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Disertaciniame darbe nagrinėjamas suvoktas nusikaltimo aukų teisėjo elgesio teisingumas bei bylinėjimosi proceso teisingumo vertinimų sąsajos su vidiniais (asmenybės bruožais) bei išoriniais veiksniais (teisėjo elgesio atitikimu procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams). Tyrimas vyko dviem etapais: pirmajame etape buvo ištirta 70 nusikalimo aukų, o antrajame ištyrėme 392 aukštųjų mokyklų studentus. Pirmajame etape, siekiant įvertinti nusikaltimo aukų suvoktą teisingumą ir kitus susidūrimo su teisėsaugos sistema aspektus, buvo sukurta speciali apklausos programa kuri leido įvertinti nusikaltimo aukų dalyvavimo teisme patirtį (buvo vertinami subjektyvūs teisėjo elgesio ir jo priimto sprendimo teisingumo vertinimai bei teisėjo elgesio atitikimas procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams). Apklausa buvo vykdoma taikant kognityvinio interviu metodą. Antrajame tyrimo etape buvo atliktas kvazieksperimentas (taikytas scenarijų metodas). Visi tiriamieji buvo suskirstyti į tris grupes. Kiekviena tiriamųjų grupė stebėjo vieną iš trijų specialiai parengtų 20 min. trukmės teismo posėdžių inscenizacijų, kurios skyrėsi tik teisėjo elgesio atitikimu procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams. Po to buvo vertinamas tiriamųjų suvoktas teisėjo elgesio ir jo priimto sprendimo teisingumas, taip pat jų asmenybės bruožai (taikėme Neo Pi-R klausimyną). Atliktas tyrimas atskleidė, kad nusikaltimo aukos dažniau vertina teisėjo elgesį ir priimtą sprendimą kaip teisingą (nei neteisingą). Kartu buvo nustatyta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Dissertational research was aimed at investigation of crime victims’ perceived fairness of judge’s behavior, the relationship between litigation process fairness and internal (personality traits) and external (congruence of judge’s behavior with procedural justice requirements) factors. The study was conducted in two stages: the participants of the first stage were 70 crime victims, the participants of the second stage were 392 university students. During the first stage in order to assess perceived fairness of crime victims, special interview program (based on cognitive interview method) was developed (perceived fairness of judge’s behavior, decision and judge’s behavior congruence with procedural justice judgments were assessed). During the second stage of the study quasi-experiment based on scenario method was conducted. The participants were divided to three groups. Each group was shown one of three 20-minute movies depicting trial process. The scenarios of the movies differed only in judge‘s behavior compliance with procedural justice requirements (totally complied, formally complied and did not comply). Afterwards the participants’ perceived fairness of judge‘s behavior, decision and personality traits were measured (Neo-Pi-R was used). The findings of the study suggest that crime victims perceive judge’s behavior and decision more frequently as fair (than unfair). It was also found that judge‘s behavior congruence with procedural justice requirements has a different... [to full text]

Disertaciniame darbe nagrinėjamas suvoktas nusikaltimo aukų teisėjo elgesio teisingumas bei bylinėjimosi proceso teisingumo vertinimų sąsajos su vidiniais (asmenybės bruožais) bei išoriniais veiksniais (teisėjo elgesio atitikimu procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams). Tyrimas vyko dviem etapais: pirmajame etape buvo ištirta 70 nusikalimo aukų, o antrajame ištyrėme 392 aukštųjų mokyklų studentus. Pirmajame etape, siekiant įvertinti nusikaltimo aukų suvoktą teisingumą ir kitus susidūrimo su teisėsaugos sistema aspektus, buvo sukurta speciali apklausos programa kuri leido įvertinti nusikaltimo aukų dalyvavimo teisme patirtį (buvo vertinami subjektyvūs teisėjo elgesio ir jo priimto sprendimo teisingumo vertinimai bei teisėjo elgesio atitikimas procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams). Apklausa buvo vykdoma taikant kognityvinio interviu metodą. Antrajame tyrimo etape buvo atliktas kvazieksperimentas (taikytas scenarijų metodas). Visi tiriamieji buvo suskirstyti į tris grupes. Kiekviena tiriamųjų grupė stebėjo vieną iš trijų specialiai parengtų 20 min. trukmės teismo posėdžių inscenizacijų, kurios skyrėsi tik teisėjo elgesio atitikimu procedūrinio teisingumo reikalavimams. Po to buvo vertinamas tiriamųjų suvoktas teisėjo elgesio ir jo priimto sprendimo teisingumas, taip pat jų asmenybės bruožai (taikėme Neo Pi-R klausimyną). Atliktas tyrimas atskleidė, kad nusikaltimo aukos dažniau vertina teisėjo elgesį ir priimtą sprendimą kaip teisingą (nei neteisingą). Kartu buvo nustatyta... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Dissertational research was aimed at investigation of crime victims’ perceived fairness of judge’s behavior, the relationship between litigation process fairness and internal (personality traits) and external (congruence of judge’s behavior with procedural justice requirements) factors. The study was conducted in two stages: the participants of the first stage were 70 crime victims, the participants of the second stage were 392 university students. During the first stage in order to assess perceived fairness of crime victims, special interview program (based on cognitive interview method) was developed (perceived fairness of judge’s behavior, decision and judge’s behavior congruence with procedural justice judgments were assessed). During the second stage of the study quasi-experiment based on scenario method was conducted. The participants were divided to three groups. Each group was shown one of three 20-minute movies depicting trial process. The scenarios of the movies differed only in judge‘s behavior compliance with procedural justice requirements (totally complied, formally complied and did not comply). Afterwards the participants’ perceived fairness of judge‘s behavior, decision and personality traits were measured (Neo-Pi-R was used). The findings of the study suggest that crime victims perceive judge’s behavior and decision more frequently as fair (than unfair). It was also found that judge‘s behavior congruence with procedural justice requirements has a different... [to full text]

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Artificiell intelligens har under senare år tagit en allt större roll inom företagsvärlden. Organisationer kan utnyttja AI till att effektivisera rekryteringsprocessen vilket sparar tid och pengar. Studier visar att träning av AI kan leda till diskriminering. Detta är ofta en sidoeffekt till hur AI har tränats, exempelvis genom data innehållandes bias, eller att programmerarens egna fördomar blir del av AI:s beslutsunderlag. Syfte: Syftet med den här studien är att genom en systematisk litteraturstudie skapa en inblick i de konsekvenser som användandet av AI kan ha på rekryteringsprocessen. Rapporten ämnar även att undersöka hur användandet av AI kan kopplas till diskriminering av kandidater. Avslutningsvis önskar studien att ge rekommendationer till hur AI i fortsättningen kan användas i rekryteringsprocessen utan att åsamka skada på organisationer eller individer. Resultat: Resultatet tyder på att rekryterare och kandidater upplever AI som bias. Resultaten visar även vikten av transparens och det fortsatta behovet av människor i rekryteringsprocessen, för att öka förtroendet och undvika diskriminering och partiskt beslutsfattande från AI. Dessutom visar studien att kandidater uppfattar att AI inte kan identifiera unika drag och personliga ansträngningar från kandidater, och därför anser tekniken som orättvis. Den här studien observerar en polariserad syn på AI som å ena sidan mer partisk än människor, och å andra sidan mindre partisk än människor. Detta förmår författarna till den här rapporten att diskutera komplexiteten i ämnet, och att AI liksom människor, kan orsaka partiskhet. Slutsats: Kandidater och rekryterare anser att AI i rekrytering är fördomsfullt. Uppfattningen påverkas av individuella aspekter. AI i rekrytering kan leda till diskriminering av ålder, kön och etnicitet, diskrimineringen kan ofta härledas till hur AI har tränats. AI kan användas i de delar av rekrytering som historiskt inneburit lite kontakt mellan organisation och kandidat, tillexempel CV granskning. Mänsklig närvaro behövs för att öka förtroende hos kandidater. / Artificial intelligence has during recent years taken a significant place in the business world. Organisations benefit from AI by streamlining the recruitment process and thus saving money by reducing cost and time. Studies show how training of AI can cause discrimination. This is often a side effect of how the AI has been trained, using data containing bias, or due to the programmers personal bias being incorporated in the AI decision making. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create insight into the consequences that the use of AI can have on the recruitment process. Furthermore, this study aims to examine how AI can be linked to discrimination against candidates. Lastly, this study wishes to give recommendations on how AI can be used for recruitment in the future, without causing harm to individuals or organisations. This study has analysed contemporary management research concerning the area using a systematic literature review. Results: The literature suggests that AI is perceived by recruiters and candidates as biassed. The results show the importance of transparency and the continued need for humans in the process, to enhance trust and avoid discrimination and biassed decision making from AI. Furthermore, this study shows that candidates perceive that AI is unable to identify uniqueness and personal efforts and thus believe the technology to be unfair. This study observes a polarised view of AI as more biassed than humans on one hand, and less biassed than humans on the other. This induces the authors of this paper to discuss the complexity of the matter and that AI, like humans, can cause bias. Conclusion: Candidates and recruiters believe that AI in recruitment is biassed. The perception is influenced by individual aspects. AI in recruitment can lead to discrimination of age, gender and ethnicity, the discrimination can often be traced to how the AI has been trained. AI can be used in those parts of recruitment that historically involved little contact between organisation and candidate, such as CV scanning. Human presence is needed to increase trust in candidates.

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Labor division is highly gendered in Germany, especially after the transition to parenthood. When having a child, more women than men are taking parental leave, and mainly women do the additional household chores. While many studies have looked at the distribution of labor across the transition to parenthood, few studies have investigated how this distribution is perceived. This study explores the perceived fairness of the division of labor in a partnership before and after the transition to parenthood using ordinary least squares (OLS) and fixed-effects regressions. As the focus is set on Germany, the data for the analysis derive from pairfam, a German panel study launched in 2008. The results show that men’s perceived fairness of the division of labor is hardly affected by the transition to fatherhood. For women, in contrast, motherhood leads to a higher perception of fairness. Employment thereby mediates this relationship by decreasing the effect the transition to motherhood has on the fairness. The findings hint to a dissatisfaction of employed women with the distribution of paid and unpaid work after transitioning to parenthood.