One of the advantages of intercropping has been the increase in yield over the monocultures. Intercrop yield can be improved by selecting for compatible cultivars and by efficient spacing arrangements of the component crops. A field experiment was conducted in the 1990 growing season to compare two spacing arrangements for the pepper/bean intercrop, to observe the effects of three bean cultivars on the system, and to examine whether there is any interaction between cropping system and bean cultivar. Three bean cultivars (Frenchie, Earliserve, and E-Z Pick), differing in their morphology and time to maturity, and one pepper cultivar (Hybrid Bell Boy) were used in the study. In the intercrop, the beans were sown at 50% of the optimum bean monocrop density while the peppers were planted at 100% or 50% of the optimum pepper monocrop density, resulting in 50:50 and 100:50 pepper/bean intercrop treatments. The experiment was repeated the following growing season with the addition of light transmission measurements, an $ sp{15}$N experiment to test for the possibility of nitrogen transfer, and the addition of three monocrop treatments (one for each cultivar) with the same intra-row spacing as in the intercrops. Beans were generally the dominant crop for both years. When compared to the optimum monocrops on a per plant basis, intercropping increased bean yields by 52% and 31% and decreased pepper yields by 49% and 21% in 1990 and 1991, respectively. The LER (Land Equivalent Ratio) ranged from 0.96 to 1.23 in 1990 and from 1.09 to 1.42 in 1991, with the 100:50 intercrops usually having the higher values. Frenchie and E-Z Pick were best suited for intercropping in 1990 and 1991, respectively. The overall increase in yields in intercropping was probably due to the larger bean intra-row spacing and the greater utilization of light, water and nutrients, as well as the increased population pressure in the 100:50 intercrop. Bean cultivars generally performed the same relative t

Peppers are a rich source of diverse bioactive compounds with potential health-promoting properties. The levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity can be affected by analytical methods, pre-harvest factors, and the quality of peppers. In order to understand the nutrient composition and antioxidant activity in peppers, determination of factors influencing the contents of bioactive compounds is important. The overall objectives were to determine the efficient conditions of sample preparation and the impact of pre-harvest factors affecting bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Optimal extraction procedures were developed, and HPLC methods were validated for bioactive compounds in peppers. The highest flavonoids were extracted in ethanol, while myricetin was extracted using N-N-dimethylformamide. Optimized conditions for flavonoids were obtained during 3 h of extraction time and hydrolysis in M HCl for 60 min at 95 degrees C. Capsaicinoids and ascorbic acid were simultaneously separated and extracted using a solvent mixture consisting of 3% metaphosphoric acid: ethanol (2:8) after 30 min of sonication. To determine the relationship between bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities in pepper extracts from different solvent properties, bioactive compounds were analyzed, and the antioxidant activities were assayed by 2,2,-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power, and degradation of deoxyribose. Hexane extracts had the highest levels of capsaicinoids and carotenoids, while methanol extracts had the highest levels of flavonoids. Strong DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power were found in lipophilic extracts, while hydrophilic extracts were appropriate for inhibition of deoxyribose degradation. Variation in content of ascorbic acid, capsaicinoids, and flavonoids was evaluated at immature and mature stages of pepper cultivars in different locations over two years. Mature peppers contained the highest levels of capsaicinoids and ascorbic acid. Flavonoids were variable at different maturity stages. Interactions between pre-harvest factors and bioactive compounds were highly significant. This study demonstrated the efficient sample preparation methods and simultaneous separation of bioactive compounds, which reduces analysis time and leads to reduced cost. The antioxidant properties were strongly associated with the concentration of bioactive compounds based on selective pepper extracts. The pepper quality can be improved by using appropriate pre-harvest conditions that increase the levels of bioactive compounds in peppers.

O gênero Capsicum compreende mais de 200 espécies de pimentas e pimentões e diversas atividades farmacológicas são descritas na literatura. Estudos prévios do nosso grupo de pesquisa têm explorado diferentes atividades biológicas de Capsicum baccatum var. Pendulum (Solanaceae), como antioxidante, antiinflamatória, hipoglicemiante e antidislipidêmica. A prevalência da síndrome metabólica, caracterizada por fatores como obesidade, resistência à insulina, dislipidemia e hipertensão, tem atingido proporções epidêmicas e acomete cerca de 20% da população mundial. Muitas vezes, apenas a mudança no estilo de vida não é eficaz para impedir a progressão da doença, sendo necessário aderir ao tratamento farmacológico. No entanto, não existem fármacos específicos para o tratamento da síndrome, levando à utilização de polifarmácia, que gera dificuldades de adesão ao tratamento e risco de interações medicamentosas. O principal objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito do extrato butanólico (BUT) e da fração ativa (AF) dos frutos de C. baccatum em um modelo de síndrome metabólica induzido por dieta em camundongos C57BL/6. Inicialmente apresentamos uma revisão de estudos publicados, que utilizam diferentes tipos de dietas hipercalóricas para induzir a síndrome metabólica em roedores. Ao compararmos esses estudos, observamos a forte tendência à utilização de camundongos da linhagem C57BL/6 machos e jovens, respondendo de forma satisfatória à indução da síndrome metabólica. Após, apresentamos o efeito do BUT e AF, nas doses de 200 e 50 mg/kg, respectivamente, sobre os parâmetros glicídicos e lipídicos em modelo de síndrome metabólica em camundongos C57BL/6 submetidos a uma dieta hiperpalatável (HPD) durante 120 dias. Nesse estudo foi visto que o tratamento com C. baccatum via oral, preveniu o ganho de peso, o desenvolvimento de um perfil de intolerância à glicose, o acúmulo de gordura na região abdominal e a elevação nos níveis de insulina e leptina plasmáticas quando comparados ao grupo HPD. Além disso, também preveniu o acúmulo de colesterol e triglicerídeos no fígado e preservou a morfologia do tecido hepático. Assim, C. baccatum se mostrou promissor, prevenindo alterações dos diversos componentes importantes da síndrome metabólica. / The genus Capsicum comprises more than 200 species of peppers and a range of pharmacological activities are described in the literature. Previous studies of our research group have explored several activities for Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum (Solanaceae) species, as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic and antidyslipidemic, since the studies with this species are scarce. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome, characterized by the association of factors such as obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension, is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide, affecting approximately 20% of world's population. Often, only lifestyle change is not effective in preventing the progression of the disease, being necessary adherence to pharmacological treatment. However, there are no specific drugs for the treatment of the syndrome, leading to the use of polypharmacy, which generates an increase in public spending, difficulties of adherence to treatment, and enhanced risk to drug interactions. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of butanolic extract (BUT) and the active fraction (AF) of C. baccatum on a model of diet-induced metabolic syndrome in C57BL/6 mice. We first present a review of published studies, which use different types of hypercaloric diets to induce metabolic syndrome in rodents. When comparing these studies, we observed a strong trend towards the use of male and young C57BL/6 mice, responding satisfactorily to the metabolic syndrome induction through hypercaloric diets. After, we present the effect of BUT and AF, on glucose and lipid parameters in a model of metabolic syndrome in C57BL/6 mice submitted to a hyperpalatable diet (HPD) for 120 days. In this study, it was seen that oral C. baccatum treatment prevented weight gain, development of a glucose intolerance profile, accumulation of fat in the abdominal area and the increase in plasma insulin and leptin levels when compared to group HPD. Also, it prevented the accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in the liver, and preserved the liver tissue morphology. Thus, these results showed the effects of C. baccatum, especially AF, preventing changes in several important components of the metabolic syndrome.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:54:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 palangana_fc_me_botfca.pdf: 1558586 bytes, checksum: 9baaaa39eb027b263cb88fc95e6dc206 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Avaliou-se o efeito da utilização do bioestimulante Stimulate® em plantas de pimentão enxertadas e não enxertadas, em ambiente protegido, no aumento de produção. Seis doses do Stimulate® (0; 75; 100; 125; 150 e 175 mL p.c. 100 L H2O-1) foram aplicadas via pulverização foliar sete vezes, quinzenalmente, em plantas de pimenteiro resultando em um esquema fatorial (2 x 6) e delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. As plantas enxertadas foram mais produtivas em relação às plantas pé-franco, produzindo frutos de características agronômicas superiores. No geral, 100 e 125-150 mL p.c. 100 L H2O-1 de Stimulate® promoveram incremento positivo na produção de pimenteiro enxertado e pé-franco, respectivamente / It was evaluated the effect of using the Stimulate® biostimulant in grafted and non grafted plants of sweet pepper in a protected environment, to increase production. Six doses of Stimulate® (0; 75; 100; 125; 150 e 175 mL p.c. 100 L H2O-1) were applied by foliar sprays seven times, fortnightly, in sweet pepper plants resulting in a factorial (2 x 6) and randomized block design with four replications. The grafted plants were more productive than non grafted plants, producing fruits with better agronomic characteristics. In general, 100 and 125-150 mL p.c. 100 L H2O-1 of Stimulate® promoted a positive increase in the production of grafted and non grafted sweet pepper plants, respectively

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-08-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:13:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tonin_fb_me_botfca.pdf: 672852 bytes, checksum: 66130855978aa44b29205282698c1193 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No Brasil, o cultivo protegido aliado a fertirrigação tem se estabelecido como alternativa econômica para o cultivo de diversas espécies hortícolas, assim cultivou-se pimentão (Capsicum annuum L.) híbrido Elisa, com o objetivo de estudar a absorção de silício e atividade de enzimas antioxidativas em plantas submetidas a estresse salino. Para a condução do experimento, foram adotados dois manejos para a aplicação de fertilizantes. O primeiro sistema considerou as recomendações para a cultura, visando manter a condutividade elétrica (C.E.) do solo em torno de 1,5 dS m-1. O segundo manejo foi estabelecido com alta concentração salina objetivando elevar a C.E. a valores três vezes superior ao tratamento controle (4,5 dS m-1). Esta concentração salina, baseada na aplicação de KCl, foi proposta para induzir estresse às plantas. Aplicou-se 1,82 t ha-1 de silicato de cálcio (23% SiO2) como fonte de silício. Observou-se que o aumento da salinidade do solo interferiu em parâmetros como produção de frutos, área foliar e composição química das plantas. Os frutos produzidos sob estas condições apresentaram-se reduzidos e deformados, independentemente da presença de silício. As plantas que receberam adição de silício no solo apresentaram maior área foliar, em ambas as condições de C.E. do solo. Plantas sob estresse apresentaram maior concentração de L-prolina nas folhas, maior atividade da enzima SOD e CAT. O silicato de cálcio contribuiu de alguma forma na eficiência das respostas antioxidativas monitoradas. / The protect cultivation allied to a ferti-irrigation system has been established in Brazil as an economic alternative to a variety of horticultural species, so sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Elisa hybrid was conducted in order to study the silicon absorption and antioxidant enzymes activity in plants under salt stress. Two managements of fertilizer application were used to carry out this experiment. The first system maintained the soil electric conductivity (E.C.) near 1,5 dS m-1 as recommended for the culture. The second one, was established with high salt concentration, to increase the E.C. to triple score of the control (4,5 dS m-1). This salt concentration was proposed to induce the stress in plants. 1,82 t ha-1 of calcium silicate (23% SiO2) was applied as source of silicon. It was observed that the high salinity changed some characteristics like fruit production, leaf area and chemical composition. The fruits under this condition showed small size and deformity, with or without silicon. The plants supplemented with silicon had higher leaf area for both soil E.C. condition. Plants under stress condition showed higher concentration of prolina in leafs and higher activity of SOD and CAT. The calcium silicate has contributed at antioxidant efficiency results.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:02:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 frisina_va_dr_botfca.pdf: 1312468 bytes, checksum: ca7b42d8db8b8eda91794d6210b272a5 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Realizou-se neste trabalho o estudo das variações da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR) em ambiente protegido com cobertura de polietileno de baixa densidade (100 m), em condições de solo descoberto e com cultura de pimentão (Capsicum annuum, L). Foram determinados os albedos PAR e de ondas curtas, nos dois meios. Caracterizou-se também as relações entre os parâmetros de crescimento e produtividade da cultura com a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa. Utilizando-se a base de dados das radiações global e difusa fotossinteticamente ativa e de ondas curtas, foram determinadas equações de regressão para estimar as radiações internas em função das externas. O experimento foi realizado no período de 01/06/1999 a 05/09/2000, em ambiente protegido, com orientação no sentido leste-oeste e cobertura de polietileno de baixa densidade e laterais de sombrite 50%. Na aquisição dos dados, foi utilizado Datalogger Campbell, operando na frequência de 1 Hz. Através do estudo variacional, determinou-se a transmissividade atmosférica média da radiação global Kt = 55,43% e da PAR Ktp = 61,50%; as frações médias da PAR em relação à radiação global... / A study into photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) variability has been carried out and inside sheltered environment in uncovered soil and cultivated with sweet pepper crop (Capsicum annuum, L). PAR and shortwave albedo values have been determined in the environments. The relationship between growth parameters and crop yield versus photosynthetically active radiation has also been characterized. Regression models have been provided by photosynthetically active and shortwave global and diffuse radiation data to estimate internal radiation as a function of external radiation. The experiment has been carried out from June 1st/1999 to September 5th/2000, in sheltered environment, in a east-west orientation, using polyethylene covering and a 50% shadowband polypropylene screen. A Datalogger Campbell has been used for data aqcuisition, operating at 1 Hz frequency. …(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:34:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-01-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nozaki_dn_dr_botfca.pdf: 1542379 bytes, checksum: 590b28b89a75aa5cd0e92315447c603f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os vírus pertencentes ao gênero Begomovirus da família Geminiviridae são transmitidos pela mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, atualmente constituem um dos problemas fitossanitários mais sérios em diversas culturas. A mosca-branca encontra-se disseminada em todas as principais regiões produtoras de hortaliças do Brasil. No estado de São Paulo, em 2005, plantas de pimentão mostrando sintomas de deformação dos frutos, folhas e mosaico foliar, apresentaram-se infectadas por begomovírus. Até então, no Brasil, a infecção de pimentão por vírus deste gênero havia sido verificada apenas nos estados de Pernambuco e Bahia, no ano de 1997. Amostras de plantas de pimentão foram coletadas nos campos de produção localizados nos municípios de Paranapanema, Piraju, Alvinlândia, Ubirajara, Elias Fausto, Mogi Guaçu, Paulínia e Botucatu, no período de novembro de 2004 a maio de 2006, com finalidade de detecção e verificar a variabilidade genética dos begomovírus infectando esta cultura. A detecção de begomovírus foi realizada por meio de PCR com oligonucleotídeos universais e seqüenciamento de parte da região codificadora para a proteína capsidial. Do total de 228 plantas coletadas, foram encontradas 30 amostras positivas de begomovírus, sendo que seqüências de 23 isolados apresentaram uma identidade de nucleotídeos de 98 a 100% com o Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) e dois isolados, um proveniente da região de Alvinlândia e outro de Mogi Guaçu, apresentaram maior identidade (98 e 95% respectivamente) com a provável espécie Tomato yellow vein streak virus (ToYVSV). O DNA-A do isolado ToSRV[PJU] coletado de pimentão Lilac da região de Pirajú apresentou identidade de nucleotídeos de 99% com outro isolado de ToSRV (DQ207749) proveniente de pimenta e 97% com um isolado de ToSRV (AY029750) proveniente de tomate... / The viruses belonging to the genus Begomovirus, of the family Geminiviridae, are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, and considered one of the most important fitossanitary problems for several crops. The whitefly is disseminated throughout the country. In São Paulo State, 2005, pepper plants showing fruits deformations, and mosaic on the leaves were infected by begomovirus. Until then in Brazil, the infection of begomovirus in pepper was only reported in 1997, in Pernambuco and Bahia States. Pepper plants were collected in Paranapanema, Piraju, Alvinlândia, Ubirajara, Elias Fausto, Mogi Guaçu, Paulínia and Botucatu, in the period of November of 2004 to May of 2006, with the aim to study the genetic variability of the begomovirus infecting this culture. The begomovirus were detected by PCR using universal oligonucleotídeos and the coat protein region was sequenced. On the total of 228 samples, they were found 30 positive samples of begomovírus, and sequences of 23 isolated presented nucleotides identies of 98 to 100% with Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV), while two isolates, one of Alvinlândia and another of Mogi Guaçu, showed identity highest nucleotide (98 and 95% respectively) with the tentative species Tomato yellow vein streak virus (ToYVSV). The nucleotide sequence of the DNA-A of ToSRV[PJU] from pepper cv. Lilac of Pirajú has 99% nucleotide identies with other isolate of ToSRV (DQ207749) collected from pepper and 97% with an isolate of ToSRV (AY029750) from tomato. The sequence of the DNA-B revealed identity of 98% with the DNA-B of ToRMV (AF291706) from Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais and 95% with ToSRV (AY029751). Sap-transmission was verified for Nicandra physaloides and pepper Magda' using infected N. benthamiana as source. By whitefly the virus was transmitted to Lycopersicum esculentum... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bordin_ss_dr_botfca.pdf: 204968 bytes, checksum: 320fe191efc3df447d669c7069b30d07 (MD5) / O tomateiro e o pimentão são importantes culturas no Brasil. Porém, como muitas culturas são atacadas pelos chamados nematóides causadores de galhas, entre estes a espécie Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood. Este nematóide representa grandes perdas em ambas culturas. Estas culturas também são colonizadas por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares, os quais podem trazer vários benefícios às plantas. Dentre esses benefícios temos o auxílio na absorção de fósforo e a redução na severidade de doenças. Este trabalho analisou a interação fungos MA e as raças 2 e 3 de M. incognita em plantas de tomateiro e pimentão. Observou-se que, em tomateiro, os fungos MA, aumentaram os teores de fósforo na parte aérea, sendo que Glomus clarum foi mais eficiente que Gigaspora margarita. Ambas as raças de M. incognita foram bastante agressivas às plantas de tomateiro, porém os fungos MA foram eficientes em auxiliar a planta a superar o dano do nematóide. G. clarum, G. margarita e Glomus etunicatum melhoraram o desenvolvimento de plantas de pimentão, aumentaram os teores de fósforo na parte aérea e auxiliaram as plantas a superar os danos provocados pelo nematóide. / Tomato and pepper plants are important cultures in Brazil. But as many cultures are attacked by named root-knot nematodes , among them the Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood races. This nematode represents big losses in both cultures. Those cultures are colonized by VA-mycorrizal fungi and they can help the plants. From among these benefices we have an aid in phosphorus assimilation and a reduction in the hardness of diseases. This work has analyzed the interaction between AM fungi and the races two and three of M. incognita in tomato plants and pepper plants. We observed in tomato plants that AM fungi has increased the phosphorus content in the shoot so Glomus clarum was more efficient than Gigaspora margarita. Both races of M. incognita were too aggressive in tomato plants, but MA fungi were efficient for helping the plants to support the damages of nematodes. G. clarum, G. margarita and Glomus etunicatum got better the development of pepper plants. They increased the phosphorus assimilation in the shoot and helped the plants to support the damage by nematodes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-08-29Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:47:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000815422.pdf: 1843655 bytes, checksum: 415a3b35146e19ab47c49e3179ed49da (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / PDAC/FCF-UNESP / A utilização de plantas medicinais vem atingindo um público cada vez maior visto o retorno à medicina natural. É fato preocupante o uso indiscriminado de plantas medicinais sem o devido conhecimento farmacognóstico. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, conhecida como aroeira-vermelha, é uma espécie arbórea nativa, com ocorrência na Mata Atlântica, Matas Ciliares e Cerrado. Suas propriedades farmacológicas têm despertado o interesse de grupos de pesquisa, desde sua inclusão na Farmacopeia Brasileira (1929) e recentemente figura como espécie de interesse na RENISUS (2009) e na RENAME (2012). Apesar de seu potencial farmacológico, a designação do farmacógeno, como sendo as cascas do tronco, parte da planta que depende de um processo de regeneração após sua retirada, o que de acordo com a demanda pode ser visto como um risco ambiental à espécie, este estudo busca o reconhecimento laboratorial das folhas da espécie como droga, visando sua conservação e utilização racional. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os aspectos farmacognósticos de folhas de S. terebinthifolius Raddi, de três localidades, visando contribuir com informações referentes ao controle de qualidade físico-químico da droga vegetal, bem como avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana e antiproliferativa in vitro de extratos, óleo essencial e frações obtidas de folhas de S. terebinthifolius. As análises do controle de qualidade foram realizadas segundo normas farmacopeicas e não farmacopeicas, a atividade antimicrobiana segundo normas do CLSI para microdiluição em placa e bioautografia e a atividade antiproliferativa pelo ensaio da sulforrodamina B. Os resultados da caracterização físico-química apresentaram, como valores médios, resíduo sólido 40,32%, perda de água por secagem 59,68%, granulometria entre pó grosso e moderadamente grosso, tamanho médio das partículas 0,3102 mm, densidade 0,57 g/ml, perda de água por dessecação 7,54%, ... / The use of medicinal plants has reached a increasing public since the return to natural medicine. It is a worrisome the indiscriminate use of medicinal plants without proper pharmacognostic knowledge. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, known as mastic-red, is a native tree species, occurring in the Atlantic Forest, Riparian Forest and Cerrado. Their pharmacological properties have attracted the interest of research groups, since their inclusion in the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia (1929) and recently attached as species of concern in the RENISUS (2009) and RENAME (2012). Despite their pharmacological potential, the designation of pharmacogeno, as the shells of the trunk, part of the plant depends on a regeneration process after withdrawal, according to the demand can be viewed as an environmental risk to the species, This study seeks recognition of laboratory sheets of the species as a drug, aiming their conservation and rational use.This work aimed to study the pharmacognostic aspects of leaves of S. terebinthifolius Raddi, of the three localities, to contribute with information relating to quality control physicochemical vegetal drug, as well as evaluate the antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity in vitro of extracts, essential oil and fractions obtained from leaves of S. terebinthifolius. The analyses of quality control were performed according to pharmacopoeical and non pharmacopoeical standards, the antimicrobial activity according to standards of the CLSI for microdilution plate and bioautography, and antiproliferative activity by the test of sulforhodamine B. The results of physicochemical characterization presented as mean values, solid residue 40.32%, water loss on drying 59.68%, grain size between coarse and moderately coarse powder, average particle size of 0.3102 mm, density 0.57 g /mL, moisture content of 7.54%, pH 4.12 U, total ash 5.94%, acid insoluble ash 0.36% and extractives content 29.79%; the phytochemical analysis ...

L’objectif de cette thèse était d’acquérir des connaissances nouvelles sur les caractéristiques des poivres sauvages malgaches (Tsiperifery) et réunionnais (Piper borbonense) et d’étudier l’impact des procédés de transformation sur leur qualité, évaluée à travers le piquant, l’arôme et la couleur. L’enjeu étant, grâce aux résultats obtenus, de pouvoir proposer un ou plusieurs procédés de transformation revisités permettant de valoriser la qualité de ces poivres. Ce travail de thèse a consisté dans un premier temps à étudier les procédés traditionnels de transformation du poivre sauvage mis en œuvre à Madagascar. Deux procédés de transformation distincts ont été identifiés: une « voie sèche » consistant en un simple séchage et une « voie humide » incluant blanchiment et étuvage avant séchage. Ensuite, des expérimentations ont été menées en conditions maîtrisées à la Réunion sur du poivre Piper borbonense. Ainsi, la morphologie, l’anatomie et la composition biochimique du poivre sauvage réunionnais ont été caractérisées. Enfin, dans la mesure où c’est la couleur, rouge, du poivre sauvage, qui est la plus affectée, les mécanismes impliqués dans l’altération de la couleur ont été analysés. Le Piper borbonense de la Réunion se distingue du Piper nigrum par sa très faible teneur en pipérine (0,2 % bs), sa forte teneur en huile essentielle (9,8 % bs), la présence d’un pédicelle solidaire du grain ainsi que par sa forme ovoïde. Il se différentie aussi des poivres sauvages malgaches, notamment par sa teneur en pipérine deux fois plus faible. Les composés d’arômes principaux mesurés sont le limonène, l’α-phellandrène et l’asaricin qui représentent à eux trois 50 % du total de l’huile essentielle. C’est à pleine maturité, lorsque le Piper borbonense est de couleur rouge vif, qu’il est préférable de le récolter pour maximiser le rendement massique. Le blanchiment, l’étuvage et le séchage ont peu d’impact sur le piquant et l’arôme mais dégradent significativement la couleur du poivre. Les oxydations chimiques des polyphénols qui semblent prépondérantes dans le brunissement du poivre s’avèrent délicates à contrôler. Le blanchiment présente de nombreux avantages : il nettoie et décontamine le poivre, augmente la vitesse du séchage et limite le brunissement enzymatique. L’étuvage est à bannir car il dégrade la couleur et augmente les risques microbiens. Le séchage par entrainement bien qu’il impacte négativement la couleur reste indispensable pour stabiliser le poivre. Plutôt qu’un procédé universel, une « voie sèche » (séchage direct) et une « voie humide » (intégrant blanchiment et séchage) sont proposées. Le choix d’en appliquer l’une ou l’autre est à raisonner par rapport à la qualité de la matière première d’une part et en fonction du contexte, c’est-à-dire selon des critères économiques, environnementaux voire même sociaux d’autre part. / The objective of this thesis work was to acquire new knowledge on the characteristics of Malagasy (Tsiperifey) and Réunion (Piper borbonense) wild peppers. The impact of transformation processes on their quality was evaluated by measuring pungency, aroma and color. The challenge was to propose, according to the data obtained, one or more revisited transformation processes to valorize the quality of the peppers. This PhD work initially consisted of studying the traditional transformation processes of the wild peppers implemented in Madagascar. Two distinct transformation processes have been identified: a "dry process" consisting of simple drying step and a "wet process" including blanching and steaming steps before drying. Then, experiments were carried out under controlled conditions in Reunion Island on Piper borbonense. Thus, the morphology, anatomy and biochemical composition of Reunion wild pepper were characterized. Finally, since the red color of wild pepper appear to be the most affected by the process, the mechanisms involved in color alteration were investigated. The Piper borbonense of Réunion Island can be distinguished from Piper nigrum according to its very low content of piperine (0.2% bs), its high content of essential oil (9.8% bs), the presence of a pedicel and only its ovoid shape. Piper borbonense can also be differentiated from Malagasy wild peppers, notably by its lower piperine content. The main volatile compounds found are limonene, α-phellandrene and asaricin, which together account for 50% of the total essential oil composition. Piper borbonense should be harvested at full maturity stage, bright red-colored, as this allows optimum mass yield. Blanching, sweating and drying steps have little impact on pungency and aroma but significantly degrade the color of the pepper. The chemical oxidation of polyphenols, which seems to be preponderant in the browning of the pepper, is difficult to control. Blanching has many advantages: it helps cleaning and decontaminating pepper, reduces drying time and limits enzymatic browning. The sweating step has to be banned because it degrades the color and increases the microbial risk. Drying, although negatively impacting the color, is essential to stabilize the pepper. As opposed to a universal process, a "dry way" (direct drying) and a "wet way" (integrating blanching and drying) are proposed. The choice to apply one or the other could be made according to the quality of the raw material on the one hand and to the context of production (economic, environmental and even social criteria) on the other hand.