because today, widely available effective methods to crack these long passwords are missing. Within the work of this thesis, phrases were generated for further processing by available cracking applications, and the language of the phrases were modeled using a Markov process. In this process, phrases were built up by using the number of observed instances of subsequent characters or words in a source text, known as n-grams, to determine the possible/probable next character/word in the phrases. The work shows that by creating models of language, linguistically correct passphrases can be broken in a practical way compared to an exhaustive search.
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Password Security Assessment of IoT-DevicesSeyum Wolde, Mehir, Hussain, Adeel January 2022 (has links)
With the rapid development of the IoT (Internet of Things) and the integration of connected devices into our households, IoT security is becoming more important. This technology allows the user to accomplish tasks and store information in a more effective way. Due to this large development, various solutions are being established to make sure that only an authorised user gains access to these functions. Among these solutions, passwords have become the most prominent one today. Since passwords allow a user to protect sensitive data and authorise access to their devices, they have become the target of various cyberattacks. Different password policies have therefore been established to strengthen passwords and prevent unauthorised access. In response to this emerging problem, the study conducted in this report has evaluated authentication systems in four categories of smart home devices to assess if they meet security regulations according to best practices. A compilation of the password requirements in these devices has been made and they have been categorized in terms of password security from very weak to very strong. Multiple instances of weak policies were discovered in all of the examined categories and important password features are missing in a majority of them. / Med den hastiga utvecklingen av sakernas internet (IoT) och integrationen av anslutna enheter till hushållet blir IoT säkerhet alltmer viktigt. Denna teknologi tillåter användare att åstadkomma uppgifter och lagra information på ett mer effektivt sätt. På grund av denna stora utveckling har många lösningar skapats för att säkerställa att endast en auktoriserad användare erhålls tillgång. Bland dessa lösningar är lösenord den mest förekommande idag. Eftersom att lösenord tillåter användaren att skydda känslig information och auktorisera tillgång till deras enheter har dem blivit en lockande måltavla för diverse cyberattacker. Ett flertal lösenordspolicys har därför etablerats för att förstärka lösenord och förhindra obehörig tillgång. Som svar på detta framväxande problem, har undersökningen som utförts i denna rapport utvärderat autentiseringssystem i fyra kategorier av smarta hem enheter med mål att bedöma ifall de uppfyller säkerhetsföreskrifter i enighet med bästa praxis. En lista med lösenordskrav i enheterna har skapats och dessa enheter har blivit kategoriserade enligt lösenordssäkerhet från väldigt svag till väldigt stark. Flera olika instanser av svaga policys har upptäckts i alla undersökta kategorier och viktiga lösenordsfunktioner saknas i en majoritet av grupperna.
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Students’ Perception of Cyber Threat Severity : Investigating Alignment with Actual Risk LevelsErfani Torbaghani, Ramtin January 2023 (has links)
This study aims to investigate the alignment between students’ perception of cyber threats and their actual risk levels. A mixed-method approach was used, where data was collected from Swedish university students through questionnaires, capturing their perception, familiarity, experience, and protective behaviors. Information regarding the actual risk levels of cyber attacks was obtained from interviews with cyber security professionals and other expert sources, such as cyber security reports. The results showed that students perceive malware, ransomware, phishing, and insecure passwords as the most dangerous threats to society, while denial of service (DoS) attacks and packet sniffing were considered less severe. These findings align somewhat with the suggested threat levels. However, notable proportions of students perceived these threats as moderately dangerous or less severe, suggesting room for improvement in their understanding. The results also showed that protective behaviors among students are generally low, particularly in regards to IoT security. Future work should therefore explore the public’s perception, protective behavior and knowledge of IoT security, but also attacks that are common against such devices. / Denna studie jämför universitetsstudenters uppfattning om hur farliga olika cyberhot är med de faktiska risknivåerna för dessa hot. Data på studenternas uppfattning, bekantskap, erfarenhet och beteenden samlades in genom frågeformulär, medans information om cyberhotens faktiska risknivåer inhämtades från intervjuer med cybersäkerhetsproffs och andra experskällor som cybersäkerhetsrapporter och artiklar. Resultaten visade att studenterna uppfattar malware, ransomware, phishing och osäkra lösenord som de farligaste hoten mot samhället, medan denial of service (DoS)-attacker och packet sniffing ansågs vara mindre allvarliga. Dessa fynd överensstämde något med de föreslagna risknivåerna. Dock ansåg en anmärkningsvärd andel av studenterna dessa hot som måttligt farliga eller mindre allvarliga, vilket tyder på utrymme för förbättringar i deras förståelse. Resultaten visade också att skyddande beteenden bland studenter generellt är låga, särskilt när det gäller IoT-säkerhet. Framtida studier bör därför utforska allmänhetens uppfattning, skyddsbeteende och kunskap om IoT-säkerhet, men även attacker som är vanliga mot sådana enheter.
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An Investigation of People’s Perception of Digital Threats / Formalisering av inneslutningstrategier i ett ramverk för probabilistisk hotmodelleringRabbani, Wasila January 2024 (has links)
This project examines cyber threats and their impact on individuals and organizations. The thesis focuses on a thorough literature review and uses surveys for primary data collection. The quantitative method was chosen to gather numeric data on these threats. The methodology classifies digital threats and analyzes survey results about these threats. It also gathers data on the perceived difficulty of these threats and compares general beliefs with expert opinions and statistical data from literature. Surveys targeted individuals aged 20-45 with a university degree, obtaining 86 responses. Interviews with five security professionals followed a standardized format, aiding in a comparative analysis with the survey data. The questions addressed several cyber threats, including phishing, ransomware, insecure passwords, malware, traffic sniffing, and denial of service. Notably, many respondents lacked a clear understanding of the significance of insecure passwords and traffic sniffing. By using quantitative methods and integrating survey results with expert opinions and literature findings, this study deepens the understanding of cyber threats. The results spotlight misconceptions and knowledge gaps about cyber threats, underscoring the need for better cybersecurity awareness and education. / Detta projekt undersöker cyberhot och deras påverkan på individer och organisationer. Avhandlingen fokuserar på en grundlig litteraturgranskning och använder enkäter för primär datainsamling. Den kvantitativa metoden valdes för att samla numeriska data om dessa hot. Metodiken klassificerar digitala hot och analyserar enkätresultat om dessa hot. Den samlar också in data om den upplevda svårigheten av dessa hot och jämför allmänna uppfattningar med expertåsikter och statistiska data från litteratur. Enkäter riktade sig till individer i åldern 20-45 med en universitetsexamen, och gav 86 svar. Intervjuer med fem säkerhetsprofessionella följde ett standardiserat format, vilket underlättade en jämförande analys med enkätdata. Frågorna behandlade flera cyberhot, inklusive phishing, ransomware, osäkra lösenord, skadlig programvara, trafikavlyssning och denial of service. Framför allt saknade många svarande en tydlig förståelse för betydelsen av osäkra lösenord och trafikavlyssning. Genom att använda kvantitativa metoder och integrera enkätresultat med expertutlåtanden och litteraturfynd fördjupar denna studie förståelsen för cyberhot. Resultaten belyser missuppfattningar och kunskapsluckor om cyberhot, vilket understryker behovet av bättre medvetenhet och utbildning inom cybersäkerhet.
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