O encéfalo humano é mais sofisticado instrumento de cognição e, supostamente, o material mais complexo já conhecido, provavelmente por causa disso, o sistema neural é amplamente estudado em termos multidisciplinares, mas muitas questões ainda necessitam ser respondidas e várias dúvidas sobre as funções cerebrais ainda precisam de respostas. Um dos caminhos para compreender essa história evolutiva é o estudo do encéfalo de primatas não-humanos. Muito se sabe sobre a anatomia macroscópica de primatas do Velho Mundo e humanos, entretanto, esses dados e aqueles relacionados à anatomia microscópica são escassos em relação aos neotropicais, que tem sido amplamente utilizado em pesquisas biomédicas e comportamentais. Dessa forma, a proposta desse trabalho foi estudar a anatomia macroscópica do encéfalo obtido diretamente dos primatas neotropicais como Callithrix penicillata, Saimiri ustus, Sapajus libidinosus e Brachyteles arachnoides e da literatura de Galago, Macaca, Papio, Pan and Homo, em termos comparativos. Além de realizar um estudo preliminar acerca da citoarquitetura neocortical de Sapajus libidinosus. Na análise macroscópicas foram utilizados 2 encéfalos de Callithrix penicillata, 1 de Saimiri ustus, 7 de Sapajus libidinosus e 1 Brachyteles arachnoides, que tiverem seus sulcos e giros descritos, mensurados, além de mensurações das dimensões gerais do encéfalo e índice de encefalização. Para a análise microscópica foram utilizados 5 encéfalos de Sapajus libidinosus, sendo 4 na técnica de Golgi-Cox e 1 na técnica HE, que foram avaliados em termos de organização citoarquitetônica, número de células neurais e classificação do córtex conforme o tipo e prevalência celular nas camadas corticais, dos lobos frontal, área pré-frontal, parietal, temporal e occipital. Nesse trabalho observou-se que anatomia do telencéfalo de Callithrix e Saimiri possuem poucos sulcos, giros quando comparados com o de Sapajus e Brachyteles e os dois últimos são mais semelhantes aos primatas do Velho Mundo, do que dos demais primatas neotropicais investigados. Dentre todos os primatas analisados e comparados, os sulcos que se repetem são o longitudinal, lateral, calcarino, hipocampo, rinal e o temporal superior. Os sulcos do lobo frontal e parietal, aparecem somente em encéfalos mais complexos e de animais que possuem maior tamanho corporal. As demais estruturas localizadas na região medial do telencéfalo, diencéfalo, mesencéfalo, ponte, bulbo e ventrículos encefálicos, estão dispostas de forma semelhante com variações no grau de desenvolvimento e tamanho. Os dados preliminares da arquitetura neocortical de Sapajus mostram maior quantidade de neurônios nos lobos occipital, seguidos do parietal e temporal. A parte caudal do lobo frontal possui carcterísticas de área motora primária com grandes neurônios piramidais e a área pré-frontal possui prevalência de neurônios granulares. Os lobos parietal e temporal possuem as camadas mais heterogêneas e com maior separação entre as camadas corticais. A técnica de Golgi- Cox permitiu estudar a organização estrutural, conexões entre células neurais e a formas das células neurais. Já a técnica de HE permitiu inferências quantitativas e também a caracterização dos tipos de células neurais e desenvolvimento das camadas corticais. As análises histológicas do neocórtex das principais áreas do telencéfalo de Sapajus libidinosus, mesmo que com um baixo número de espécimes foi uma caracterização geral e o primeiro passo para estudos futuros e comparações mais abrangentes. São necessários estudos histológicos mais detalhados das principais áreas do encéfalo, assim como a associação dos possíveis resultados a outras técnicas de investigações são necessários para uma melhor caracterização das funcionalidades das áreas corticais. / The human brain is the most sophisticated instrument of cognition and, putatively, the most complex material sctructure ever knew, probably because that, the neural system is largely studied in multidisciplinar terms, but many questions still need to be answered and various doubts rest to be solved about the brain functions. Among the ways to understand this evolutionary history is the study of the non-human primate encephalon. Much is known about the gross anatomy of Old World Primates and humans, however, these data and those related to the microscopic anatomy are scarce compared to the neotropical, which has been widely used in biomedical and behavioral research. In order, the purpose of this work was to study the gross anatomy of the brain obtained from neotropical primates as Callithrix penicillata, Saimiri ustus, Sapajus libidinosus e Brachyteles arachnoides and from literature from Galago, Macaca, Papio, Pan and Homo, in comparative terms. In addition to conducting a preliminary study on the neocortical cytoarchitecture of Sapajus libidinosus. In gross anatomy were used 2 brains of Callithrix penicillata, 1 of Saimirius ustus, 7 of Sapajus libidinosus and 1 Brachyteles arachnoides, which have their sulcus and gyri described, measured, as well as measurements of the general dimensions of the encephalon and encephalization index. For the microscopic analysis, 5 brains of Sapajus libidinosus were used, 4 in the Golgi-Cox method and 1 in the HE method, which were evaluated in terms of cytoarchitectonic organization, number of neural cells and classification of the cortex according to type and cell prevalence in cortical layers, frontal, prefrontal area, parietal, temporal and occipital areas. In this study, it was observed that the gross anatomy telencephalon of Callithrix and Saimiri have few sulcus and gyri when compared to Sapajus and Brachyteles, and the latter two are more similar to the Old-World primates than of the other neotropical primates investigated. Among all the primates analyzed and compared, the repeats sulcus are the longitudinal, lateral, calcarino, hippocampus, rinal and superior temporal sulci. The sulci of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe appear only in more complex brains and animals that have larger body size. The other structures located in the medial region of the telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, bulb and encephalic ventricles are similarly arranged with variations in the degree of development and size. Preliminary data from Sapajus neocortical architecture show higher numbers of neurons in the occipital lobes, followed by the parietal and temporal lobes. The caudal part of the frontal lobe has features of primary motor area with large pyramidal neurons and the prefrontal area has a prevalence of granular neurons. The parietal and temporal lobes have the most heterogeneous layers and with greater separation between the cortical layers. The Golgi-Cox method allowed the study of the structural organization, connections between neural cells and neural cell forms, and the HE method allowed quantitative inferences and also the characterization of neural cell types and development of the cortical layers. The histological analyzes of the neocortex of the main areas of the Sapajus libidinosus telencephalon, even with a low number of specimens, was a general characterization and the first step for future studies and more comprehensive comparisons. More detailed histological studies of the main areas are necessary as well the association of these possibles results with other investigative techniques for a better characterization of the functionalities of the cortical areas.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-05-14T12:11:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PropondoProblemaForrageio.pdf: 644586 bytes, checksum: d2ebb247aee32117aea92d0cdebf87f3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-09-04T12:21:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PropondoProblemaForrageio.pdf: 644586 bytes, checksum: d2ebb247aee32117aea92d0cdebf87f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-04T12:21:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_PropondoProblemaForrageio.pdf: 644586 bytes, checksum: d2ebb247aee32117aea92d0cdebf87f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / O presente estudo analisou a influência de um simples aparelho que simulou o forrageamento ativo por insetos, funcionando como um alimentador enigmático denominado puzzle, sobre o comportamento de duas espécies de calitriquíneos (Callitrichinae, Primates) mantidos em cativeiro no Centro Nacional de Primatas (CENP). Buscou-se comparar a reação das duas espécies frente ao aparelho proposto, e verificar a viabilidade deste artifício no enriquecimento ambiental das condições de cativeiro para estes primatas. Foram utilizados três casais de Saguinus imperator, conhecido por sagui imperador e três casais de Callithrix penicillata, conhecido por mico estrela, as comparações foram feitas entre as espécies e entre os sexos. Foram gravadas através de vídeo cassete seções de observação com duração de três horas, divididas em dois períodos, um controle (ausência do puzzle) e outro experimental (presença do puzzle), com um total de 36 horas de observação para cada casal. As sessões de controle foram usadas para calcular a linha base do orçamento de atividade para comparações com padrões de comportamento durante as sessões experimentais. As fitas foram transcritas, e todos os eventos de comportamento foram cronometrados, e registrados as medidas da freqüência e duração de eventos. Nas duas espécies a manipulação do puzzle não alcançou uma proporção de tempo muito elevada, porém demonstrou uma diferença clara entre as duas espécies, ocupando 3,96% do tempo total dos micos e 1,99% do tempo dos saguis. Os micos gastaram com repouso, durante as seções experimentais, 17% menos tempo em comparação com a situação controle. Considerando que a ociosidade reduziu em menos de 7% nos saguis, com a atividade geral aumentada em 10%. Entre os sexos, notou-se uma inversão, onde as fêmeas de sagui tiveram um aumento de 18% na ociosidade e queda de 14% na atividade, enquanto as fêmeas de mico tiveram uma diminuição nas duas categorias de pouco menos de 10%. Os machos responderam mais ao puzzle, os saguis aumentaram em 58% a atividade e diminuíram em 23% a ociosidade, os micos aumentaram a atividade em 4% e diminuíram a ociosidade em menos de 10%. Todos os animais aprenderam a manipular o equipamento e capturar os insetos, sendo que os micos tiveram um maior êxito no número de larvas capturadas, superando aos saguis em cerca de 54% de seu índice. As fêmeas tiveram mais êxitos em ambas as espécies, porém superficialmente nos micos. Em contraste, nos saguis as fêmeas foram 16% mais prósperas que os machos. O puzzle foi eficiente em enriquecer o ambiente cativo dos animais e estimular o comportamento manipulativo, sendo um instrumento importante na busca do bem estar para as duas espécies. / This study analysed the influence of a simple insect foraging puzzle on the behaviour of two callitrichine species (Callitrichinae, Primates) maintained in captivity at the National Primate Centre (CENP), in Ananindeua, in the Brazilian state of Para. In addition to comparing the two species, the study aimed to evaluate the viability of the puzzle as a strategy of environmental enrichment for these primates in captivity. Three adult pairs of each species – the pencil-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) and the emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator) – were included in the study, which also focussed differences between genders. Observations were conducted through the video-taping of three-hour sessions, divided into control (puzzle absent) and experimental (puzzle present) periods, with a total of 36 hours of observation for each pair. Control sessions were used to calculate baseline activity budgets for comparisons with behaviour patterns during experimental sessions. Tapes were transcripted, and all behaviour events were timed, providing measures of both the frequency and duration of events. The puzzle did not have a major effect on general activity budgets, but its effect was clearly different in each species, with manipulation of the puzzle accounting for 3.96% of the time of the marmosets, but only 1.99% of that of the tamarins. During experimental sessions, the marmosets spent 17% less time at rest in comparison with their baseline budget, whereas rest was reduced by less than 7% in the tamarins, with general activity increasing 10%. These changes varied considerably when comparing genders, however – male tamarins presented a 58% increase in general activity and a 23% reduction in rest, whereas these values were 4% and 10%, respectively, in male marmosets. Female tamarins presented an opposite pattern, with rest increasing 18% and general activity falling 14%, while female marmosets had a reduction in both categories by a little less than ten percent. All the animals learned to manipulate the puzzle and capture insects, although the marmosets were far more persistent, capturing 54% more insects, on average, than the tamarins. Females were more successful in both species, but only marginally so in the marmosets. In the tamarins, by contrast, females were 16% more successful than males. Overall, the puzzle proved to be efficient as a means of enriching the captive environment of both species, by stimulating manipulative behaviour and reducing inactivity.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-14T15:47:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 camilamendoncanettojobim.pdf: 1741926 bytes, checksum: 4e01cf9852d3df8c3d347e0e79055e6f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-19T15:31:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 camilamendoncanettojobim.pdf: 1741926 bytes, checksum: 4e01cf9852d3df8c3d347e0e79055e6f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-19T15:31:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 camilamendoncanettojobim.pdf: 1741926 bytes, checksum: 4e01cf9852d3df8c3d347e0e79055e6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Pela proximidade filogenética com os seres humanos os primatas não humanos são utilizados freqüentemente em estudos comparativos sobre o comportamento e como modelos experimentais na pesquisa biomédica. Contudo, o uso destes primatas implica numa série de questões éticas, incluindo as condições de seu cativeiro e os potenciais fatores da experimentação que podem acarretar dor, injúrias e estresse, interferindo diretamente no bem-estar do animal. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar as respostas comportamentais e endócrinas de sagüis-de-tufos-pretos (Callithrix penicillata) cativos, machos e fêmeas, frente à técnica de enriquecimento ambiental do tipo alimentar (tubo) e isolamento visual (barreira). As observações foram realizadas em uma amostra de seis fêmeas e seis machos adultos de C. penicillata mantidos no Centro de Biologia da Reprodução da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil. As observações comportamentais foram realizadas antes, durante e depois da aplicação da técnica de enriquecimento, no período da manhã, iniciando entre 10 e 11 horas. A avaliação endócrina foi realizada através da mensuração dos níveis de cortisol presente nas amostras fecais dos animais. Tais análises foram realizadas no Laboratório de Dosagens Hormonais da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Para o enriquecimento alimentar foram encontradas alterações significativas que indicam que este foi eficaz reduzindo comportamentos de alimentação durante a exposição ao enriquecimento e reduzindo a agitação. Para este tipo de enriquecimento os machos se mostraram comportamentalmente mais reativos que as fêmeas e não houve diferença significativa para os níveis de cortisol. Com a utilização do enriquecimento social, foi verificado o conflito gerado com a proximidade entre indivíduos do mesmo sexo, sendo a fase com a barreira a que menos apresentou comportamentos indicativos de estresse, e as fêmeas apresentaram os menores valores para o cortisol. No confronto dos dados de machos e fêmeas, estas se mostraram mais reativas à presença de outras fêmeas, possivelmente pelo fato que sua estratégia reprodutiva ser reflexo do status social. Para os machos o isolamento foi um fator de estresse, uma vez que tiveram maior concentração de cortisol. / Non-human primates are often used in behavioral studies and in biomedical research as a model mainly because their phylogenic proximity to human beings. However, the use of non-human primates in researches implies in many ethical issues, including the captivity conditions and the potential aspects of the procedures that may cause pain, injuries and stress which can interfere with their welfare. The present research intended to analyze the behavioral and endocrine responses of six males and six females of captive black-tuffed marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) to a feeding (tube) and a visual isolation (barrier) environmental enrichment techniques. The animals belong to the colony maintained by Centro de Biologia da Reprodução of Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais state, in Brazil. The behavior and hormonal data were collected before, during and after the exposure to environmental enrichment. The hormonal analysis of fecal cortisol was performed in the Laboratorio de Dosagens Hormonais of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. During the exposure to the feeding enrichment technique – FASE II, it was observed a decrease in movement and in ingestion of the regular diet by the animals. Besides, in this experiment, the male marmosets were more reactive than the females and no significant differences on cortisol levels were detected. Using the social enrichment (a visual barrier between the cages), it was verified the existence of conflicts between close same-sex animals, which decreased cortisol when the barrier was used. In this case, the marmoset females were more reactive to the enrichment probably because they compete to reproductive as a consequence of social dominance. For males the isolation seems to be a stressful situation since they increase cortisol on this situation.

In this thesis a number of statistical methods have been developed and applied to habitat suitability modelling for rare and threatened species. Data available on these species are typically limited. Therefore, developing these models from these data can be problematic and may produce prediction biases. To address these problems there are three aims of this thesis. The _rst aim is to develop and implement frequentist and Bayesian statistical modelling approaches for these types of data. The second aim is develop and implement expert elicitation methods. The third aim is to apply these novel approaches to Australian rare and threatened species case studies with the intention of habitat suitability modelling. The _rst aim is ful_lled by investigating two innovative approaches for habitat suitability modelling and sensitivity analysis of the second approach to priors. The _rst approach is a new multilevel framework developed to model the species distribution at multiple scales and identify excess zeros (absences outside the species range). Applying a statistical modelling approach to the identi_cation of excess zeros has not previously been conducted. The second approach is an extension and application of Bayesian classi_cation trees to modelling the habitat suitability of a threatened species. This is the _rst `real' application of this approach in ecology. Lastly, sensitivity analysis of the priors in Bayesian classi_cation trees are examined for a real case study. Previously, sensitivity analysis of this approach to priors has not been examined. To address the second aim, expert elicitation methods are developed, extended and compared in this thesis. In particular, one elicitation approach is extended from previous research, there is a comparison of three elicitation methods, and one new elicitation approach is proposed. These approaches are illustrated for habitat suitability modelling of a rare species and the opinions of one or two experts are elicited. The _rst approach utilises a simple questionnaire, in which expert opinion is elicited on whether increasing values of a covariate either increases, decreases or does not substantively impact on a response. This approach is extended to express this information as a mixture of three normally distributed prior distributions, which are then combined with available presence/absence data in a logistic regression. This is one of the _rst elicitation approaches within the habitat suitability modelling literature that is appropriate for experts with limited statistical knowledge and can be used to elicit information from single or multiple experts. Three relatively new approaches to eliciting expert knowledge in a form suitable for Bayesian logistic regression are compared, one of which is the questionnaire approach. Included in this comparison of three elicitation methods are a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of these three methods, the results from elicitations and comparison of the prior and posterior distributions. An expert elicitation approach is developed for classi_cation trees, in which the size and structure of the tree is elicited. There have been numerous elicitation approaches proposed for logistic regression, however no approaches have been suggested for classi_cation trees. The last aim of this thesis is addressed in all chapters, since the statistical approaches proposed and extended in this thesis have been applied to real case studies. Two case studies have been examined in this thesis. The _rst is the rare native Australian thistle (Stemmacantha australis), in which the dataset contains a large number of absences distributed over the majority of Queensland, and a small number of presence sites that are only within South-East Queensland. This case study motivated the multilevel modelling framework. The second case study is the threatened Australian brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata). The application and sensitivity analysis of Bayesian classi_cation trees, and all expert elicitation approaches investigated in this thesis are applied to this case study. This work has several implications for conservation and management of rare and threatened species. Novel statistical approaches addressing the _rst aim provide extensions to currently existing methods, or propose a new approach, for identi _cation of current and potential habitat. We demonstrate that better model predictions can be achieved using each method, compared to standard techniques. Elicitation approaches addressing the second aim ensure expert knowledge in various forms can be harnessed for habitat modelling, a particular bene_t for rare and threatened species which typically have limited data. Throughout, innovations in statistical methodology are both motivated and illustrated via habitat modelling for two rare and threatened species: the native thistle Stemmacantha australis and the brush-tailed rock wallaby Petrogale penicillata.