Surgery is an experience that brings uncomfortable examinations and discomfort and can often become an incomprehensible and traumatic experience. In the case of pediatric surgery, there is a belief that children are not always in a position to understand and deal with what surgery encompasses, considering that their psychic apparatus is still being formed. These procedures are, obviously, accompanied by numerous fantasies in an attempt to defense themselves and recover emotional balance to be able to face the situation. Therefore, this was a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study to investigate children s fantasies the day before surgery, in psychoanalytic theory. Seven children were included, of both sexes, five to twelve years old, admitted in a public hospital for surgery during 2014. Play Time and Fables Test were used as instruments. The implementation of the instruments was performed in a single moment, recorded, transcribed verbatim and the data was then passed through content analysis. The participants expressed the perception of themselves as defective and possessed feelings of fragility, helplessness and had many fears. The presence of frightening and elaborative fantasies was identified as a defense attempt and a way of making sense of surgical experience. It was concluded that the fantasies had a paradoxical role; that is, even if they constituted a regressive defense, they proved to be protective structure and helped to make sense of the surgical experience. / A cirurgia é uma experiência que traz consigo exames incômodos e mal-estares, tornando-se, muitas vezes, uma experiência incompreensível e traumatizante. No caso da cirurgia pediátrica, existe a crença de que a criança, na medida em que, por estar com o aparelho psíquico ainda em formação, nem sempre tem condições para compreender e lidar com o que a cirurgia mobiliza. Estes procedimentos, naturalmente, são acompanhados de inúmeras fantasias, como tentativa de defesa e de reestabelecimento de equilíbrio emocional para conseguir enfrentar essa situação. Para tanto, realizou-se estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório que se propôs a investigar as fantasias presentes em crianças no dia anterior à cirurgia, dentro de um referencial teórico psicanalítico. Foram incluídas sete crianças, de ambos os sexos, com idade de cinco a doze anos, internadas em hospital público para realização de cirurgia durante o ano de 2014. Utilizaram-se como instrumentos A Hora do Jogo e o Teste das Fábulas, aplicados em um único momento, tendo sido gravados e transcritos na íntegra; os dados passaram por análise de conteúdo. Os participantes expressaram a percepção de si enquanto defeituosos, bem como sentimentos de fragilidade, desamparo e diversos medos. Identificou-se a presença de fantasias atemorizantes e elaborativas como tentativa de defesa e de atribuir sentido à experiência cirúrgica. Concluiuse que a fantasia manteve seu papel paradoxal, isto é, ao mesmo em que se constituiu em uma defesa regressiva, revelou-se uma estrutura protetora, auxiliando a atribuir sentido pessoal à cirurgia.

Bakgrund: Hälften av samtliga föräldrar upplever ångest inför att barnet ska genomgå anestesi. Preoperativ oro och ångest hos föräldrar kan exempelvis bero på att operationsmiljön upplevs skrämmande och att barnet kan tänkas uppleva smärta under vårdförloppet, men kan även relateras till anestesiinduktion och den separation från barnet som uppkommer härvid. Den ångest som föräldrar upplever kan överföras och inverka negativt på barnet. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka tillgängliga interventioner samt deras effekt med avsikten att reducera preoperativ oro och ångest hos föräldrar till barn som ska genomgå kirurgi. Metod: En systematisk litteraturstudie genomfördes där 12 kvantitativa originalstudier söktes fram i databaserna Cinahl, Pubmed och PsycInfo, vilka kvalitetsgranskades och systematiskt analyserades. Relevanta resultat ur artiklarna extraherades i enlighet med Bettany-Saltikov och McSherry där avsikten var att via syntetisering generera föreliggande studies resultat. Resultat: Den systematiska litteraturstudien påvisar att preoperativa förberedelser i form av Undervisning via digitala hjälpmedel, Distraktion via lek, humor och musik, Förberedelser via preoperativ information samt Kombinerad preoperativ undervisning, medicinsk lek och rundvandring är interventioner som reducerar preoperativ oro och ångest hos föräldrar. Slutsats: Resultatet påvisade att flera interventioner hade en reducerande effekt avseende preoperativ oro och ångest hos föräldrar, men därtill att interventioner måste vara individuellt anpassade och i tillräckligt hög grad vara riktade till föräldrar för att erhålla önskvärd effekt. / Background: Half of all parents experience anxiety before the child undergoes anesthesia. Preoperative worry and anxiety in parents may, for example, be due to the fact that the surgical environment is experienced as frightening and that the child may experience pain during the course of care, but may also be related to anesthesia induction and the separation from the child that arises. The anxiety that parents experience can be transmitted to and cause negative effects on the child. Aim: The aim was to examine available interventions and their effects regarding intention of reducing preoperative worry and anxiety in parents of children undergoing surgery. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted where 12 quantitative original studies were applied from the databases Cinahl, Pubmed and PsycInfo, which were quality checked and systematically analyzed. Relevant results from the articles were extracted in accordance to Bettany-Saltikov and McSherry where the intention was to generate the results of this review by synthesization. Results: The systematic literature review demonstrates that preoperative preparations in terms of Teaching by digital aids, Distraction by play, humor and music, Preparation by preoperative information and Combined preoperative teaching, medical play and tour are interventions reducing preoperative worry and anxiety in parents. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that several interventions had a reducing effect regarding preoperative worry and anxiety in parents, but in addition that interventions must be individually customized and sufficiently directed at parents to obtain the desired effect.

Les progrès continus de la recherche scientifique dans le domaine de la santé ont entraîné une augmentation de l'espérance et de la qualité de vie. Ainsi, le développement de nouveaux médicaments et des dispositifs médicaux a permis d'améliorer les conditions sanitaires et la prise en charge des patients au prix d'une inflation des dépenses de santé. Ces évolutions ont eu pour conséquences d'inciter les états à mettre en place des procédures d'évaluation de l'efficacité et de la gestion des risques liés à ces nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. Plus récemment, les restrictions budgétaires liées à la crise économique dans de nombreux pays de l'OCDE ont contraint les états à diminuer la part de leur budget consacré à la santé. Cette situation les a conduits à mettre en place des politiques de santé basées sur l'optimisation des ressources.En ce sens, l'évaluation médico-économique et la pharmaco-épidémiologie constituent pour les acteurs de santé et pour les décideurs politiques un outil d'analyse décisionnelle particulièrement légitime. Ils sont aujourd'hui de plus en plus intégrés dans les réflexions sur les stratégies de soins et dans la mise en place des programmes de santé. L'objectif de notre travail de recherche a été à travers deux projets, d'étudier l'intérêt de l'évaluation médico-économique et de la pharmaco-épidémiologie en chirurgie pédiatrique. Ainsi, dans une première partie plus théorique, une synthèse des différentes études de pharmaco-économie, de pharmaco-épidémiologie a été conduite et un état des lieux des études d'évaluation médico-économiques dans la chirurgie de l'enfant a été réalisé. Dans une seconde partie plus pratique, les deux projets concernant la chirurgie pédiatrique sont présentés :- Le projet 1 (pharmaco-économie) présente l'évaluation et l'analyse coût-efficacité dutraitement du reflux vésico-urétéral de grade modéré chez l'enfant.- Le projet 2 (pharmaco-épidémiologie) est une étude multicentrique prospective surl'épidémiologie de l'invagination intestinale aiguë de moins de 1 an (EPIstudy) / The continuing progress of scientific research in the field of health have led to increasingexpectancy and quality of life. Thus, the development of new medicines and medical deviceshave improved the health conditions and treatment of patients at the cost of inflation inhealth spending. These developments have effects for encouraging states to implementprocedures of effectiveness assessment and management of risks associated with these newtherapeutic approaches.More recently, budget cuts due to the economic crisis in many OECD countries havecompelled states to reduce the proportion of their budgets on health. This led them todevelop health policies based on resource optimization.In this sense, the health econoic evaluation and pharmacoepidemiology are for healthcarestakeholders and policy makers a tool for decisional analysis. They are now increasingly integrated into reflection on care strategies and the implementation of health programs. The objective of our research has been through two projects, to study the interest of the health economic evaluations and pharmacoepidemiology in pediatric surgery. Thus, in a first, theoretical part, it is a synthesis of various studies of pharmaco-economics, pharmacoepidemiology was conducted and an inventory of economic evaluation studies in pediatric surgery was performed. In the second part more convenient, both projects are presented in pediatric surgery :- Project 1 (pharmacoeconomic) presents evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis oftreatment of moderate grade of vesicoureteral reflux in children.- Project 2 (Parmacoepidemiology) is a prospective multicenter study of theepidemiology of acute intussusception among infants (EPIstudy)

Fingertip amputation injuries are common in all ages. Conservatively treated fingertips can regenerate skin and soft tissues to form a functionally and cosmetically excellent new fingertip. Little is known about this ability that, in humans, is confined to the fingertips. Even less is known about the role of the bacteria that regularly colonize these wounds without negative impact on regeneration and healing. As an alternative to surgery, self-adhesive film dressings are commonly used to establish a wet chamber around the injury. These dressings leak malodorous wound fluid eventually until the wound is dry. Having that into consideration, we have therefore developed a silicone finger cap that forms a mechanically protected, wet chamber around the injury for optimal regeneration conditions. It contains a puncturable reservoir for excess wound fluid, which can be thus routinely analyzed for diagnostic and research purposes. This study protocol explains the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) on the semiocclusive treatment of fingertip amputations in both children and adults comparing traditional film dressings with the novel silicone finger cap. Being the first RCT using 2 medical devices not yet certified for this indication, it will gather valuable information for the understanding of fingertip regeneration and the design of future definitive studies.

Dans ce travail, le concept d'approche mini-invasive est décrit dans sa globalité. Pour les chirurgiens pédiatres le concept a été analysé de manière systématique en répondant aux problématiques cliniques des patients dans tous les champs d'application. La somme de ce travail a le tour de force de répondre à toutes les grandes questions qui ont été posées lors des premiers temps de la coelioscopie pédiatrique, mais aussi de répondre, pour les plus récents, à des interrogations concernant les perspectives. Cette Thèse a donc pour objectif de développer l'évolution de la vidéochirurgie chez l'enfant et de mettre en valeur certaines applications que nous avons travaillées dans les différents domaines de la coelioscopie pédiatrique : tout d'abord dans la tolérance et la sécurité de la vidéochirurgie; puis ses applications en Chirurgie Digestive et Thoracique, en Rétropéritonéoscopie, en Oncologie et en Urologie ; mais aussi ses applications dans des techniques avancées de chirurgie néonatale ainsi que l'introduction de techniques encore moins invasives comme la chirurgie assistée par aimant ou des techniques non opératoires utilisées dans le traitement de certaines malformations de la paroi thoracique, en démontrant leurs bénéfices et leur efficacité / In this work, the concept of minimal invasive approach is described in its entirety. For pediatric surgeons, the concept was analyzed systematically meeting the clinical problems of patients in all fields of application. The result of this work is to answer all the big questions that were asked during the early days of the pediatric laparoscopy but also to respond to the latest questions about the perspectives. The goal of this thesis is to describe the evolution of laparoscopy in pediatric, and to report some applications. We have worked in several fields such as: Tolerance and safety of laparoscopy in advanced neonatal surgery, and its applications in Digestive Surgery, Thoracic, Retroperitoneoscopy, Oncology and Urology. This also introduces the use of less invasive techniques, such as magnet-assisted surgery of non-operative techniques in the correction on chest wall deformities, demonstrating their efficacity and efficiency

Fingertip amputation injuries are common in all ages. Conservatively treated fingertips can regenerate skin and soft tissues to form a functionally and cosmetically excellent new fingertip. Little is known about this ability that, in humans, is confined to the fingertips. Even less is known about the role of the bacteria that regularly colonize these wounds without negative impact on regeneration and healing. As an alternative to surgery, self-adhesive film dressings are commonly used to establish a wet chamber around the injury. These dressings leak malodorous wound fluid eventually until the wound is dry. Having that into consideration, we have therefore developed a silicone finger cap that forms a mechanically protected, wet chamber around the injury for optimal regeneration conditions. It contains a puncturable reservoir for excess wound fluid, which can be thus routinely analyzed for diagnostic and research purposes. This study protocol explains the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) on the semiocclusive treatment of fingertip amputations in both children and adults comparing traditional film dressings with the novel silicone finger cap. Being the first RCT using 2 medical devices not yet certified for this indication, it will gather valuable information for the understanding of fingertip regeneration and the design of future definitive studies.

Les fentes labio-palatines (FLP) sont la malformation cranio-faciale congénitale la plus fréquente. D'origine multifactorielle, elles sont la conséquence d'un défaut de fusion des bourgeons faciaux.Objectif et MéthodologieL'objectif de ce travail a été d'étudier la place des gènes de l'angiogenèse dans le cadre de la piste étiologique des FL/P. La méthodologie de ce travail comportait 3 étapes :- Une analyse systématique et exhaustive des gènes impliqués dans les FL/P comprenant les gènes identifiés mais aussi les gènes potentiellement impliqués.- Une analyse rétrospective des explorations génétiques des FL/P opérées au CHU de Reims entre 2003 et 2009.- La mise en place d'une analyse prospective (2009-2012, AOL) :- Génomique constitutionnelle par CGH Array- In situ au niveau des berges des fentes issues de déchets opératoires des chirurgies primaires des FL/P comprenant :Le développement d'un protocole de culture cellulaire de fibroblastesUne analyse anatomopathologiqueEt surtout le développement d'un modèle d'étude in vivo chez l'enfant d'analyse d'expression des gènes de l'angiogenèse.RésultatsL'analyse systématique des gènes impliqués dans les FL/P a mis en évidence 95 gènes dont plus d'une dizaine sont connus comme liés aux mécanismes d'angiogenèse (facteurs de croissance et protéases). Ces derniers sont en interaction entre eux mais aussi avec 18 autres gènes impliqués eux aussi dans les FL/P. Ainsi au total 1/3 des gènes d'intérêt sont soit des gènes de l'angiogenèse soit en lien avec eux.L'étude rétrospective nous a permis de mettre en exergue certaines formes cliniques originales qui ont été étudiées et publiées sous un angle « étiologique ».L'étude prospective nous a permis, après obtention des consentements, d'inclure 72 patients (30 FLP, 24FL, 18FP) opérés au CHU de Reims entre 2009 et 2012 d'une chirurgie primaire.Nous présentons :- nos résultats anatomopathologiques, et génétiques (CGH Array)- notre protocole de culture cellulaire- nos réflexions, notre cheminement aboutissant à la création du modèle d'étude d'analyse d'expression des gènes de l'angiogenèseDiscussionLa littérature a bien mis en avant une implication des phénomènes angiogéniques dans la constitution des FL/P par le biais des facteurs de croissance (TGFβ, PDGF C et Ra, FGF, TGFA, FGFR1, FGFR2 ; VEGF) et des protéases (MMP/TIMP2). L'ensemble de nos manipulations in situ nous permet aujourd'hui de disposer du matériel nécessaire pour l'étude de l'expression des facteurs impliqués dans l'angiogenèse sur les berges des fentes.Parallèlement, l'étude génomique constitutionnelle en CGH Array a permis de retrouver des variations non-connues comme polymorphiques chez 62% de nos patients. Des études familiales vont compléter notre travail. Elles permettront de savoir si ces CNV sont héritées ou De Novo et ainsi de préciser leur caractère bénin ou pathologique. L'identification chez un de nos patients d'une amplification, même de petite taille, du gène SKI (gène lié à la voie des TGFβ) nous encourage dans la poursuite de nos recherches d'anomalies constitutionnelles des gènes de l'angiogenèse dans les FL/PLa CGH array est une technique qui nous a paru particulièrement utile et fiable en terme de « scanning » et de dépistage.En conclusion, en pratique clinique, la découverte des anomalies préalablement certainement sous estimées par les cliniciens doit nous mener à une nouvelle réflexion sur le conseil génétique et sur l'utilité dans l'avenir d'un dépistage plus systématique. / Cleft lip and palate (CLP) are the most common congenital craniofacial malformation. They have a multifactorial etiology and are the consequence of incomplete fusion of the facial buds.Objective and MethodologyThe objective of this work was to study the role of the genes of angiogenesis in the framework of studying the etiology of CL/P. Our methodological approach included 3 steps:- Systematic and thorough analysis of the genes involved in CL/P including identified genes but also genes that could be potentially involved.- A retrospective analysis of the operated clefts at the University Hospital of Reims between 2003 and 2009.- Implementation of a prospective analysis (2009-2012, AOL):- Constitutional genomic study by CGH Array- In situ with tissue specimens extracted from surgically excised cleft edges including:The development of a protocol for fibroblast cell culturesHistopathological analysisAnd above all the development of an in vivo study model in children for analyzing the expression of genes of angiogenesis.ResultsThe systemic analysis of genes involved in cleft lip palate unveiled 95 genes including about ten that are known to be related to angiogenesis mechanisms (growth factor and proteases). These genes interact between themselves but also with 18 other genes also involved in CL/P. In all, 1/3 of relevant genes are either angiogenesis-related genes or in direct relation with them.The retrospective study permitted to underline the some original clinical forms that were studied and published under an « etiological » angle.The prospective study included 72 patients (30 CLP, 24CL, 18CP), for whom we obtained informed signed consents, operated at the University Hospital of Reims between 2009 and 2012 for primary cleft surgery.We present:- Our histopathological and genetic results (CGH Array)- Our cell culture protocol (submitted for publication)- Our approaches and thought process behind the design of a study model for analyzing expression profiling of angiogenic genesDiscussionThe literature has highlighted the role of angiogenesis in the formation of cleft lip/palate via growth factors (TGFβ, PDGF C and Ra, FGF, TGFA, FGFR1, FGFR2, VEGF) and proteases (MMP/TIMP2). All our manipulations in situ have yielded the necessary material, i.e. edges of resected clefts, to study the expression of factors involved in cleft angiogenesis.In parallel, the constitutional genomic study in CGH Array enabled to uncover abnormalities in 62% of our patients. Family studies will complete our work. They will help to refine if these CNV are inherited or de novo and thus indicate their benign or pathological nature. In one of our patients, the identification of the SKI gene (related to the TGFβ pathway) encourages us to continue our research of genetic abnormalities of angiogenic genes involved in cleft lip/palate. CGH array appeared to be a very useful and reliable method in terms of scanning and screening.In conclusion, in clinical practice, the discovery of abnormalities which were probably underestimated by clinicians before, leads us to rethink the issue of genetic counseling and the relevance of a more systematic screening for these abnormalities in the future.

L’angiographie par fluorescence au vert d’indocyanine (ICG-FA) est une technologie d’imagerie non-invasive ayant été validée pour évaluer la perfusion tissulaire, pour délimiter l’anatomie des voies biliaires extra-hépatiques et pour localiser les ganglions et les vaisseaux lymphatiques. Depuis les années 2000, son utilisation connaît une expansion dans diverses spécialités chirurgicales incluant la chirurgie pédiatrique. Ce mémoire explore les indications actuelles de l’angiographie par fluorescence au vert d’indocyanine en pédiatrie et son introduction lors de résections intestinales pédiatriques à l’aide d’un essai clinique prospectif de faisabilité. Alors que l’utilisation de l’ICG-FA est bien définie en chirurgie adulte, cette technologie demeure peu utilisée en pédiatrie. Une revue systématique avec synthèse narrative portant sur l’utilisation de la technologie en contexte périopératoire chez la population pédiatrique a été menée. La majorité des articles étaient des études de cas et des séries de cas (n=36 ; 56%). Aucun effet indésirable relié au vert d’indocyanine n’a été rapporté. Le risque de biais de sélection et d’information était élevé. Les résultats de la revue systématique indiquent que bien que les indications demeurent limitées en pédiatrie, un intérêt important pour la technologie est noté à travers l’augmentation du nombre de publications sur le sujet. L’ICG-FA est un outil fréquemment utilisé en chirurgie colorectale adulte pour évaluer la vascularisation intestinale. Un essai clinique prospectif de phase II a été mené afin d’établir la faisabilité et l’impact de l’utilisation de l’ICG-FA lors de chirurgies pédiatriques d’urgence et électives nécessitant une résection intestinale. Les résultats de l’étude prouvent que l’introduction de la technologie est faisable, sécuritaire et simple. Par ailleurs, 95% des membres de l’équipe chirurgicale considèrent la technologie sécuritaire. / Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography (ICG-FA) is a validated non-invasive imaging technology used to evaluate tissue perfusion, delineate biliary anatomy, and localize lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels. Since the 2000s, its use has grown in various surgical subspecialties including pediatric surgery. This thesis explores the current ICG-FA indications in pediatric surgical subspecialties and its introduction in pediatric bowel resections by the mean of a prospective feasibility clinical trial. While ICG-FA is well established in adult surgery, the technology remains sparsely used in pediatric surgery. A systematic review with narrative synthesis on the perioperative ICG-FA use in the pediatric population was conducted. Most articles were case reports and case series (n=36; 56%). No adverse event related to ICG occurred. Risk of selection and information biases was high. The results show that pediatric applications of ICG remain currently limited, but significant interest in the technology is seen with the rising number of publications on the subject. ICG-FA is a frequently used tool in adult colorectal surgery to determine intestinal perfusion. A prospective Phase II clinical trial was conducted to establish the feasibility and impact of ICG-FA use during emergency and elective pediatric surgeries requiring bowel resection. The study results indicate that the introduction of the technology is feasible, safe, and simple. They show that 95% of the surgical team agreed that ICG-FA was safe.