It was the purpose of the investigation to determine the effects of selected high intensity monochromatic radiations on the growth of pith callus tissue of Pelargonium zonale, variety Enchantress Fiat. In addition, the extent of cell differentiation was to be determined for tissues grown under each experimental treatment.

This dissertation presents the result of two separate research programs. The first elucidates the phylogeny, biogeography and systematics of the genus Menodora in the olive family. A phylogeny based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the chloroplast rps16 and trnL introns and trnL-F intergenic spacer demonstrates that the genus is monophyletic. Within the genus, M. robusta of Patagonia is the first taxon to branch, followed by a monophyletic African clade and M. spinescens of California, though the placement of the latter does not have strong support. Most North American species are nested within the derived South Americans. A South American origin is hypothesized, with two independent dispersals to North America, and a single dispersal to Africa. The phylogeny provided new insights for the systematic treatment, where 24 species, one subspecies and six varieties are recognized, with major realignments of the intregrifolia and scabra species complexes, and a single new species described. In the second area of research, the chloroplast genome of Pelargonium × hortorum has been completely sequenced. At 217,942 base pairs (bp), it is both the largest and most rearranged land plant chloroplast genome yet sequenced. It features two copies of a greatly expanded inverted repeat (IR) of 75,741 bp each, and diminished single copy regions of 59,710 bp and 6,750 bp. Gene content is similar to other angiosperms, with the exceptions of a large number of pseudogenes, two open reading frames (ORF56 and ORF42), and the losses of accD, trnT-ggu, and possibly rpoA. The latter may be represented, however, by highly divergent set of rpoA-like ORFs. The IR expansion accounts for most of the size increase of the genome, but an additional 10% is related to the large number of repeats found. Most of these occur near rearrangement hotspots, and two different repeat associations (characterized by full or partial duplications of several genes) are localized in these regions. We propose simple models that account for the major rearrangements with a minimum of eight IR boundary changes and 12 inversions in addition to several sequence duplications. / text

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-06-13T16:59:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 819791 bytes, checksum: cb03aa7b2159a45745634e2ef7e54bc9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-13T16:59:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 819791 bytes, checksum: cb03aa7b2159a45745634e2ef7e54bc9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Retardantes de crescimento são comumente utilizados em culturas ornamentais para manipulação da arquitetura das plantas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar as doses e formas de aplicação dos retardantes clormequat, daminozide e paclobutrazol nas características fitotécnicas de plantas de gerânio zonal (Pelargonium x hortorum L.H.Bailey). Plantas de gerânio de três cultivares foram submetidas à aplicação de daminozide ou da mistura contendo daminozide + clormequat via pulverizações foliares e de clormequat ou paclobutrazol via pulverizações ou aplicação da solução diretamente no substrato. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Setor de Floricultura da UFV, em blocos casualizados com 3 repetições em esquema fatorial. Pelos resultados experimentais obtidos, concluiu-se que os retardantes não proporcionaram aumento no ciclo das plantas. As concentrações de 1000 ou 1500 mg i.a./l de clormequat ou 20 mg i.a./l de paclobutrazol, aplicadas via pulverizações foliares por 3 vezes, resultaram em plantas com as dimensões adequadas, entretanto o aparecimento de sintomas de fitotoxidez limita o uso do clormequat próximo ao final do ciclo da cultura. A aplicação do clormequat diretamente no substrato proporcionou resultados semelhantes aos encontrados nas plantas submetidas às pulverizações foliares, porém com custos mais elevados. Soluções contendo paclobutrazol nas doses 0,018; 0,036 e 0,072 mg i.a./planta aplicadas via solo proporcionaram controle excessivo do alongamento das hastes. Elevadas concentrações de daminozide necessárias para obtenção de plantas com as dimensões desejadas podem restringir o uso desse retardante na cultura do gerânio. O uso da mistura de retardantes clormequat + daminozide resultou em plantas com características adequadas, porém manejo mais trabalhoso quando comparado aos outros retardantes. / Growth retardants are commonly used at ornamentals to manipulate plant’s architecture. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the growth retardants chlormequat, daminozide and paclobutrazol applied as drenches or foliar sprays at different rates over zonal geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum L.H.Bailey) characteristics. The experiments were conducted at Floriculture Section of UFV and arranged in a randomized block design with 3 single plant replications. There were no significant differences in time to flower. Plants treated with foliar sprays at 1000 or 1500 ppm of chlormequat or 20 ppm of paclobutrazol had the desired shape, but phytotoxic symptoms limits chlormequat ́s use close to the end of culture ́s cycle. Chlormequat drenches provided similar results as foliar sprays, but with higher costs. Paclobutrazol drenches at 0,018; 0,036 and 0,072 mg a.i./plant caused excessive retardation of vegetative growth and total plant height. High rates of daminozide needed to attain plants with desired shape may restrict the use of this retardant on geranium plants. Tank mix of chlormequat + daminozide results in plants with suitable characteristics, but requires more labour than the other retardants.

The development of whitening of the youngest leaves of actively growing ivy geranium (Pelargonium peltatum L.) has been observed as the season changes from late spring to summer. This study was conducted to determine the specific environmental causes of whitening, if micronutrients deficiencies cause similar whitening, whether low night temperatures can reverse whitening, and whether salicylic acid affects growth and whitening in ivy geraniums. Two cultivars, ‘Beach’ and ‘Butterfly’, with different susceptibility to whitening were chosen for this study. Elevated air temperature, but not elevated root-zone temperature, was found to be the environmental cause of whitening in ivy geranium. Elevated air temperatures severely reduced plant growth, leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight in both cultivars. Elevated air temperature reduced photosynthetic pigments and their ratios in ivy geranium. Carotenoids and pheophytins decreased in ‘Butterfly’ at elevated air temperature. Foliar total Fe levels indicated no inhibition of Fe-uptake at elevated temperatures. Applications of Fe-chelate at elevated temperatures helped chlorophyll synthesis in ivy geraniums. Deficiency treatments of all micronutrients, Fe, Mn, Zn, S or Mg did not result in whitening in either cultivar of ivy geraniums. Salicylic acid did not affect whitening of ivy geraniums. It did not affect growth, leaf area, fresh or dry (stem, leaf or total) weight, fresh: dry weight ratio, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area or foliar nutrient (Fe, Mn, Zn, Mg and S) content in either cultivar. Cultivars varied in their response to low night temperature. ‘Beach’ reduced its plant growth and fresh to dry weight ratio whereas ‘Butterfly’ did not. Fe-chelate application did not reduce growth, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight or fresh:dry weight ratio of either cultivar. Although Fe-application did not reduce whitening in ivy geraniums, it helped to preserve chlorophyll, particularly chlorophyll b as indicated by Chl a:b ratio in ‘Beach’. Whitening in ivy geranium is a heat stress response initially exhibited by young, developing leaves and is caused by elevated air temperatures. Whitening is the result of impaired photosynthetic pigments synthesis and/or degradation.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:37:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1802890 bytes, checksum: 0b75928115b5c4403a010430868a5dbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Ralstonia solanacearum (RS) is a bacterial complex species that causes the bacterial wilt in hundreds of plant hosts, inducing heavy losses mainly on cultivated solanaceus species in tropical and subtropical countries. The race 3 biovar 2 (R3B2) of the pathogen causes not only direct losses but latent infections in many hosts, like the geranium, which facilitates its dissemination in and between countries. In the last decade, it was introduced in USA by infected geranium from Kenya and Guatemala, causing great concerns due the adaptation of this variant to the potato crop. In USA, the R3B2 of RS acquired the status of bioterrorism agent and now faces strong quarantine restrictions in the country. In this work we evaluated the pathogenicity of 36 Brazilian RS strains to geranium, most of them of R3B2. These strains were evaluated to their capacity of infecting geranium (Pelargonium peltatum and P. hortorum), potato and tomato. Seedlings were inoculated by xylem penetration with a pin contaminated at the time of inoculation by touching it onto the selected colony. Ten strains of biovar 1, 22 of biovar 2 and two of biovar 3 were used for comparison proposes. The disease incidence was measured every two days by the percentage of symptomatic plants. The strains were identified in order to analyze the eventual correlations among host of origin, biovar and phylotype. All the five geranium cultivars tested were susceptible, but with different responses among strains. The geraniums were less susceptible than solanaceous hosts tested. Nineteen strains infected one or two of the hosts and 17 infected at least one of the three hosts. The races 1 and 3, biovars 1, 2 and 3, phylotypes I and II, were all capable of infecting geranium. The capacity of R3B2 Brazilian strains to infect the geranium requires special methods for identification and detection of the bacteria in greenhouses for plants produced for export. It was not possible to group the strains according to pathogenic and molecular characteristics; therefore, it is proposed that complete genome analysis be performed to unveil eventual host specificity for some isolates. / Ralstonia solanacearum (RS) é uma espécie bacteriana complexa que causa a murcha bacteriana em centenas de plantas hospedeiras, provocando grandes perdas principalmente em solanáceas cultivadas em países de clima tropical e subtropical. Especificamente a raça 3 biovar 2 (R3B2) do patógeno, além de causar perdas diretas, causa infecções latentes em diversas hospedeiras, como o Pelargonium sp., o que facilita sua disseminação dentro e entre países. Por exemplo, na última década, esta bactéria foi introduzida nos EUA desta forma, causando preocupação em virtude da adaptação dessa variante à cultura da batata. Face à sua forte restrição quarentenária principalmente em países da América do Norte, onde adquiriu status de agente de bioterrorismo, avaliou-se a patogenicidade a gerânio de 36 isolados brasileiros, com ênfase na R3B2 de RS. Esses isolados foram avaliados quanto à sua capacidade de infectar gerânios (P. peltatum, P. hortorum), batata e tomate. Plantas jovens foram inoculadas pela penetração do xilema com um alfinete esterilizado contaminado pelo toque em colônia de RS de cada isolado. Foram usados 36 isolados, sendo 10 da biovar 1, 22 da biovar 2, dois da biovar 3 e dois de gerânio. A incidência da doença foi medida a cada dois dias pela porcentagem de plantas com sintomas da doença. Além do teste de patogenicidade a gerânio, os isolados foram identificados em filotipos com a finalidade de verificar se os isolados capazes de infectar estas hospedeiras se agrupavam de maneira a explicar alguns dos comportamentos. Todas as cinco cultivares de gerânio foram suscetíveis, porém ocorreram variações quanto à resposta entre isolados. Os gerânios, em geral, são menos suscetíveis a todos os isolados quando comparados com batata e tomate. Dezenove dos 36 isolados infectaram uma ou duas das espécies testadas e 17 infectaram ao menos uma planta de todas as espécies hospedeiras avaliadas. Isolados das raças 1 e 3, biovares 1, 2 e 3, filotipos I e II, foram capazes de infectar o gerânio. A capacidade de isolados brasileiros da R3B2 de RS de infectar o gerânio faz com que sejam necessários métodos especiais para identificação e detecção da bactéria em viveiros de plantas visando a exportação. Não foi possível agrupar os isolados segundo suas características patogênicas e moleculares; então, é proposto que análises de genoma completo sejam realizadas para que pequenos deste, possam revelar a gama de hospedeiras.

Anecdotal evidence of two South African Geranium species (Pelargonium reniforme and Pelargonium sidoides) from the United Kingdom with regard to plants being used against tuberculosis, which lacked scientific evidence’ prompted us to investigate these two plants for their antimicrobial properties. The German herbal remedy (‘Umckaloabo’) is prepared from these two plant species and is currently being sold for bronchitis. Acetone, chloroform and ethanol extracts were investigated against three bacteria (pathogens causing bronchitis), three fungi (fungal species associated with the upper and lower respiratory tract) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This is the first report on the extracts’ activity against Moraxella catarrhalis, and three fungi (Asperigilus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Fusarium oxysporum). Acetone and ethanol root extracts of P. sidoides and its combination with P. reniforme exhibited activity against bacteria at 5.0 mg/ml concentration. The fungi were significantly inhibited by the acetone and ethanol extracts of P. reniforme and the ethanol extract of P. sidoides at a concentration of 5.0 mg/ml. Antituberculosis activity was observed on acetone, chloroform and ethanol root extract of P. reniforme and chloroform extract of P. sidoides at 5.0 mg/ml concentration. The isolation and purification of compounds were attempted using two different approaches, of which the second approach resulted in isolation of four compounds and two flavonoids. One flavonoid (epigallocatechin) is isolated for the first time from P. sidoides. Laboratory investigations showed no activity of compounds isolated against M. tuberculosis. As Mycobacteria are intracellular pathogens, antimycobacterial activities may be due to either direct or indirect effects. Though the compounds in this study did not show antituberculosis activity, it can be speculated that the anecdotal evidence of TB-patients could be due to their immunostimulant activity. / Dissertation (MSc (Plant Physiology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Plant Science / unrestricted

Histogenetisch bedingte Sternmusterungen an Petalen treten in verschiedenen Pflanzengattungen auf und konnten bei Camellia, Pelargonium, Phlox, Rhododendron, Saintpaulia und Verbena nachgewiesen werden, sie sind aber auch bei Myosotis und Petunia bekannt. Die Sternmusterungen entstehen bei den untersuchten Sorten durch Anthocyandefektmutation in einer bestimmten Sproßscheitelschicht und den abstammenden Geweben, in Abhängigkeit von der gewebespezifischen Farbstoffbildung im Blütenblatt, dem Wirken der Partnerinduktion von anthocyanintaktem auf anthocyandefektes Gewebe (Induktion der Anthocyansynthese) und der L1-Beteiligung an der Mesophyllbildung des Blütenblattrandes. Fünf unterschiedliche Typen der histogenetisch bedingten Sternmusterbildung in der Petalenfärbung unter Berücksichtigung dieser Charakteristika konnten gefunden werden. / Histogenetically determined pinwheel patterns in petals exist in various genera of plants. Such patterns have been proved in Camellia, Pelargonium, Phlox, Rhododendron, Saintpaulia and Verbena, and are also known in Myosotis and Petunia. Pinwheel patterns occur by mutation in a defined layer of the apex and ist originated tissues. Its intensity is affected by presence of pigmentation in specific tissues of the petal and the existance and level of partner- induction (induction of anthocyanin synthesis from anthocyan-intact to anthocyan-defect tissue), and the participation of L1 (layer one of the apex) on the formation of mesophyll in the margin of the petal. Five different types of the histogenetically determined formation of pinwheel patterns were found according to the above mentioned conditions. In addtion, some other types can exist when more than two layers of the apex and their derived tissues form the petals (perhaps in Camellia) and layer 2 and 3 are different in their genotypes.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit züchtungsmethodischen Untersuchungen zur Schaffung blattvariegater Pelargonium x zonale-Hybriden auf tetraploidem Leistungsstand. Basierend auf dem Wirkstoff Trifluralin konnte eine effektive Behandlungsvariante zur somatischen Polyploidisierung periklinalchimärischer Pelargonium x zonale-Klone etabliert werden. Unter Ausnutzung biparentaler Erbgänge wurden fünf ausgewählte Plasmotypen an das Leistungsniveau moderner Sortimente herangeführt. Daneben erbrachten Kreuzungen innerhalb der Sektion Ciconium hybridvariegate F1-Pflanzen. Die Möglichkeit der Ausnutzung von Kern-Plasma-Wechselwirkungen in der Pelargonienzüchtung wird diskutiert. Im Hinblick auf den Aufbau eines Protoplastenregenerationssystems konnten Zellsuspensionskulturen etabliert werden. Im Anschluss an enzymatische Verdauungen wurde die Regeneration von Kallus beobachtet. Variegate Pflanzen aus Mutationsversuchen mit NMH (Nitroso-Methyl-Harnstoff), einer weiteren experimentellen Variante, erwiesen sich als steril, so dass eine weiterführende Züchtungsarbeit auf diesem Weg bisher noch nicht möglich war / The study analyzes breeding schemes concerning the development of variegated tetraploid Pelargonium x zonale-hybrids (Pelargonium x hortorum). With a focus on practical relevance breeding methods for periclinal chimeric leaf patterns are discussed. Trifluralin-induced tetraploid Pelargonium x zonale-hybrids were successfully crossed with modern cultivars. Via biparental mode of inheritance five defined plasmotypes were transfered to the karyological background of current high-performance Pelargonium series. In a crossing-program within the section Ciconium hybrid-variegation was detected. The possibility of using nucleo-plasmatic interactions in developing new Pelargonium cultivars is discussed. First steps concerning a biotechnological approach to create variegated plants included the establishment of cell-suspension-cultures as the base for a protoplast regeneration system. Following the enzymatic digestion of Pelargonium-liquid cultures up to now, callus regeneration was achieved. Variegated plants resulting from mutagenic treatments with NMU (Nitroso-methylurea) proved to be sterile.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O óleo essencial de gerânio (Pelargonium graveolens L´Her) é amplamente usado em sabonetes, nas indústrias de perfumaria e cosméticos. Há um déficit na produção do óleo essencial de gerânio pelo mundo e assim tornou-se necessário o investimento em pesquisas que garantam o aumento da produção mundial de gerânio. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi de avaliar a influência do uso de diferentes cores de filme plástico, tipos de adubação, espaçamentos de plantio e intervalos de colheita na biomassa e no óleo essencial de gerânio. Dois ensaios foram conduzidos. No primeiro ensaio avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes cores de filme plástico e tipos de adubação e no segundo avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes espaçamentos de plantio e intervalos de colheita. As variáveis avaliadas foram: sobrevivência, altura de plantas, diâmetro de copas, massa fresca e seca de folhas e caules, teor e rendimento de óleo essencial e os teores dos seguintes compostos majoritários: geraniol, citronelol, formiato de citronelil, linalol, 6,9-guaiadieno, formiato de geranila, geranial e iso-mentona. No primeiro ensaio a ausência de filme plástico resultou na redução significativa para praticamente todas as variáveis e o uso de esterco bovino, isolado ou combinado com NPK (3-12-6), resultou em valores mais elevados em boa parte das variáveis. Para o cultivo de gerânio pode se recomendar o uso de filme plástico, preferencialmente de cor preta que é mais barato, espaçamento de plantio de 50 x 50 cm e os intervalos de colheita da parte aérea de oito semanas.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A lot of vegetable species synthesize and accumulate organic substances, such as essential oils, that can be turned in alternative income for rural producers. Pelargonium graveolens L. is a native aromatic species from South Africa, commonly known as geranium. Its essential oil is largely used in perfume, cosmetics and fragrances industries, besides the aromatherapy. The conventional vegetative propagation methods of geranium do not present considerable success, which difficult the production of transplants in large scale. This way it is important to look for alternative production techniques, such as micropropagation, for this commercially important species. The aims of this work were to establish a protocol for micropopagation and acclimatization of geranium, besides investigating of essential oil content and chemical composition. The completely randomized design was used. For the micropropagation assays were tested different concentrations and immersion times of sodium hypochlorite and mercury chloride, different types of explants and MS salts concentrations, besides testing different concentrations of the plant growth regulators BAP, NAA, kinetin and IAA at presence and absence of light. For the acclimatization assay different substrates were tested. To analyze the essential oil we use plants propagated by rooting of cuttings and by micropropagation. Sodium hypochlorite at 1.2% for 12 minutes can be used for disinfestation of geranium explants, as well as mercury chloride at 0.09 and 0.08% for 12 and 14 minutes, respectively. The leaf explant is more effective for geranium micropropagation using MS medium with 39.8% of its salts. BAP and IAA proportionate the best results for in vitro multiplication and regeneration and number of shoots per explant. For acclimatization the substrates vermiculite and weekly addition of solution with salts of MS medium, coconut dust + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g.L-1) + lime stone (1 g.L-1) and coconut dust + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g.L-1) + lime stone (1 g.L-1) + vermiculite (1:1) can be used. There is a difference in geranium essential oil content and chemical composition between plants obtained from rooted cuttings and micropropagation. / Muitas espécies vegetais sintetizam e acumulam substâncias orgânicas, tais como os óleos essenciais, que podem se tornar alternativa de renda para muitos agricultores. O Pelargonium graveolens L. é uma espécie aromática nativa da África do Sul, popularmente conhecida como gerânio. Seu óleo essencial é amplamente empregado em indústrias de perfumes, cosméticos e fragrâncias, além da aromaterapia. Os métodos convencionais de propagação vegetativa do gerânio não apresentam sucesso considerável, o que tem dificultado a produção de mudas em larga escala. Dessa forma, é importante buscar técnicas alternativas de propagação, como a micropropagação, dessa espécie comercialmente importante. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram estabelecer um protocolo de micropropagação e aclimatização da espécie, além de verificar o teor e a composição química do seu óleo essencial. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Nos ensaios de micropropagação foram testadas diferentes concentrações e tempos de imersão de hipoclorito de sódio e cloreto de mercúrio, diferentes tipos de explantes e concentrações de sais MS, além de testar os reguladores de crescimento BAP, ANA, cinetina e AIA em diferentes concentrações na ausência e presença de luz. Para o ensaio de aclimatização foram testados diferentes substratos. Por fim, para a análise do óleo essencial foram utilizadas plantas propagadas através da estaquia e micropropagadas. O hipoclorito de sódio a 1,2% por 12 minutos pode ser usado na desinfestação dos explantes de gerânio, assim como o cloreto de mercúrio nas concentrações de 0,09 e 0,08% por 12 e 14 minutos, respectivamente. O explante foliar é o mais eficiente para a micropropagação em meio MS com 39,8% dos sais. Para a multiplicação in vitro o uso de BAP e AIA proporciona os melhores resultados para a regeneração e para o número de brotos por explante e na aclimatização pode-se usar os substratos vermiculita com adição semanal de sais MS, pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g.L-1) + calcário (1 g.L-1) e pó de coco + Biosafra® (3-12-6) (12 g.L-1) + calcário (1 g.L-1) + vermiculita (1:1). Há diferença no teor e composição química do óleo de gerânio proveniente de plantas propagadas por estaquia e micropropagadas.