Determina la frecuencia y severidad de la enfermedad periodontal, en los pacientes caninos de la Clínica de Animales Menores de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, durante el período Octubre del 2005 a Marzo del 2006. Un total de 52 pacientes caninos mayores del año de edad, fueron evaluados mediante el Índice Veterinario Periodontal. El porcentaje de perros que presentaron algún grado de enfermedad periodontal fue de 76.9% (40/52). Del total de pacientes, un 48.1% (25/52) presentaron gingivitis, 21.2% (11/52) presentaron periodontitis leve y 7.7% (4/52) periodontitis moderada. Se encontró que la frecuencia y severidad de la enfermedad periodontal se incrementaron a medida que la edad avanzaba. Se observó una mayor pérdida de dientes en los perros de mayor edad. El tipo dentario más afectado, fueron los premolares; y según la región, resultaron más afectados los dientes del maxilar superior. Los resultados del presente estudio concuerdan con los resultados obtenidos en pacientes caninos en otros países del mundo. / Tesis

Objetivos: Durante años, el diagnóstico de la enfermedad periodontal se ha basado en parámetros clínicos, estos parámetros clínicos convencionales miden la consecuencia de la enfermedad y la cantidad de tejido que ha sido dañado, sin embargo, no brindan información específica acerca de la actividad, progresión de la enfermedad y su respuesta al tratamiento. La respuesta del huésped a la enfermedad periodontal incluye la liberación de diferentes enzimas, algunas de ellas relacionadas con injuria y daño tisular como la enzima Alanina aminotransferasa (ALT).El propósito de este estudio fue comparar los niveles de la enzima ALT en saliva estimulada entre pacientes sanos y con enfermedad periodontal como también antes y después del tratamiento periodontal con la finalidad de conocer si la enzima ALT es un biomarcador útil para la enfermedad Periodontal. Diseño del estudio: El grupo de estudio estuvo conformado por 40 sujetos, 20 con Gingivitis y 20 con Periodontitis. El grupo control estuvo conformado por 20 sujetos sanos. Se recolectó saliva estimulada con la técnica de Parafina en ambos grupos mediante la utilización de tubos estériles y se determinó la absorbancia de ALT a través del Espectrofotómetro .Asímismo el diagnóstico de la enfermedad Periodontal en los grupos de estudio fue determinada en base a parámetros clínicos tales como el Índice de Higiene oral de O leary, índice de sangramiento gingival, profundidad al sondaje y nivel de Adherencia clínica. Resultados: Los resultados demostraron diferencia estadísticamente significativa en los niveles de ALT en el grupo de estudio específicamente para el grupo Periodontitis (p<0,001) .Igualmente, los niveles de la enzima ALT disminuyeron de manera significativa después de la terapia periodontal (p<0,001). Conclusiones: En base a estos resultados se puede concluir que los niveles de la enzima ALT en saliva estimulada puede ser considerado un marcador útil para la enfermedad periodontal y en la evaluación de la terapia periodontal. Palabras claves: Diagnóstico, Periodontitis, Gingivitis, saliva / Objectives: For years, periodontal disease diagnosis was based on clinical parameters, these conventional clinical parameters measure the result of the disease and the amount of tissue that has been damaged, however, provide no information about the activity, progression of disease and response to treatment. The host response to periodontal disease include the release of different enzymes, some of which relate to injury and tissue damage as the enzyme Alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of the enzyme ALT in stimulated saliva from healthy patients with periodontal disease as well as before and after periodontal treatment in order to find a biomarker for periodontal disease. Design: The study group consisted of 40 subjects, 20 with gingivitis and 20 periodontitis. The control group consisted of 20 healthy subjects. Stimulated saliva was collected with Paraffin technique of both groups in sterile tubes and ALT concentration determined through the spectrophotometer before and after periodontal therapy, the latter in the study group. Likewise Periodontal disease was determined based on clinical parameters such as the Oral Hygiene Index O leary, gingival bleeding index, probing depth and clinical adherence level. Results: The results showed statistically significant differences in ALT levels in the study group specifically for Periodontitis group (p <0.001). Similarly, the enzyme ALT levels decreased after periodontal therapy (p <0.001). Conclusions: Based on these results it can be concluded that the enzyme ALT levels in stimulated saliva can be considered a biomarker for periodontal disease and the evaluation of periodontal therapy. Key words: Diagnosis, Gingivitis, Periodontitis, Saliva. / Tesis

Determina cuál es la relación entre el nivel de conocimiento sobre prevención en salud bucal y la presencia de la enfermedad gingival en gestantes del HNDM. Para esto utiliza la prueba estadística Thau b de Kendal y Rho de Spearman y para las asociaciones el Chi cuadrado de Pearson. / Tesis

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium (MChD) / Hearing impairment contributes significantly to the global burden of disabilities and has reported to be a prevalent disability in South Africa. The hearing impaired population has been associated with low levels of oral health due to numerous factors concomitant with reduced oral health care and knowledge. This predisposes these persons to oral disease including periodontal disease. Aim: To determine the prevalence of periodontal disease and the associated factors in adults with hearing impairment in designated facilities in the Western Cape, South Africa. Objectives: 1. To determine the oral health care practices in adults with hearing impairment. 2. To determine oral health knowledge of adults with hearing impairment. 3. To determine the frequency of dental visits of adults with hearing impairment and identify any associated barriers. 4. To determine the prevalence of periodontal disease in adults with hearing impairment in designated facilities in the Western Cape, South Africa. 5. To determine the relationship between the prevalence of periodontal disease and associated factors including; sociodemographic factors, oral health care practices, oral health knowledge and frequency of dental visits in adults with hearing impairment. Methodology: A quantitative, analytical cross-sectional study design was employed. A research questionnaire was used to evaluate oral health care practices, oral health knowledge, frequency of dental visits and related barriers to access oral health care. An intra-oral examination was conducted to determine the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) using the Ramjford six teeth. Data was analysed in Microsoft Excel and StataCorp using frequencies, means, standard deviations, confidence intervals, Chi-square and Fishers exact tests. Results: The prevalence of gingivitis was 100% and the prevalence of periodontitis was 26.09% amongst hearing impaired adults. The mean gingival index score (GI) was 1.24 (STD±0.49; 95% CI: 1.14-1.35) and the mean plaque index score (PI) was 1.3 (STD±0.5; 95% CI: 1.2-1.4). Periodontitis prevalence was established for those participants presenting with an average clinical attachment loss (CAL) of >3mm and the mean clinical attachment loss was 4.47mm (STD ±1.41; 95% CI: 4.18-4.76mm) for those presenting with evidence of periodontitis. Age was statistically significant (p<0.05). Prevalence of periodontitis was evident amongst participants over the age of 35 years with a mean age of 48years (STD±13). Oral health care showed a lack of the use of dental floss and regular dental visits. Access to dental care was compromised primarily due to communication barriers, dental fear and a low priority of oral health. Conclusion: The necessity of oral health care and oral health knowledge in hearing impaired adults such as education and motivation for the need of dental flossing, the use of fluoridated toothpastes and the benefits of regular dental visits, must be emphasized. Oral health care workers should strive to intensify efforts to facilitate a favourable periodontal health status amongst hearing impaired adults.

Doctor of Philosophy / Profound perturbation of epithelial structure is a characteristic feature of the immunopatholoical response to bacterial antigens considered to be central in the pathogenesis of the destructive lesion of periodontitis. The pathological basis for the disturbance of epithelial structure is not understood. It was demonstrated that the structural integrity and functional differentiation of the lining epithelium is compromised in relation to inflammatory changes associated with destructive periodontitis. In the pathological lining epithelium of the periodontal pocket there was a marked reduction of epithelial cadherin important in intercellular adhesion, of involucrin, a marker of terminal differentiation, and of the gap junction connexions that form intercellular communication channels. These changes were associated with alterations of filamentous actin expression, collectively indicating profound perturbation of epithelial structure. The data reported support the concept that the ability of the pathological lining epithelium to function as an effective barrier against the ingress of microbial products into the tissues is severely compromised (Ye et al., 2000). In addition, a recent study (Ye et al., 2003) by Western analysis of serum IgG from all 22 patients with chronic periodontitis tested indicated recognition of multiple epithelial components in individual patterns. In contrast, subjects with a healthy periodontium displayed only trace recognition of epithelial antigens. Levels of epithelial-reactive antibodies were significantly correlated with attachment loss as an indication of disease activity. To investigate a possible relationship between the bacterial flora adjacent to the diseased sites and the presence of epithelial-reactive antibodies, subgingival plague samples were taken from deep periodontal pockets and cultured anaerobically. Gram positive bacteria containing antigens potentially cross-reactive with epithelial cells were reproducibly isolated by probing membrane colony lifts with affinity-isolated (epitheial-specific) antibodies. The bacteria were identified as streptococci (S. mitis, S. constellatus and two S. intermedius strains) and Actinomyces (A. georgiae, and A. sp. oral clone) by 16S rDNA sequence homology. Recognition by affinity-isolated antibodies of antigens from the captured organisms was confirmed by Western analysis. Conversely, absorption of affinity-isolated antibodies with bacterial species specifically reduced subsequent recognition of epithelial antigens. To identify the auto-antigens, a human keratinocyte cDNA expression library in Lambda phage was probed using a pooled sera. Groups of responders were detected for CD24 (a recently described adhesion molecule also known as P-selectin ligand), antioxidant protein 2 (a newly recognised member of the thiol-dependment anti-oxidant proteins), lavtate dehydrogenase A, the transcription factor NFAT5, and for three genes encoding novel proteins. Six identified bacteria, especially S intermedius were demonstrated to absorb antibodies reaching with identified auto-antigens in patterns varying between individuals. This evidence indicated that during the course of periodontits, subjects develop increased levels of antibodies to common oral bacteria amongst which are included tissue cross-reactive antigens. Periodontitis could therefore present a risk for the subsequent initiation or exacerbation of a broad spectrum of disease processes including autoimmune, inflammatory, proliferative and degenerative disorders.

Includes bibliographical references.

Bibliography: leaves 157-177.

Background and objectives: The most widely accepted tooth movement model is defined by the pressure-tension hypothesis. An orthodontic force applied to a tooth generates areas of compression and tension in the periodontal ligament (PDL), which are transmitted to the alveolar bone. Areas of tissue exposed to tensile strain undergo bone deposition, whereas areas of tissue exposed to compressive strain undergo bone resorption. We propose that human PDL cells in monolayer culture exposed to tensile mechanical strain would express multiple genes involved in osteogenesis. Materials and Methods: Human PDL cells were isolated and cultured from premolar teeth that were extracted for orthodontic reasons. These cells were plated on control and experimental Uniflex[TM] plates. Using a Flexercell FX4000 strain unit, PDL cells on experimental plates were exposed to a 12% uni-axial cyclic strain for 6 seconds out of every 90 seconds over a 24 hour period. RNA was extracted from the PDL cells at 6 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours. The differential expression of 78 genes implicated in osteoblast differentiation and bone metabolism was analysed using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) array technology. Results: Of the 78 genes tested, sixteen genes showed statistically significant (p<0.05) changes in expression in response to the mechanical strain regime. Eight genes were up-regulated (ALPL, BMP2, BMP6, COL2A1, ICAM1, PHEX, SOX9, and VEGFA) and eight genes were down-regulated (ANXA5, BMP4, COL11A1, COL3A1, EGF, ITGB1, MSX and SMAD1). Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that cultured human PDL cells express multiple osteogenic genes under tensile strain, which suggests that PDL cells may have a potential role in osseous remodeling during tooth movement. Key Words: Tooth movement, human PDL cells, tensile mechanical strain, osteogenic genes, real-time RT-PCR array, and Flexercell FX4000.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Thesis (M. D. S.)--University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.