Submitted by Lenieze Lira (leniezeblira@gmail.com) on 2016-08-01T14:34:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Raimundo N. V. de Oliveira.pdf: 1180188 bytes, checksum: c115f87106ecc3e857d9523454d71ff4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-08-19T15:47:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Raimundo N. V. de Oliveira.pdf: 1180188 bytes, checksum: c115f87106ecc3e857d9523454d71ff4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-08-22T12:47:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Raimundo N. V. de Oliveira.pdf: 1180188 bytes, checksum: c115f87106ecc3e857d9523454d71ff4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-22T12:47:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Raimundo N. V. de Oliveira.pdf: 1180188 bytes, checksum: c115f87106ecc3e857d9523454d71ff4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this present work, we study the “no validity” of Peano Theorem of Weak Form in Banach spaces with separable quotient of infinite dimension, in a more precise way, we show that if X is a Banach space with the quotient separable infinite-dimensional, then there is a continuous map f : X ! X such that autonomous differential equation x0 = f(x) has no solution at any point. / Neste presente trabalho, faremos o estudo da “não validade” da Forma Fraca do Teorema de Peano em espaços de Banach com quociente separável de dimensão infinita ou, de uma forma mais precisa, mostraremos que se X é um espaço de Banach com quociente separável de dimensão infinita, então existe uma aplicação contínua f : X ! X tal que a equação diferencial autônoma x0 = f(x) não tem solução em qualquer ponto.

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An important part of mathematics is the construction of good definitions. Some things, like planar graphs, are trivial to define, and other concepts, like compact sets, arise from putting a name on often used requirements (although the notion of compactness has changed over time to be more general). In other cases, such as in set theory, the natural definitions may yield undesired and even contradictory results, and it can be necessary to use a more complicated formalization.    The notion of a curve falls in the latter category. While it is intuitively clear what a curve is – line segments, empty geometric shapes, and squiggles like this: – it is not immediately clear how to make a general definition of curves. Their most obvious characteristic is that they have no width, so one idea may be to view curves as what can be drawn with a thin pen. This definition, however, has the weakness that even such a line has the ability to completely fill a square, making it a bad definition of curves. Today curves are generally defined by the condition of having no width, that is, being one-dimensional, together with the conditions of being compact and connected, to avoid strange cases.    In this thesis we investigate this definition and a few examples of curves.

The zero-noise limit of differential equations with singular coefficients is investigated for the first time in the case when the noise is a general alpha-stable process. It is proved that extremal solutions are selected and the probability of selection is computed. Detailed analysis of the characteristic function of an exit time form on the half-line is performed, with a suitable decomposition in small and large jumps adapted to the singular drift.

In this dissertation we discuss various results for spaces that are wild, i.e. not locally simply connected. We first discuss periodic properties of maps from a given space to itself, similar to Sharkovskii's Theorem for interval maps. We study many non-locally connected spaces and show that some have periodic structure either identical or related to Sharkovskii's result, while others have essentially no restrictions on the periodic structure. We next consider embeddings of solenoids together with their complements in three space. We differentiate solenoid complements via both algebraic and geometric means, and show that every solenoid has an unknotted embedding with Abelian fundamental group, as well as infinitely many inequivalent knotted embeddings with non-Abelian fundamental group. We end by discussing Peano continua, particularly considering subsets where the space is or is not locally simply connected. We present reduced forms for homotopy types of Peano continua, and provide a few applications of these results.

For a topological space X, the fundamental group can be topologized as a quotient of the path space with the compact-open topology. For one-dimensional or planar Peano continua, the fundamental group with this topology is a topological group if and only if it is semilocally simply connected. In particular, we demonstrate that the group operation is not continuous in this setting.

Cette thèse étudie deux modèles de réalisabilité pour la logique classique construits sur la sémantique des jeux HO, interprétant la logique, l'arithmétique et l'analyse classiques directement par des programmes manipulant un espace de stockage d'ordre supérieur.La non-innocence en jeux HO autorise les références d'ordre supérieur, et le non parenthésage révèle la CPS des jeux HO et fournit une catégorie de continuations dans laquelle interpréter le lambda-mu calcul de Parigot. Deux modèles de réalisabilité sont construits sur cette interprétation calculatoire directe des preuves classiques.Le premier repose sur l'orthogonalité, comme celui de Krivine, mais il est simplement typé et au premier ordre. En l'absence de codage de l'absurdité au second ordre, une mu-variable libre dans les réaliseurs permet l'extraction. Nous définissons un bar-récurseur et prouvons qu'il réalise l'axiome du choix dépendant, utilisant deux conséquences de la structure de CPO du modèle de jeux: toute fonction sur les entiers (même non calculable) existe dans le modèle, et toute fonctionnelle sur des séquences est Scott-continue. La bar-récursion est habituellement utilisée pour réaliser intuitionnistiquement le « double negation shift » et en déduire la traduction négative de l'axiome du choix. Ici, nous réalisons directement l'axiome du choix dans un cadre classique.Le second, très spécifique au modèle de jeux, repose sur des conditions de gain: des ensembles de positions d'un jeu munis de propriétés de cohérence. Un réaliseur est alors une stratégie dont les positions sont toutes gagnantes. / This thesis investigates two realizability models for classical logic built on HO game semantics. The main motivation is to have a direct computational interpretation of classical logic, arithmetic and analysis with programs manipulating a higher-order store.Relaxing the innocence condition in HO games provides higher-order references, and dropping the well-bracketing of strategies reveals the CPS of HO games and gives a category of continuations in which we can interpret Parigot's lambda-mu calculus. This permits a direct computational interpretation of classical proofs from which we build two realizability models.The first model is orthogonality-based, as the one of Krivine. However, it is simply-typed and first-order. This means that we do not use a second-order coding of falsity, and extraction is handled by considering realizers with a free mu-variable. We provide a bar-recursor in this model and prove that it realizes the axiom of dependent choice, relying on two consequences of the CPO structure of the games model: every function on natural numbers (possibly non computable) exists in the model, and every functional on sequences is Scott-continuous. Usually, bar-recursion is used to intuitionistically realize the double negation shift and consequently the negative translation of the axiom of choice. Here, we directly realize the axiom of choice in a classical setting.The second model relies on winning conditions and is very specific to the games model. A winning condition is a set of positions in a game which satisfies some coherence properties, and a realizer of a formula is then a strategy which positions are all winning.

<p>The paper contains comment, clarification and criticism, even constructive criticism, of some theses that have been put forward by Laurence Bonjour in his In Defense of Pure Reason.</p><p>It presents a concept of experience that deals with the relation between cognizer and object of experience that has a great similarity to that of Bonjour. Through analysis it is shown that the concept of a priori entails that Bonjour has two concepts of a priori, a narrow and a broad one. The narrow one is, in my own words: According to moderate rationalism a proposition p is a priori justified if and only if you apprehend that p must be true in every possible world. This doesn’t mean that Bonjour doesn’t believe in an epistemological, metaphysical and semantic realm. The broad one does not mention anything about possible worlds.</p><p>Casullo in his A priori justification rejects Bonjour’s argument against Quine’s coherentism. A defense is put forward with the concept ‘an ideal of science for apparent rational insights’. The concept of axiomatic system and foundationalism is used. If we assume that the colour proposition ‘nothing can be red all over and green all over at the same time’ has the meaning that we, in this very moment, are representing a property in the world, thus we have an argument of superposition for the correctness of the proposition. The ground for this argumentation relies on the identification of colours with superposing electromagnetic waves.</p>

The paper contains comment, clarification and criticism, even constructive criticism, of some theses that have been put forward by Laurence Bonjour in his In Defense of Pure Reason. It presents a concept of experience that deals with the relation between cognizer and object of experience that has a great similarity to that of Bonjour. Through analysis it is shown that the concept of a priori entails that Bonjour has two concepts of a priori, a narrow and a broad one. The narrow one is, in my own words: According to moderate rationalism a proposition p is a priori justified if and only if you apprehend that p must be true in every possible world. This doesn’t mean that Bonjour doesn’t believe in an epistemological, metaphysical and semantic realm. The broad one does not mention anything about possible worlds. Casullo in his A priori justification rejects Bonjour’s argument against Quine’s coherentism. A defense is put forward with the concept ‘an ideal of science for apparent rational insights’. The concept of axiomatic system and foundationalism is used. If we assume that the colour proposition ‘nothing can be red all over and green all over at the same time’ has the meaning that we, in this very moment, are representing a property in the world, thus we have an argument of superposition for the correctness of the proposition. The ground for this argumentation relies on the identification of colours with superposing electromagnetic waves.

Les milieux à propriétés continûment variables selon une direction particulière de l'espace intéressent les géophysiciens depuis plus de cinquante ans. La croûte terrestre, les océans, l'atmosphère sont des milieux naturels continûment hétérogènes. Mais on rencontre également ce type de configuration, variation continue des propriétés caractéristiques de matériaux, pour de nombreux produits industriels. Le contrôle et l'évaluation de ces matériaux représentent donc un enjeu important.<br />Le schéma classique de résolution des équations d'ondes en milieux à hétérogénéité unidirectionnelle repose sur un modèle multicouche, la stratification du milieu étudié pouvant être naturelle, les propriétés sont des fonctions constantes par morceaux, ou artificielle, les propriétés sont des fonctions continues que l'on discrétise. Cette approche est alors connue sous le nom de méthode de Thomson-Haskell. Dans le cas des milieux continûment variables, on calcule une solution exacte à un problème approché ce qui suscite de nombreuses interrogations quant à la précision et à la validité des solutions obtenues.<br />Dans ce travail, le problème est abordé sous un angle différent offrant ainsi de nouvelles perspectives d'approche des milieux hétérogènes. Afin de conserver l'authenticité du problème, nous proposons d'utiliser une méthode basée sur le développement en série de Peano du matricant, forme explicite de la solution analytique exacte des équations d'onde mises sous la forme d'un système différentiel ordinaire du premier ordre à coefficients non constants, pour des profils quelconques de propriétés. Les développements asymptotiques et numériques de cette écriture appliquée à des problèmes de conditions aux limites ont fourni une méthode robuste pour l'analyse des phénomènes acoustiques (courbes de dispersion, spectre fréquentiel du coefficient de réflexion etc.). Des résultats prometteurs quant à la détection du caractère hétérogène et à la quantification de certains paramètres caractéristiques de l'hétérogénéité ont été obtenus.