This dissertation presents the development of an anisotropic viscoplastic continuum damage model to describe the permanent deformation of asphalt pavements. The model is developed to account for several phenomena that influence the permanent deformation of Asphalt Concrete (AC) at high temperatures. These phenomena include strain rate dependency, confining pressure dependency, dilation, aggregate friction, anisotropy, and damage. The model is based on Perzyna's theory of viscoplasticity with Drucker-Prager yield function modified to account for the microstructure anisotropy and damage. A parametric study was conducted to study the effect of key factors such as inherent anisotropy and damage on the model response. A preliminary investigation was conducted to demonstrate the capabilities of the model and its sensitivity to changes in the microstructure distribution and loading conditions. The model was used to describe laboratory experimental measurements obtained from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF). The model had a good match with these experimental measurements. In particular, using the damage parameter, the model was able to capture the point at which AC experienced tertiary creep in a static creep test. A comprehensive experiment was conducted to systematically determine the model parameters and the evolution laws that describe AC hardening, anisotropy, and damage. The experiment consisted of a set of compressive triaxial strength tests conducted at three confining pressures and five strain rates. Based on these experimental measurements, the model was modified to include a nonassociated flow rule. The model was shown to capture the experimental measurements very well. Furthermore, an experiment was conducted to capture and characterize damage evolution in AC due to permanent deformation. AC specimens were loaded using a triaxial compression setup to four predefined strain levels at three confining pressures. X-Ray computed tomography and image analysis techniques were used to capture and characterize the evolution of cracks and air voids in the deformed specimens. Damage was found to be a localized phenomenon in the sense that there exists a critical section in an AC specimen that is mainly responsible for failure. The results of the damage experiment supported the damage evolution function proposed in the viscoplastic model.

Numerous research efforts have been devoted to characterizing the behavior of granular materials, which is one of the main concerns of pavement engineers. For better understanding of this behavior, laboratory tests where in-situ stress conditions and traffic loads are adequately simulated are needed. This study makes use of an expanded test protocol called a performance test that includes resilient modulus as well as permanent deformation testing. This test protocol determines three nonlinear resilient modulus parameters (k1, k2, k3) and two permanent deformation parameters (?,??). The resilient modulus test results are required inputs in the Level 1 analysis of the proposed American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Pavement Design Guide. In addition, both resilient modulus and permanent deformation test results provide material property inputs to pavement performance prediction models. This study also evaluated the within laboratory repeatability of the performance test and developed a within laboratory precision statement. Further, a statistical analysis was conducted on the test results to estimate the number of test specimens required for testing for specific reliability levels. Two test specimens are required for a reliability level of 15%. A within laboratory study was also conducted to investigate the influence of specimen size on test results. The specimen height was reduced from 12 in. (304 mm) to 8 in. (203 mm), and there was no difference in test results at a confidence level of 95%. The performance test was further used successfully in subsequent studies to evaluate the behavior of granular materials and the influence of various factors on their behavior. As fines content increased, the resilient modulus values decreased and permanent deformation increased. As the moisture content increased, the resilient modulus value decreased and the resistance to permanent deformation decreased. A simplified laboratory measurement tool that is repeatable, relatively cheap and easy to perform might prompt the use of laboratory measured values of resilient modulus in pavement design and facilitate correlation of these values to field measured values on a large scale. Use of measured data for the base properties rather than estimates would insure improved pavement designs and, in many cases, would save money in construction costs.

This dissertation presents the development of an anisotropic viscoplastic continuum damage model to describe the permanent deformation of asphalt pavements. The model is developed to account for several phenomena that influence the permanent deformation of Asphalt Concrete (AC) at high temperatures. These phenomena include strain rate dependency, confining pressure dependency, dilation, aggregate friction, anisotropy, and damage. The model is based on Perzyna's theory of viscoplasticity with Drucker-Prager yield function modified to account for the microstructure anisotropy and damage. A parametric study was conducted to study the effect of key factors such as inherent anisotropy and damage on the model response. A preliminary investigation was conducted to demonstrate the capabilities of the model and its sensitivity to changes in the microstructure distribution and loading conditions. The model was used to describe laboratory experimental measurements obtained from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF). The model had a good match with these experimental measurements. In particular, using the damage parameter, the model was able to capture the point at which AC experienced tertiary creep in a static creep test. A comprehensive experiment was conducted to systematically determine the model parameters and the evolution laws that describe AC hardening, anisotropy, and damage. The experiment consisted of a set of compressive triaxial strength tests conducted at three confining pressures and five strain rates. Based on these experimental measurements, the model was modified to include a nonassociated flow rule. The model was shown to capture the experimental measurements very well. Furthermore, an experiment was conducted to capture and characterize damage evolution in AC due to permanent deformation. AC specimens were loaded using a triaxial compression setup to four predefined strain levels at three confining pressures. X-Ray computed tomography and image analysis techniques were used to capture and characterize the evolution of cracks and air voids in the deformed specimens. Damage was found to be a localized phenomenon in the sense that there exists a critical section in an AC specimen that is mainly responsible for failure. The results of the damage experiment supported the damage evolution function proposed in the viscoplastic model.

Unbound granular materials (UGMs) used in the base and sub-base layers of flexible pavements play a significant role in the overall performance of the structure. Proper understanding and characterization of the deformation behaviour of UGMs in pavement structures are, therefore, vital for the design and maintenance of flexible pavements. In this study, the resilient deformation (RD) and the permanent deformation (PD) behaviour of UGMs were investigated for the better understanding and improved modelling of these deformation characteristics. The study is based on a series of repeated-load triaxial (RLT) tests carried out on several UGMs commonly used in pavement structures. Here, the influences of stress level and moisture content - two of the most significant factors affecting the deformation behaviour of UGMs - were analysed. The effects of the grain size distribution and the degree of compaction were also considered. The study on the RD behaviour indicated that the resilient stiffness (MR)of UGMs increases with the increased bulk stress level, which can be satisfactorily described by the k-θ model. Moisture was found to negatively impact the MR as long as the deformation was mostly resilient with a negligible amount of accumulated PD. Analysis of the influence of moisture on the parameters k1 and k2 of the k-θ model showed that k1 decreases with increased moisture and k2 is relatively insensitive to moisture. Based on these observations, a simple model was developed for the impact of moisture on MR. The performance of this model was comparable to an existing moisture dependent MR model. In contrast, it was further observed that at the later stages of the RLT tests, after a relatively large number of load applications, the MR increased with increased moisture up to the optimum moisture content. This occurred when the RD was accompanied by a significant amount of PD. Further investigation suggested that moisture aided the post-compaction (PC) and possible particle rearrangement that resulted in the increased PD and increased MR. In this case k1 decreased, whereas k2 increased, with increased moisture. The existing MR-moisture model did not work for this behaviour. This suggests that the effect of PC on MRshould be considered in modelling. However, although not explored in this study, it may be possible to simulate this effect of increase in MR with increased moisture due to PC using the proposed model if k2 is expressed as a function of moisture. The PD characteristics of UGMs were investigated based on the multistage (MS) RLT test. In contrast with the single stage (SS) RLT test, the MS RLT test accounts for the effect of stress history and enables a comprehensive study of the material behaviour under cyclic stresses of various magnitudes. Since the existing PD models cannot be directly applied for the MS loading procedure, a general formulation based on the time hardening concept was derived that can be used to extend the models for the MS loading conditions. Based on this formulation, some of the current models were calibrated and their performance in predicting the PD behaviour in MS RLT tests was compared. The investigation regarding the impact of moisture on PD showed that moisture significantly increases the accumulation of PD. Generally, materials with finer grading showed more sensitivity to moisture with regards to both PD and RD. To characterize the impact of moisture, moisture sensitivity of different grain size distributions and the impact of the degree of compaction on PD with reduced effort, a simple model was proposed. Unlike some of the well-performing existing models, this model can be calibrated using a single MS RLT test without requiring any separate static failure triaxial tests. This model was validated using the MS RLT test data with satisfactory results. The sensitivity of the parameters of this model was studied with respect to moisture content, degree of compaction and grain size distribution. Some reasonable trends for the sensitivity of the parameters to these influential factors were obtained, which suggests that these may be further developed to incorporate into the model. / <p>QC 20150325</p>

Camadas granulares desempenham um importante papel no comportamento global de pavimentos, especialmente daqueles com revestimentos delgados ou sem revestimento. Para conhecer as características de resistência e deformabilidade de materiais componentes dessas camadas são realizados ensaios triaxiais. No caso de ensaios em materiais granulares, o corpo de prova deve ter diâmetro de pelo menos cinco vezes o tamanho máximo de partícula e altura igual a duas vezes o seu diâmetro. Como as especificações do DNIT permitem o emprego de agregados de até 5 cm em camadas de brita graduada ou solo-agregado, os corpos-de-prova devem ter diâmetro de 25 cm e altura de 50 cm. Equipamentos capazes de ensaiar corpos-deprova com estas dimensões são raros no mundo e inexistiam no Brasil até 2008. Com o intuito de superar esta carência e avançar no conhecimento do comportamento mecânico de agregados graúdos, a pesquisa relatada nesta tese teve como objetivos desenvolver um equipamento triaxial de grande porte capaz de aplicar carregamentos estáticos, monotônicos e cíclicos em corpos-de-prova de grandes dimensões (25 cm x 50 cm); bem como realizar e interpretar os primeiros ensaios. A concepção e a montagem do equipamento são descritas considerando as partes principais. Também é detalhada a instrumentação utilizada composta por: duas células de carga, três transdutores de deslocamento e dois transmissores de pressão. Para os primeiros ensaios foi escolhida uma brita graduada de basalto, anteriormente utilizada em pistas experimentais solicitadas por simulador de tráfego. Ensaios em corpos-de-prova de 10 cm de diâmetro e 20 cm de altura foram realizados para comparação com resultados de ensaios em corpos-de-prova maiores, realizados no novo equipamento. Os ensaios de módulo de resiliência foram conduzidos segundo o método de ensaio do DNIT, com algumas modificações para adequá-lo ao padrão internacional. Os ensaios triaxiais monotônicos e os cíclicos de deformações permanentes foram conduzidos tanto em multiestágios, quanto em estágio único de tensões. Os resultados obtidos foram interpretados segundo diversas teorias e modelos, obtendo-se parâmetros de resistência e de deformabilidade. Uma análise mecanística utilizando os parâmetros obtidos nos ensaios permitiu analisar o comportamento do material estudado como camada de pavimento. Conclui-se que o equipamento triaxial de grande porte atende as necessidades para as quais foi projetado, permitindo obter parâmetros para caracterização do comportamento de agregados graúdos e prever desempenho de pavimentos, quanto a deformações permanentes e ruptura por cisalhamento de camadas granulares. / Unbound aggregates layers play an important role in the performance of thinly surfaced or unsurfaced pavements. In order to assess the strength-strain characteristics of soils and aggregates used in those layers, triaxial tests must be carried out on cylindrical specimens with diameter not smaller than 5 times the particle maximum size and height twice the diameter. Since Brazil National Roads Department allows using 2” aggregates in granular bases, specimens for triaxial tests should be at least 25 cm in diameter and 50 cm in height. All over the world there are only a few equipments for testing such specimens; and up to 2008 none of them in Brazil. Aiming at overcoming this deficiency and enhance the knowledge on the mechanical behavior of coarse aggregates, the objectives of research reported in this thesis were to develop a triaxial equipment capable of applying static, monotonic and repeated loadings on large specimens (25 cm x 50 cm) and perform and analyze the first tests. The design and assemblage of the equipment are describe, detailing its main components and the instrumentation, that included two load cells, three displacement transducers and two pressure transmitters. The first tests were carried out on specimens made of dense crushed aggregates, formerly used in APT test sections. Tests were also carried out on specimens with 10.0 cm diameter and 20.0 cm height, in order to compare their results to those of tests carried out in larger specimens tested in the new triaxial equipment. Resilient modulus tests were carried out according to the Brazilian standard, but some modifications were introduced to follow international patterns. Triaxial monotonic and repeated loading permanent deformation tests were carried out both in multiple stages and unique stage of stresses. The results were interpreted were calculated taking into account several theories and models, strength and strain parameters being obtained. A mechanistic analysis using parameters obtained in tests allowed analyzing the behavior of the studied aggregates making part of pavement layers. It is concluded the new triaxial equipment for large specimens fulfills the requirements that motivated its design and construction, making possible to obtain parameters for characterizing the behavior of coarse aggregates and estimating pavements performance regarding permanent deformation and shear failure of granular layers.

A deformação permanente é uma das principais patologias do revestimento asfáltico. Caracterizada pelo afundamento longitudinal do pavimento asfáltico, quando submetido ao carregamento de tensões elevadas. Conhecer o comportamento mecânico quanto à deformação permanente das misturas asfálticas é de grande relevância na busca da escolha correta da mistura a ser empregada no dimensionamento de um pavimento. O ensaio laboratorial que vem ganhando força no Brasil para avaliação do potencial de deformação plástica de misturas asfálticas é o ensaio uniaxial de carga repetida parametrizado pelo Flow Number (FN). Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa buscou analisar o comportamento à deformação permanente, através do ensaio uniaxial de carga repetida, de dez misturas asfálticas. Os materiais utilizados na pesquisa foram: agregados pétreos de origem basáltica e quatro diferentes ligantes asfálticos, a saber: concreto asfáltico denso - AMP 6085-E; concreto asfáltico denso – CAP TLA 30/45; concreto asfáltico gap-graded – AB-8 (com a incorporação de cal calcítica e cal dolomítica) e concreto asfáltico denso – CAP 30/45. As demais cincos misturas estudadas foram as mesmas, porém com a incorporação de um agente surfactante para redução das temperaturas de usinagem e compactação (misturas mornas). Os resultados mostraram que a mistura morna moldada com AMP 60/85 – E teve desempenho superior as demais misturas. O restante das misturas mornas apresentaram desempenho inferior ao das suas respectivas misturas quentes. Entre as misturas moldadas com AB-8 percebeu-se que a mistura (quente e morna) dosada com cal calcítica teve comportamento superior ao da mistura (quente e morna) com cal dolomítica, fator explicado pela quantidade superior de dióxido de cálcio disponível na cal. Quanto ao parâmetro FN, foi possível verificar que este parâmetro é mais sensível a taxa de deformação na zona secundária do que a magnitude de deformação sofrida pela mistura. Para um valor de FN igual a 300 (pistas de tráfego médio) reprovaria 6 das 10 misturas estudadas, sendo que as misturas com asfalto polímero e a mistura tipo gap-graded com AB-8 e cal calcítica foram as misturas de desempenho superior. / Rutting is one of the major distress types in asphalt pavements. It is characterized by the longitudinal permanent deformation and flow around the wheel path that occurs at the surface of an asphalt concrete pavement when subjected to high stresses. Understanding the mechanical behavior of permanent deformation development on asphalt mixtures is important to an appropriate choice of the mixture to be used in the pavement structure design. The uniaxial repeated load test, via the Flow Number (FN) parameter, has gained strength in Brazil to evaluate the plastic deformation development potential of asphalt mixtures. Hence, the present research attempted to analyze the permanent deformation behavior of ten asphalt mixes by means of the uniaxial repeated load test. The materials used in the research were basaltic stone aggregates and four different asphalt binders to fabricate the following mixes: Dense asphalt concrete with PMB 60/85-E; dense asphalt concrete with AC 30/45pen+TLA; gap-graded asphalt concrete with AR8 (calcitic lime and dolomitic lime added), and dense asphalt concrete with AC 30/45pen. The other five mixtures were the same, but with the incorporation of a surfactant additive to reduce mixing and compaction temperatures (warm mixtures). The results showed that the warm mix with PMB 60/85-E had a superior performance to the other mixtures. The other warm mixes studied displayed lower performance than their respective HMA. Among the mixtures with AR8, it was observed that both mixes (hot and warm) with added calcitic lime had superior behavior to both hot and warm mixes with dolomitic lime; arguably, an aspect explained by the higher quantity of available calcium dioxide available in the former lime. As for the parameter FN it was possible to verify that this parameter is more sensitive the rate of deformation in the secondary zone than the magnitude of the deformation suffered by the mixture. For a FN reference of minimum 300 cycles (medium traffic), 6 of the 10 mixtures studied would fail, being the mixtures with polymer modified binder and the gap-graded mixture with AR-8 and added calcitic lime the superior performance mixtures.

Camadas granulares desempenham um importante papel no comportamento global de pavimentos, especialmente daqueles com revestimentos delgados ou sem revestimento. Para conhecer as características de resistência e deformabilidade de materiais componentes dessas camadas são realizados ensaios triaxiais. No caso de ensaios em materiais granulares, o corpo de prova deve ter diâmetro de pelo menos cinco vezes o tamanho máximo de partícula e altura igual a duas vezes o seu diâmetro. Como as especificações do DNIT permitem o emprego de agregados de até 5 cm em camadas de brita graduada ou solo-agregado, os corpos-de-prova devem ter diâmetro de 25 cm e altura de 50 cm. Equipamentos capazes de ensaiar corpos-deprova com estas dimensões são raros no mundo e inexistiam no Brasil até 2008. Com o intuito de superar esta carência e avançar no conhecimento do comportamento mecânico de agregados graúdos, a pesquisa relatada nesta tese teve como objetivos desenvolver um equipamento triaxial de grande porte capaz de aplicar carregamentos estáticos, monotônicos e cíclicos em corpos-de-prova de grandes dimensões (25 cm x 50 cm); bem como realizar e interpretar os primeiros ensaios. A concepção e a montagem do equipamento são descritas considerando as partes principais. Também é detalhada a instrumentação utilizada composta por: duas células de carga, três transdutores de deslocamento e dois transmissores de pressão. Para os primeiros ensaios foi escolhida uma brita graduada de basalto, anteriormente utilizada em pistas experimentais solicitadas por simulador de tráfego. Ensaios em corpos-de-prova de 10 cm de diâmetro e 20 cm de altura foram realizados para comparação com resultados de ensaios em corpos-de-prova maiores, realizados no novo equipamento. Os ensaios de módulo de resiliência foram conduzidos segundo o método de ensaio do DNIT, com algumas modificações para adequá-lo ao padrão internacional. Os ensaios triaxiais monotônicos e os cíclicos de deformações permanentes foram conduzidos tanto em multiestágios, quanto em estágio único de tensões. Os resultados obtidos foram interpretados segundo diversas teorias e modelos, obtendo-se parâmetros de resistência e de deformabilidade. Uma análise mecanística utilizando os parâmetros obtidos nos ensaios permitiu analisar o comportamento do material estudado como camada de pavimento. Conclui-se que o equipamento triaxial de grande porte atende as necessidades para as quais foi projetado, permitindo obter parâmetros para caracterização do comportamento de agregados graúdos e prever desempenho de pavimentos, quanto a deformações permanentes e ruptura por cisalhamento de camadas granulares. / Unbound aggregates layers play an important role in the performance of thinly surfaced or unsurfaced pavements. In order to assess the strength-strain characteristics of soils and aggregates used in those layers, triaxial tests must be carried out on cylindrical specimens with diameter not smaller than 5 times the particle maximum size and height twice the diameter. Since Brazil National Roads Department allows using 2” aggregates in granular bases, specimens for triaxial tests should be at least 25 cm in diameter and 50 cm in height. All over the world there are only a few equipments for testing such specimens; and up to 2008 none of them in Brazil. Aiming at overcoming this deficiency and enhance the knowledge on the mechanical behavior of coarse aggregates, the objectives of research reported in this thesis were to develop a triaxial equipment capable of applying static, monotonic and repeated loadings on large specimens (25 cm x 50 cm) and perform and analyze the first tests. The design and assemblage of the equipment are describe, detailing its main components and the instrumentation, that included two load cells, three displacement transducers and two pressure transmitters. The first tests were carried out on specimens made of dense crushed aggregates, formerly used in APT test sections. Tests were also carried out on specimens with 10.0 cm diameter and 20.0 cm height, in order to compare their results to those of tests carried out in larger specimens tested in the new triaxial equipment. Resilient modulus tests were carried out according to the Brazilian standard, but some modifications were introduced to follow international patterns. Triaxial monotonic and repeated loading permanent deformation tests were carried out both in multiple stages and unique stage of stresses. The results were interpreted were calculated taking into account several theories and models, strength and strain parameters being obtained. A mechanistic analysis using parameters obtained in tests allowed analyzing the behavior of the studied aggregates making part of pavement layers. It is concluded the new triaxial equipment for large specimens fulfills the requirements that motivated its design and construction, making possible to obtain parameters for characterizing the behavior of coarse aggregates and estimating pavements performance regarding permanent deformation and shear failure of granular layers.

A deformação permanente é uma das principais patologias do revestimento asfáltico. Caracterizada pelo afundamento longitudinal do pavimento asfáltico, quando submetido ao carregamento de tensões elevadas. Conhecer o comportamento mecânico quanto à deformação permanente das misturas asfálticas é de grande relevância na busca da escolha correta da mistura a ser empregada no dimensionamento de um pavimento. O ensaio laboratorial que vem ganhando força no Brasil para avaliação do potencial de deformação plástica de misturas asfálticas é o ensaio uniaxial de carga repetida parametrizado pelo Flow Number (FN). Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa buscou analisar o comportamento à deformação permanente, através do ensaio uniaxial de carga repetida, de dez misturas asfálticas. Os materiais utilizados na pesquisa foram: agregados pétreos de origem basáltica e quatro diferentes ligantes asfálticos, a saber: concreto asfáltico denso - AMP 6085-E; concreto asfáltico denso – CAP TLA 30/45; concreto asfáltico gap-graded – AB-8 (com a incorporação de cal calcítica e cal dolomítica) e concreto asfáltico denso – CAP 30/45. As demais cincos misturas estudadas foram as mesmas, porém com a incorporação de um agente surfactante para redução das temperaturas de usinagem e compactação (misturas mornas). Os resultados mostraram que a mistura morna moldada com AMP 60/85 – E teve desempenho superior as demais misturas. O restante das misturas mornas apresentaram desempenho inferior ao das suas respectivas misturas quentes. Entre as misturas moldadas com AB-8 percebeu-se que a mistura (quente e morna) dosada com cal calcítica teve comportamento superior ao da mistura (quente e morna) com cal dolomítica, fator explicado pela quantidade superior de dióxido de cálcio disponível na cal. Quanto ao parâmetro FN, foi possível verificar que este parâmetro é mais sensível a taxa de deformação na zona secundária do que a magnitude de deformação sofrida pela mistura. Para um valor de FN igual a 300 (pistas de tráfego médio) reprovaria 6 das 10 misturas estudadas, sendo que as misturas com asfalto polímero e a mistura tipo gap-graded com AB-8 e cal calcítica foram as misturas de desempenho superior. / Rutting is one of the major distress types in asphalt pavements. It is characterized by the longitudinal permanent deformation and flow around the wheel path that occurs at the surface of an asphalt concrete pavement when subjected to high stresses. Understanding the mechanical behavior of permanent deformation development on asphalt mixtures is important to an appropriate choice of the mixture to be used in the pavement structure design. The uniaxial repeated load test, via the Flow Number (FN) parameter, has gained strength in Brazil to evaluate the plastic deformation development potential of asphalt mixtures. Hence, the present research attempted to analyze the permanent deformation behavior of ten asphalt mixes by means of the uniaxial repeated load test. The materials used in the research were basaltic stone aggregates and four different asphalt binders to fabricate the following mixes: Dense asphalt concrete with PMB 60/85-E; dense asphalt concrete with AC 30/45pen+TLA; gap-graded asphalt concrete with AR8 (calcitic lime and dolomitic lime added), and dense asphalt concrete with AC 30/45pen. The other five mixtures were the same, but with the incorporation of a surfactant additive to reduce mixing and compaction temperatures (warm mixtures). The results showed that the warm mix with PMB 60/85-E had a superior performance to the other mixtures. The other warm mixes studied displayed lower performance than their respective HMA. Among the mixtures with AR8, it was observed that both mixes (hot and warm) with added calcitic lime had superior behavior to both hot and warm mixes with dolomitic lime; arguably, an aspect explained by the higher quantity of available calcium dioxide available in the former lime. As for the parameter FN it was possible to verify that this parameter is more sensitive the rate of deformation in the secondary zone than the magnitude of the deformation suffered by the mixture. For a FN reference of minimum 300 cycles (medium traffic), 6 of the 10 mixtures studied would fail, being the mixtures with polymer modified binder and the gap-graded mixture with AR-8 and added calcitic lime the superior performance mixtures.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Apesar de simulaÃÃo de envelhecimento ser realizada em ligantes asfÃlticos atravÃs dos ensaios de RTFOT e PAV, nenhuma consideraÃÃo sobre envelhecimento de misturas à feita na caracterizaÃÃo laboratorial comum. O presente trabalho se concentra na incorporaÃÃo do envelhecimento na modelagem do comportamento mecÃnico de concretos asfÃlticos (CA) para carregamentos que induzem dano. Isto à feito atravÃs da combinaÃÃo de modelos e da adaptaÃÃo de procedimentos de envelhecimento existentes. O modelo de envelhecimento utilizado se baseia na evoluÃÃo de uma variÃvel interna de estado e à associado à disponibilidade de oxigÃnio, à temperatura e a quatro parÃmetros materiais. Estes parÃmetros sÃo relacionados à susceptibilidade ao envelhecimento, à cinÃtica de reaÃÃo e à dependÃncia sobre o histÃrico e sobre a temperatura de envelhecimento. O modelo permite estabelecer relaÃÃes entre diferentes processos de envelhecimento. Resultados em quatro estados de envelhecimento (em duas temperaturas diferentes) foram analisados, e os parÃmetros do modelo estimados. Capturar a dependÃncia do processo quanto à temperatura constitui uma contribuiÃÃo do trabalho quanto a resultados da literatura. O modelo de envelhecimento à acoplado à resposta viscoplÃstica e ao dano, comparando-se o comportamento nos diferentes estados. Quanto aos modelos de dano, esta dissertaÃÃo trata dos derivados da teoria do potencial de trabalho de Schapery para anÃlise da fadiga. O modelo simplificado de dano contÃnuo em meio viscoelÃstico (S-VECD) foi selecionado. Ensaios de Creep DinÃmico nÃo confinado foram utilizados para avaliar o efeito do envelhecimento na resistÃncia à deformaÃÃo permanente. AlÃm da modelagem mecÃnica do comportamento do CA usando modelos do Estado da Arte, tambÃm foram executados mÃtodos de caracterizaÃÃo em uso no Brasil (resistÃncia à traÃÃo, mÃdulo de resiliÃncia e ensaios de fadiga por compressÃo diametral). A possibilidade de se simular a resposta do material em vÃrias condiÃÃes de carga constitui uma vantagem do mÃtodo do Estado da Arte sobre o do Estado da PrÃtica, usado principalmente para comparar misturas. Concluiu-se que, dependendo das condiÃÃes do pavimento e da geometria das camadas, o envelhecimento nÃo necessariamente diminui a resistÃncia à fadiga, embora certamente melhore a resistÃncia à deformaÃÃo permanente. Isso acontece apesar de o envelhecimento produzir materiais menos tolerantes ao dano, i.e., materiais que rompem para estados de dano menos evoluÃdos. O procedimento para a caracterizaÃÃo do dano em misturas asfÃlticas foi implementado e espera-se ter contribuÃdo para um maior desenvolvimento da modelagem de misturas quanto ao envelhecimento.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Permanent deformation or rutting is a major distress in asphalt pavements. To predict permanent deformation of asphalt mixtures the dynamic creep test is often used in laboratory, with the result presented in terms of the so called flow number. However, for this work it was performed the triaxial repeated permanent deformation load test, a confined test that better represents field conditions. The models that incorporate the flow number do not represent the main zone of the dynamic creep test result, denoted secondary region, in which the permanent deformation rate of growth is constant. In this work the Shift Model was used, which is a viscoplastic model that accesses the permanent deformation from the superposition principles, i.e., time-temperature superposition and time-stress superposition. Thus, the asphalt mixtures were tested under different loading conditions, temperature, load time and rest period, in order to assess three parameters of the test: parameter C, which indicates where the secondary region begins (parameter that governs the primary region of the test); the parameter &#945; (alpha) is the slope of the secondary region; and the parameter B represents the level of permanent deformation of the secondary region. The results show that the TRLPD test is more severe than the conventional dynamic creep test. Nevertheless, the use of TRLPD test represents an advance in the understanding of the behavior of asphalt mixtures with respect to rutting performance, and has the advantage of allowing the use of results in computational simulations. / A deformaÃÃo permanente à um dos principais defeitos em pavimentos asfÃlticos. Para prever esta falha em revestimentos, por meio de ensaios laboratoriais, à frequentemente utilizado o ensaio de creep dinÃmico cujo resultado final à apresentado em termos do chamado flow number. No entanto, para este trabalho foi realizado o triaxial repeated load permanent deformation (TRLPD) test, que à um ensaio sob condiÃÃes de confinamento, a fim de melhor se aproximar das condiÃÃes encontradas em campo. Os modelos que incorporam o flow number nÃo representam a principal regiÃo de ensaio de creep dinÃmico, denominada regiÃo secundÃria, na qual o incremento de deformaÃÃo permanente cresce em valor constante. No presente trabalho utilizou-se o Shift Model, o qual à um modelo viscoplÃstico que avalia a deformaÃÃo permanente a partir da superposiÃÃo dos efeitos tempo-temperatura e tempo-tensÃo. Dessa forma, as misturas asfÃlticas foram testadas sob diferentes condiÃÃes de carregamento, temperatura, tempo de aplicaÃÃo de carga e perÃodo de repouso. Foram avaliados trÃs parÃmetros do ensaio em questÃo: o parÃmetro C, que fornece os dados de onde a regiÃo secundÃria se inicia (parÃmetro que governa a regiÃo primÃria do ensaio); o parÃmetro &#945; (alfa), que à o aclive da regiÃo secundÃria; e o parÃmetro B, que representa o nÃvel de deformaÃÃo permanente da regiÃo secundÃria. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o ensaio TRLPD à mais severo do que o ensaio convencional de creep dinÃmico, porÃm considera-se que a utilizaÃÃo de ensaios confinados representa um avanÃo para o entendimento do comportamento das misturas asfÃlticas quanto à resistÃncia à deformaÃÃo permanente das mesmas, e este traz a vantagem de poder ser usado em simulaÃÃes computacionais.