Demand uncertainty has been recognized as one factor that may cause price dispersion in perfectly competitive markets with costly and perishable capacity. With the persistence of the degree of price dispersion in increasingly competitive markets, demand uncertainty has become more important for us to understand the phenomenon of fare inequality. This dissertation consists of three related studies on this topic. In the first study, Prescott (1975) model is extends by incorporating the heterogeneity of customers' reservation values. The model shows that the equilibrium price dispersion also depends on the mix of customers and their reservation values. With customer segmentation based on reservation values, the equilibrium price dispersion is more efficient than what can be achieved without segmentation. In the airline industry context, the model implies that different prices can exist simultaneously in the market and carriers would provide more seats if they can segment their travelers. This sheds light on an alternative motivation for airlines to require Saturday night stay over other than the practice of price discrimination. In the second study, a price simulation in the airline industry is conducted. The stochastic demand for coach class, nonstop, air travel service on the observed routs is calculated. Then a market price schedule based on Prescott's model is simulated by using nonparametric method. The comparison between the simulated price distribution and the actual price distribution provides evidence that on average more than 60 percent of the fare inequality on the observed routes can be accounted for by cost variation due to demand uncertainty under the condition of perfect competition. At last, an empirical model is specified to explore the relationship between route demand uncertainty and carrier price dispersion in U.S. air travel markets. The results demonstrate that the effect of route demand uncertainty on carrier price dispersion varies with the market structure. In monopoly market, the route demand uncertainty has no effect on carrier price dispersion. While in duopoly and competitive markets, the increase of route demand uncertainty is associated with the decrease of the carrier price dispersion. Furthermore, the negative relationship is magnified when the market becomes more competitive.

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Darbo tikslas - išanalizavus metodinę - teorinę literatūrą ekonomikos subjekto konkurencinės aplinkos vertinimo klausimais įvertinti UAB „Vilniaus duona“ konkurencingumą pagal apibendrintą konkurencinės aplinkos vertinimo schemą. Ją pritaikius nustatyta, jog įmonė yra konkurencinga, jos konkurencinė aplinka yra palanki įmonės veiklai, plėtrai, tačiau ji neturėtų apleisti savo pozicijų rinkoje, o išlikti jos lydere, todėl privalo nuolat stebėti konkurencinę aplinką. Darbe iškelta hipotezė - suformuluotos ir apibendrintos konkurencinės aplinkos vertinimo schemos etapų, kuriuos ekonomikos subjektas gali įtakoti ir įtakoja, eiliškumas nedaro įtakos ekonomikos subjekto konkurencinės aplinkos vertinimo rezultatams - patvirtinta. / The purpose of the Thesis is to generalize a scheme of evaluation and to measure competitive ability of Private Company “Vilniaus duona” after the analysis of methodical – academic works on competitive environment. After applying the scheme, it was identified that the Company is competitive in Lithuanian market, and its competitive environment is beneficial for further activity and development of the Company. However, the Company should not neglect its positions and should remain the leader in the market; therefore it should always observe the competitive environment. The hypothesis of the Thesis - succession of competitive environment evaluation stages, which can be influenced by a company, does not influence the results of evaluation – was proved. The international trade and competition became more intensive in Lithuania after joining European Union. Therefore, if company seeks profitability or even a survival it should be competitive, and it has to give a lot of attention to the competitors and evaluation of competitive environment. The Thesis also defines the concept of competition and competitive environment, as well as evaluation of competitive environment. The result of theoretical analysis is a scheme on competitive environment evaluation. The Thesis includes the analysis on the bread market, hot issues and problems on evaluation of competitive environment in Lithuania after joining the European Union. The Thesis reviews the main participants in the bread market and... [to full text]

The primary goal of this study was to determine the impact of price discrimination on tourism demand. Four objectives were defined with reference to the primary research goal. The first objective was to analyse the concept of price discrimination and relevant theories by means of a literature study. In this regard it was found that price discrimination between markets is fairly common and that it occurs if the same goods were sold to different customers at different prices. Price discrimination is also possible as soon as some monopoly power exists and it is feasible when it is impossible or at least impractical for the buyers to trade among themselves. Three different kinds of price discrimination can be applied, namely first-degree, second-degree and third-degree price discrimination. The data also indicated that price discrimination is advantageous (it mainly increases profit) and that it has several other effects too. The second objective was to analyse examples of price discrimination by means of international case studies. In these different case studies it was found that demand and supply, therefore consumer and product, formed the basis of price discrimination. If demand did not exist, it would be impossible to apply price discrimination. The findings also indicated that, for an organisation to be able to practice price discrimination, the markets must be separated effectively and it will only be successful if there is a significant difference in demand elasticity between the different consumers. Furthermore, the ability to charge these different prices will depend on the consumer's ability and willingness to pay. If an organisation should decide to price discriminate, it would lead to a higher profit, a more optimal pricing policy and also to an increase in sales. The third objective was to analyse national case studies. This was done through comparing the data of a tourism organisation price discriminating (Mosetlha Bush Camp, situated in the North West) to two organisations that did not implement price discrimination (Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in the Northern Cape and Golden Leopard Resort, also situated in the North West). It was found that a customer with low price elasticity is less deterred by a higher price than a customer with a high price elasticity of demand. As long as the customer's price elasticity is less than one, it will be very advantageous to increase the price: the seller will in this case get more money for less goods. With the increase in price the price elasticity tends to rise above one. The fourth objective was to draw conclusions and make recommendations. It was concluded that price discrimination could be applied successfully in virtually any organisation or industry. Furthermore, price discrimination does not always have a negative effect; but can have a positive ass well. It can have a positive effect on tourism demand. The findings emphasised that the main reason for implementing price discrimination is to increase profit at the cost of reducing consumer surplus. From the results it was recommended that more research on this topic should be conducted. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

The primary goal of this study was to determine the impact of price discrimination on tourism demand. Four objectives were defined with reference to the primary research goal. The first objective was to analyse the concept of price discrimination and relevant theories by means of a literature study. In this regard it was found that price discrimination between markets is fairly common and that it occurs if the same goods were sold to different customers at different prices. Price discrimination is also possible as soon as some monopoly power exists and it is feasible when it is impossible or at least impractical for the buyers to trade among themselves. Three different kinds of price discrimination can be applied, namely first-degree, second-degree and third-degree price discrimination. The data also indicated that price discrimination is advantageous (it mainly increases profit) and that it has several other effects too. The second objective was to analyse examples of price discrimination by means of international case studies. In these different case studies it was found that demand and supply, therefore consumer and product, formed the basis of price discrimination. If demand did not exist, it would be impossible to apply price discrimination. The findings also indicated that, for an organisation to be able to practice price discrimination, the markets must be separated effectively and it will only be successful if there is a significant difference in demand elasticity between the different consumers. Furthermore, the ability to charge these different prices will depend on the consumer's ability and willingness to pay. If an organisation should decide to price discriminate, it would lead to a higher profit, a more optimal pricing policy and also to an increase in sales. The third objective was to analyse national case studies. This was done through comparing the data of a tourism organisation price discriminating (Mosetlha Bush Camp, situated in the North West) to two organisations that did not implement price discrimination (Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in the Northern Cape and Golden Leopard Resort, also situated in the North West). It was found that a customer with low price elasticity is less deterred by a higher price than a customer with a high price elasticity of demand. As long as the customer's price elasticity is less than one, it will be very advantageous to increase the price: the seller will in this case get more money for less goods. With the increase in price the price elasticity tends to rise above one. The fourth objective was to draw conclusions and make recommendations. It was concluded that price discrimination could be applied successfully in virtually any organisation or industry. Furthermore, price discrimination does not always have a negative effect; but can have a positive ass well. It can have a positive effect on tourism demand. The findings emphasised that the main reason for implementing price discrimination is to increase profit at the cost of reducing consumer surplus. From the results it was recommended that more research on this topic should be conducted. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Companies spend trillions of dollars on mergers and acquisitions (M&A) every year, and tens of thousands of new M&A deals are announced every year. However, despite the huge costs, only 10% to 30% of the M&As announced, get finalized (Christensen et al., 2011).There is extensive research conducted on why M&As fail, and their implications for the companies involved in the transaction. However, these large deals do not only impact the firms directly involved in the deal.  Microsoft, one of the world’s most influential companies, made on the 18th of January 2022 an acquisition announcement regarding its intent to acquire Activation Blizzard, one of the world’s largest game studios. The announcement made headlines all over the world and resulted in protests from competitors of the two companies. One of these competitors, Sony, experienced a 13% drop in stock price due to the acquisition announcement.  This thesis investigates the effect of acquisition announcements on the stock return of competitors to the target company. The study is examining the competitors stock return during the month leading up to the announcement, as well as the stock return during the month following the announcement. The authors have taken inspiration from a previous study “Acquisitions: A curse or blessing for direct competitors? The impact of target ownership structure” conducted by Mataigne et al. (2021).  By reviewing over 700 market reactions to acquisition announcements over a 10-year period, the authors were able to statistically test the differences in mean stock return. The authors were able to conclude that acquisition announcements have a negative impact on the stock return of competitors, and thereby answer the proposed research question: “What is the effect of acquisitions announcements on the stock returns of target company’s competitors in Sweden?”. Competitors to the target firm of an acquisition will experience the most significant change in their stock returns in the time period close to the announcement, after which the reaction will stabilize. The empirical findings of the study contribute to the field of knowledge using Behavioral Finance, the Efficient Market Hypothesis, the Capital Asset Pricing Model, the Stakeholder Theory, the Mitchell Model, and various market valuation methods.  Evidently, theories as part of the Behavioral Finance scope, such as the Efficient Market Hypothesis, provide support to the findings following the acquisition announcement. Theories such as the Stakeholder Theory and the Mitchell Model have helped identify competitors' stakeholder role to show how various events and organizations affect them as stakeholders in the market.  This study, which utilizes over 60.000 datapoints from daily price data for its analysis, takes a deductive approach within the positivist paradigm framework. The data is statistically tested using paired t-tests.

Cette thèse construit un modèle théorique qui renouvelle l’approche traditionnelle de l’équilibre du marché. En introduisant dans le paradigme néo-classique le principe de préférence pour la quantité, il génère de façon optimale des stocks dans un marché concurrentiel. Les résultats sont très importants, car ils expliquent à la fois l’émergence des invendus et l’existence de cycles économiques. En outre, il étudie le comportement optimal du monopole dont la puissance de marché dépend non seulement de la quantité de biens étalés, mais aussi de celle de biens achetés. Contrairement à l’hypothèse traditionnelle selon laquelle le monopoleur choisit le prix ou la quantité qui maximise son profit, il attire, via un indice de Lerner généralisé la demande à la fois par le prix et la quantité de biens exposés. Quelle que soit la structure du marché, le phénomène d’accumulation des stocks de biens apparaît dans l’économie. De plus, il a l’avantage d’expliquer explicitement les achats impulsifs non encore traités par la théorie économique. Pour vérifier la robustesse des résultats du modèle théorique, ils sont testés sur des données américaines. En raison de leur non-linéarité, la méthode de Gauss-Newton est appropriée pour analyser l’impact de la préférence pour la quantité sur la production et l’accumulation de biens, et par conséquent sur les prévisions de PIB. Enfin, cette thèse construit un modèle à générations imbriquées à deux pays qui étend l’équilibre dynamique à un gamma-équilibre dynamique sans friction. Sur la base de la contrainte de détention préalable d’encaisse, il ressort les conditions de sur-accumulation du capital et les conséquences de la mobilité du capital sur le bien-être dans un contexte d’accumulation du stock d’invendus / This thesis constructs a theoretical model that renews the traditional approach of the market equilibrium. By introducing into the neoclassical paradigm the principle of preference for quantity, it optimally generates inventories within a competitive market. The results are very important since they explain both the emergence of unsold goods and the existence of economic cycles. In addition, it studies the optimal behavior of a monopolist whose the market power depends not only on the quantity of displayed goods but also that of goods that the main consumer is willing to buy. Contrary to the traditional assumption that the monopolist chooses price or quantity that maximizes its profit, through a generalized Lerner index (GLI) it attracts customers’ demand by both the price and the quantity of displayed goods. Whatever the market structure, the phenomenon of inventory accumulation appears in the economy. Furthermore, it has the advantage of explicitly explaining impulse purchases untreated by economics. To check the robustness of the results,the theoretical model is fitted to U.S. data. Due to its nonlinearity, the Gauss-Newtonmethod is appropriate to highlight the impact of consumers’ preference for quantity on production and accumulation of goods and consequently GDP forecast. Finally, this thesis builds a two-country overlapping generations (OLG) model which extends the dynamic OLG equilibrium to a frictionless dynamic OLG gamma-equilibrium. Based on the cash-inadvance constraint, it highlights the conditions of over-accumulation of capital and welfare implications of capital mobility in a context of accumulation of stock of unsold goods.

This thesis was focused on the theme: External environment of the company. The business was chosen during the preparation and give me necessary information. Researched business called Aerosol ? Service Ltd., place of business is in central Bohemian (Pletený Újezd). The main products of the company are polyurethane foams. This dissertation was divided into three pillars. The first pillar was oriented of the external surroundings of company. These surroundings were adequately described. The next step was survey, because was needed to profile customer satisfaction. Another important step was to analyze the strongest and closest competitors on the market. The second pillar was focused on farther surroundings professionally called macro surroundings. This part has been described by STEP analysis. From this analysis was evaluated several most fundamental and long-term factors. The last pillar was focused on foreign trade, which is for company the most important. 85 % of the all production goes abroad. Here was analyzed market of European Union and final effect was chosen two best companies according to set criteria to begin new business possibilities. The main object of the thesis was to analyze the external environment of the company. In my opinion, the main object fulfilled. New findings were found in the external environment, and they are designed to changes and recommendations.