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Research on all tested vertebrates indicates that geometric information plays a special role when organisms reorient in their environment. Some researchers have argued that geometric information is processed automatically, while landmark information is processed more slowly. These conclusions of the course of reorientation processing have been drawn from research that tested organisms accuracy in locating targets in experimental environments. However, inferences of the course of processing are not logical extensions of physical reorientation paradigms. To this end, the present research employs the psychological refractory period paradigm to investigate, over two experiments, the precise stages of processing that humans utilize when encoding an environment. The data confirm previous research by demonstrating an underadditive effect of response time across stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) for geometric trials and an additive effect for landmark trials, suggesting that geometric information is processed during the first stage of processing, and landmark information during the second.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Inaug.-Diss.--Uppsala. / Extra t.p., with thesis statement, inserted. Part of illustrative matter in pocket. Bibliography: p. 556-560.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, May 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Apr. 22, 2010). "Department of Anthropology." Includes bibliographical references (p. 190-232).

Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Montana, 2009. / Title from author supplied metadata. Description based on contents viewed on August 13, 2009. Author supplied keywords: Archaeology, spatial analysis,prehistoric. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral) -- Universität Marburg, 1931. / Vita. Bibliography: p. 74-80.

Masters in Medicine (MMed) in Obstetrics and Gynaecology dissertation for submission 2013 / Emergency contraception (EC) has been shown in observational studies to prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse. EC is available in South Africa (SA) in the public and private health sectors, without prescription. Prior studies of EC in SA demonstrated a low level of EC awareness. Establishing the awareness of EC among women in the greater Soweto region that attend the Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH) for delivery may give us an indication of the need for education on emergency contraceptive methods. We will aim also to establish where women would prefer to source their EC, once a basic understanding of EC is conveyed. The need for targeted education and media campaigns has been demonstrated to improve EC awareness in other countries and this should be considered when programs are instituted to get wider coverage. It would be advantageous to have insight as to the sources of current EC information and client preferences. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study is to establish awareness and knowledge of EC in postpartum women at CHBAH. Secondary objectives were to establish the source of the information, and differences in women who were aware of the method from those who were unaware. We also assessed the woman’s planned pregnancy rate for their pregnancy, previous and current pregnancy. The final objective is to determine if there is a willingness to use EC among this population, after informing all women about the method.

A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 14th October 2016 in Johannesburg / Poorly controlled pain following caesarean section surgery can have a debilitating effect on the physical and emotional well being of a woman during the post-operative period. Good intra-operative anaesthetic management during caesarean section surgery is requisite to improve post-operative analgesia, and thereby contribute to the well being of the patient. In South Africa (SA) there are currently no national obstetric anaesthesia practice guidelines. Anaesthetic service providers therefore rely on knowledge acquired during their anaesthetic training and recommendations from international guidelines (which may not be applicable in SA). In order to establish a reference standard of anaesthetic care for obstetric patients in SA, a semi-structured interview was conducted with the heads of department and/or their representatives from the eight anaesthesiology academic departments in SA in 2012. The experts provided recommendations on the intra-operative anaesthetic management of patients for elective and emergency caesarean sections, as well as the post-operative monitoring and analgesic management of these patients. The recommendations were based on the experts’ understanding of the uniquely local healthcare environment in SA. Following the establishment of the SA reference standard, a national survey of anaesthetic service providers was conducted in 2014 to establish what the practises are in South Africa for caesarean section anaesthetics. Ninehundred- and-thirty-three survey responses were analysed, which equated to a 58% response rate. The majority of anaesthesia providers (97.8%) perform single shot spinal anaesthesia for caesarean sections. Thirty percent of respondents chose to use Quincke spinal needles, despite the increased risk of this needle causing post-dural puncture headaches (PDPH). The preferred local anaesthetic drug was 0.5% bupivacaine with dextrose, and fentanyl was the most commonly used additive agent, as opposed to common international practice, which advocates morphine. The survey also revealed that 58% of doctors work in hospitals that do not have a post-operative monitoring protocol for patients following caesarean section surgery. This contrasts to recommendations suggested by the national experts regarding patient monitoring requirements. A clinical trial was then conducted to compare the analgesic efficacy of two different doses of intrathecal morphine (50μg and 100μg) with 25μg fentanyl. Patients in both morphine treatment groups had significantly lower postoperative opioid requirements than patients in the fentanyl group. The pain numerical rating scale (NRS) scores were however not statistically different and there was also no difference in the side effects profile or emotional parameters measured, between the groups. This study highlights the differences in the recommended practise of obstetric anaesthesia in SA compared to other countries and demonstrates how obstetric anaesthesia is practised in SA. The final component of this study has demonstrated how international best practices can be easily implemented in SA to improve the anaesthetic care of the obstetric patient. / MT2017

Two vital American social institutions, education and health care, are intimately related. The individual-level relationship between education and health is tenuous, changing over time, throughout the life course, and across generations. Previous research in this area does not separate the mediating effects of age, period, and cohort or assess the unique effects of various levels of educational attainment on health. Using longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this dissertation untangles these factors to find that education has become a more important predictor of health now than twenty years ago, education benefits health across the life course, and college education is necessary for good health in recent generations whereas high school education was a more important predictor of health in earlier generations. From a theoretical standpoint, this study illustrates the need for a more prominent theory to explain the changing nature of the education and health relationship. Methodologically, results suggest that longitudinal analysis is a superior technique to cross-sectional analysis, as the effects of education on health are suppressed in cross-sectional analyses. From a policy standpoint, findings indicate that one viable solution to decreasing health disparities is improved access to education, rather than improved access to physicians, which is the dominant solution in today’s society.