(in English) The aim of the diploma thesis is to reveal the particularities in the derivation of hypocorisms from names of foreign origin in Czech and in Russian on websites, related to films, TV-series and fanfiction. The first part of the diploma thesis is dedicated to the theoretical questions such as the difference in the semantics of hypocorisms and official personal names, the methods of derivation, typical for hypocorisms in Czech and in Russian and their usage. In the second part, the derivation of hypocorisms from names of foreign origin in Czech and in Russian on websites, related to films, TV-series and fanfiction is revealed.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar os topônimos referentes à hidrografia do município de São Bernardo do Campo e os referentes aos logradouros do bairro de Rudge Ramos, comparando-os, a fim de que através do nome se possa contar ou recontar diferentes aspectos da história local, considerando, para isso, fatores extralinguísticos presentes no ato da nomeação. Dentre estes aspectos está a observância de dois momentos distintos de nomeação: o primeiro, referente aos cursos dágua, em muitos momentos e juntamente com os principais caminhos e nomes de maior importância, mostra-se reflexo do ambiente físico ou social da época da nomeação; o segundo, acerca dos logradouros, se coloca como reflexo de um momento histórico mais recente, pós-imigração. Diante disso, consegue-se verificar que a ocupação do bairro pelos imigrantes, em especial de origem italiana, favoreceu a motivação toponímica. O desmembramento de antigas chácaras e sítios em loteamentos fez com que nos nomes estivessem refletidos os antropônimos dos proprietários. Na perspectiva de verificar dois momentos de nomeação, os nomes de origem indígena presentes no bairro de Rudge Ramos, traduzidos e catalogados em fichas lexicográfico-toponímicas, demonstram-se desvinculados do ambiente físico motivador. Por isso, verifica-se que são esses nomes indígenas, aqui caracterizados como formadores de um núcleo toponímico, resultado de um modismo. Os demais nomes indígenas, dos cursos dágua, relacionam-se com o ambiente que os motivou, não sendo, por isso, nomes transplantados. São, na verdade, nomes espontâneos e originais da região. A realidade toponímica da região mostra outros núcleos toponímicos. Está demonstrada, com a alta frequência de topônimos de natureza antropo-cultural no bairro e baixa frequência nos cursos dágua, a realidade de nomear os loteamentos com homenagens. Os cursos dágua, cujas nomeações são mais antigas, mostram aspectos históricos mais antigos da região, como a exploração do solo e da madeira. Além disso, este trabalho inscreve-se na linha metodológica de pesquisa do projeto ATESP (Atlas Toponímico do Estado de São Paulo) e em sua variação do Atlas das Cidades, considerando, além da organização dos topônimos em Fichas, a verificação da motivação toponímica dos nomes. / The purpose of this research is to analyse the toponimies related to the hidrografy of São Bernardo do Campo town and the ones related to place names of Rudge Ramos district, comparing them, in order to, through the name we can tell or retell different aspects of local history, considering, to do that, extralinguistics factories present in the designated act. Among these aspects, there is the observation of the two distinct moments of denomination: the first, related to the rivers, in many moments and together with the main paths and more important names, show reflexies of the phisic or social environment of the nomination period of time; the second, related to the Rudge Ramos place names, put itself as a reflex of a history moment more recent, post immigration. In face of this, we can verify that the occupation of the district by the immigrants, especial the ones from Italy, supported the toponimic motivation. The separation of the old ranchs into division of the land into lots or parcels made the names of the owners had been reflected in the place names. In the perspective of verifing two moments of nomination, the names of brazilian indian origin presents in Rudge Ramos district, translated and catalogged in lexicografy-toponimic cards, show themselves without bonds considerings the phisic environment motivator. Because of that, we verify that these indian names are, in this paper, characterized as formers of a toponimic core, a result of a manner. The other indian names, of the rivers, related themselves with the environment which motivated them, and because of that they are not transported names. They are, actually, spontaneouns names and originated in the area. The toponimic reality of the area shows others toponimic cores. It is demonstrated, with the high frequency of toponimies of cultural nature in the district and low frequency in the rivers, the reality of nominating the lots with homenages. The rivers, whose nominations are older, show historic aspects more antique, like the land and wood exploration. Besides that, this paper enrols in the methodologic research line of ATESP (Toponimic Atlas of São Paulo State) project and in the variation Atlas of the Cities, considering, apart from the organization of the toponimies into cards, the examination of the toponimic motivation of the names.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar os topônimos referentes à hidrografia do município de São Bernardo do Campo e os referentes aos logradouros do bairro de Rudge Ramos, comparando-os, a fim de que através do nome se possa contar ou recontar diferentes aspectos da história local, considerando, para isso, fatores extralinguísticos presentes no ato da nomeação. Dentre estes aspectos está a observância de dois momentos distintos de nomeação: o primeiro, referente aos cursos dágua, em muitos momentos e juntamente com os principais caminhos e nomes de maior importância, mostra-se reflexo do ambiente físico ou social da época da nomeação; o segundo, acerca dos logradouros, se coloca como reflexo de um momento histórico mais recente, pós-imigração. Diante disso, consegue-se verificar que a ocupação do bairro pelos imigrantes, em especial de origem italiana, favoreceu a motivação toponímica. O desmembramento de antigas chácaras e sítios em loteamentos fez com que nos nomes estivessem refletidos os antropônimos dos proprietários. Na perspectiva de verificar dois momentos de nomeação, os nomes de origem indígena presentes no bairro de Rudge Ramos, traduzidos e catalogados em fichas lexicográfico-toponímicas, demonstram-se desvinculados do ambiente físico motivador. Por isso, verifica-se que são esses nomes indígenas, aqui caracterizados como formadores de um núcleo toponímico, resultado de um modismo. Os demais nomes indígenas, dos cursos dágua, relacionam-se com o ambiente que os motivou, não sendo, por isso, nomes transplantados. São, na verdade, nomes espontâneos e originais da região. A realidade toponímica da região mostra outros núcleos toponímicos. Está demonstrada, com a alta frequência de topônimos de natureza antropo-cultural no bairro e baixa frequência nos cursos dágua, a realidade de nomear os loteamentos com homenagens. Os cursos dágua, cujas nomeações são mais antigas, mostram aspectos históricos mais antigos da região, como a exploração do solo e da madeira. Além disso, este trabalho inscreve-se na linha metodológica de pesquisa do projeto ATESP (Atlas Toponímico do Estado de São Paulo) e em sua variação do Atlas das Cidades, considerando, além da organização dos topônimos em Fichas, a verificação da motivação toponímica dos nomes. / The purpose of this research is to analyse the toponimies related to the hidrografy of São Bernardo do Campo town and the ones related to place names of Rudge Ramos district, comparing them, in order to, through the name we can tell or retell different aspects of local history, considering, to do that, extralinguistics factories present in the designated act. Among these aspects, there is the observation of the two distinct moments of denomination: the first, related to the rivers, in many moments and together with the main paths and more important names, show reflexies of the phisic or social environment of the nomination period of time; the second, related to the Rudge Ramos place names, put itself as a reflex of a history moment more recent, post immigration. In face of this, we can verify that the occupation of the district by the immigrants, especial the ones from Italy, supported the toponimic motivation. The separation of the old ranchs into division of the land into lots or parcels made the names of the owners had been reflected in the place names. In the perspective of verifing two moments of nomination, the names of brazilian indian origin presents in Rudge Ramos district, translated and catalogged in lexicografy-toponimic cards, show themselves without bonds considerings the phisic environment motivator. Because of that, we verify that these indian names are, in this paper, characterized as formers of a toponimic core, a result of a manner. The other indian names, of the rivers, related themselves with the environment which motivated them, and because of that they are not transported names. They are, actually, spontaneouns names and originated in the area. The toponimic reality of the area shows others toponimic cores. It is demonstrated, with the high frequency of toponimies of cultural nature in the district and low frequency in the rivers, the reality of nominating the lots with homenages. The rivers, whose nominations are older, show historic aspects more antique, like the land and wood exploration. Besides that, this paper enrols in the methodologic research line of ATESP (Toponimic Atlas of São Paulo State) project and in the variation Atlas of the Cities, considering, apart from the organization of the toponimies into cards, the examination of the toponimic motivation of the names.

The aim of this thesis is to examine and elucidate the introduction of new first names and the patterns of name giving from a social perspective based on material from baptismal registers. The region I have chosen to examine is Skellefteå and its surroundings 1791-1890. The point of departure is that the name giving may be considered a symbolic indication of the division between "us" and "them", based on constantly changing taste. During the period under examination, 1791-1890, 71 149 first names occur and 582 of which has been defined as new, i.e. first names that, as far as I know, did not exist in the area before the first example. Seen as the percentage of names occurring within different social groups the largest portion of new first names is introduced by the bourgeoisie and the smallest by the agrarian group. The new first names have been categorised as either a name choice or a name formation, with the former category containing more names than the latter. As regards categories of new names the bourgeoisie predominantly utilize name choice while for the agrarian group name formation predominates. The new pattern of name giving I have examined is the polyname system, which expands from the 18th Century onwards. The custom first grows in the name giving of girls, especially if born into the bourgeoisie. This social group also introduces the custom for the boys. When the custom of giving two names becomes too common in the region the bourgeoisie returns increasingly to one first name for the children, or to three or four names for each child. As regards the order of the new or old names, for boys the old name is generally placed first, especially among the agrarian group, if the two names are even in other respects e.g. have the same number of syllables. Once a new first name has been introduced it has to spread to survive. Of the 582 new names 422 spread and 160 do not. To examine the initial diffusion process from both a social and a geographical perspective 23 names have been chosen as representatives of different patterns of diffusion. The diffusion is described in terms of influence spreading from district to district or influence in the immediate surroundings. These two geographical aspects have been treated from a social perspective, in terms of a heterogeneous or homogenous social diffusion respectively. / digitalisering@umu

The aim of this thesis is to present and examine the names of the islands in the archipelago of Luleå innorthern Sweden. The basis for the studies is a collection of names, which contains written forms excerpted fromsources from the 14th to the 20th century and local pronunciations of old as well as modern names. The names ofthe islands in the collection have been studied from three aspects.The first study (chapter 2) deals with the structure of the names and especially that of names of islands in doublecompound. The lack of s in names like Storhäll-gründet, where dialects in the south of S weden and StandardSwedish would have Storhälls gründet, is the starting point of the investigation. (Some double compounds have sin the compounding link like Bullerskärs-grundet. They are also discussed.)The hypothesis advanced is that the dialectal distribution of the accent in the names in northern Sweden makes itpossible to show where the link in the double compound is, so the 5, which in Standard Swedish and in thedialects in the south of Sweden is needed to mark the semantic limit between the parts of the compound, is notneeded in the dialects of northern Sweden.The stress in double compounds of th e type AB-C (see above) is on the last element of the name or word: -——. Names in double compound of the type A-BC like Lill-Kvarnören have a different type of accent: — — 1with the stress on the first element of the name or word. The two different main accents in double compounds ofthe type AB-C and A-BC: J— — and — —1 have the status of markers showing where the compounding link inthe compound is, so the s is not needed in the compounds of the type AB-C in the dialects of northern Sweden.The study includes names of isl ands containing double compounds in the whole of Norrbotten and appellativedouble compounds from a collection of words from a village in Nederluleå.The second study (chapter 3) deals with the relationship between the names and the land uplift. The BothnianBay is an area of rapid land uplift. The land uplift has its highest estimated values, 0,9 meters in 100 years, on thecoast north of Skellefteå up to Luleå. Many names of islands have disappeared because the islands have beenuplifted, especially in what used to be large bays, now large shallow lakes like Persöfjärden. New water-surroundedareas have on the other hand been named like Sandgrönnorna, described from old maps from 1790 and fromphotographs from 1946.Chapter 3 consists of three sections, in which separate studies of names in relation to the land uplift are presented.The first section deals with the names ending in -gründet, -grunden. Originally names of under-water localities,they are now names of small islands and gründet has changed its denotation to 'small island' in the area.The second section in chapter 3 presents a method for the dating of names of island in uplifted areas. Many largeislands, now uplifted, still have the names they had as water-surrounded islands. By following the equidistancecurves around the locality it is possible to find out at what equidistance it was surrounded by water. Before thattime it must have been named as an island. That is terminus ante quem, TAO, for the name. The third sectiondeals with the names of vattung, which can be dated from the time of th eir rise above the sea level. A vattung, 5meters high, can thus be about 500 years old, terminus post quem, TPQ, about 1450. The studies presentedabove show that some names can be dated to the Viking Age.The third study (chapter 4) deals with the names of large islands and the colonization. The colonization period ofthe northern part of Sweden is reflected in many names of large islands containing personal names like Hertsönand Germandön. No archipelago in Scandinavia shows such an amount of names of islands containing personalnames. Most personal names are Nordic and can be compared to those in the names ending in -mark in Västerbottenand the south of Norrbotten. - Some of t he names of islands containing personal names have also beendated in chapter 3. They are among the oldest names in Nederluleå.In chapter 5 the names in the studies are put in relation to the historical and archaeological records in Norrbottenand can thus contribute to throwing light upon the colonization period of northern Sweden. / digitalisering@umu

Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2006. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Sept. 25, 2006). Thesis advisor: Richard J. Strange. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

nÃo hà / A pesquisa objetiva definir estratÃgias de conversÃo de registros bibliogrÃficos do formato MARC 21 para os esquemas de metadados MARCXML, Metadata Authority Description Schema (MADS) e Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS), por meio dos cabeÃalhos de autoridade de nomes e assuntos como categorias de anÃlise. Procedeu-se ao mapeamento dos subcampos com seus respectivos valores e o posterior cotejamento com as tags dos esquemas de metadados alvo da conversÃo. A pesquisa de carÃter exploratÃria e descritiva propiciada por levantamentos bibliogrÃficos e documentais adota a observaÃÃo sistemÃtica como tÃcnica viabilizadora da etapa empÃrica. Aborda o modelo entidade-relacionamento adotado pelosFunctional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) como ferramenta para modelar o relacionamento entre os atributos dos metadados em estudo e o formato MARC com as prescriÃÃes dos Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD)para os dados de autoridade de nome pessoal e os Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD) para os dados de autoridade de assuntos tÃpicos. A anÃlise preliminar demonstrou que a flexibilidade dos esquemas permite tratar redundÃncias e ambivalÃncias na representaÃÃo de nomes pessoais e seus atributos.Permite, ainda,a abordagem por meio de remissivas e qualificadores apropriados com Ãnfase nos aspectos ligados a sinonÃmia e polissemia dos cabeÃalhos de assuntos. Analisa a flexibilidade notacional de esquemas correlatos como o Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) na esteira da perspectiva de recursos de informaÃÃo interoperÃveis. Insere o vocabulÃrio Dublin Core na discussÃo e codificaÃÃo de metadados descritivos, o que possibilitou mapear limites e possibilidades deste vocabulÃrio no contexto bibliogrÃfico. Os resultados das conversÃes realizadas ilustraram o papel estratÃgico do modelo entidade-relacionamento como paradigma conceitual adotado pelos FRBR e, subsidiariamente pelos FRAD e FRSAD, na conduÃÃo das etapas de mapeamento e codificaÃÃo dos dados de autoridade de nome pessoal e assunto tÃpico de MARC para MADS e MODS. Foi observado que todos os campos e subcampos MARC analisados,alÃm de encontrarem seus equivalentes nos esquemas XML correspondentes, sÃo acrescidos de atributos relacionais que demonstraram efetividade nos vÃnculos que associam autores a papÃis assumidos nos recursos. Conclui que as estratÃgias de conversÃo aplicadas extraem o valor semÃntico do paradigma relacional preconizado pelos FRBR como elemento chave para alcance de expressividade, coerÃncia interna e sofisticaÃÃo das relaÃÃes sintÃticas e semÃnticas tÃo caras à efetividade dos catÃlogos. Sugere, a partir da literatura consultada e dos resultados verificados na etapa empÃrica, pesquisas que visem contemplar estratÃgicas de conversÃo de metadados com Ãnfase nos grupos 2 e 3 dos FRBR. / The objective of this research is to define strategies for converting bibliographic records from MARC 21 format to MARCXML, Metadata Authority Description Schema (MADS) and Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS) metadata schemas, through name and subject authority as analysis categories. The mapping of the subfields with their respective values and the subsequent collation with the tags of the metadata schemes target of the conversion were done. The exploratory and descriptive research provided by bibliographical and documentary surveys adopts systematic observation as a technique that enables the empirical stage. It ad-dresses the entity-relationship model adopted by the Functional Requirements for Biblio-graphic Records (FRBR) as a tool to model the relationship between the attributes of the metadata under study and the MARC format with the requirements of Functional Require-ments for AuthorityDescription (FRAD) and the Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD) for the topics subject authority data. The preliminary analysis showed that the flexibility of the schemas allows to treat redundancies and ambivalences in the representation of personal names and their attributes. It also allows the approach through appropriate refer-ences and qualifiers with emphasis on aspects related to synonymy and polysemy of subject headings. It analyzes the notational flexibility of related schemas such as Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) in the wake of the perspective of interoperable infor-mation resources. It inserts the Dublin Core vocabulary into the discussion and coding of de-scriptive metadata, which made it possible to map the limits and possibilities of this vocabu-lary in the bibliographic context. The results of the conversions carried out illustrated the stra-tegic role of the entity-relationship model as a conceptual paradigm adopted by the FRBR and, in a subsidiary way, by the FRAD and FRSAD, in the process of mapping and coding the personal name and subject matter authority data from MARC to MADS and MODS. It was observed that all the analyzed MARC fields and subfields, besides finding their equiva-lents in the corresponding XML schemas, are added with relational attributes that demon-strated effectiveness in the links that associate authors to roles assumed in the resources. It concludes that the applied conversion strategies extract the semantic value of the relational paradigm advocated by the FRBR as a key element for the reach of expressiveness, internal coherence and sophistication of the syntactic and semantic relations so dear to the effectiveness of the catalogs. It suggests, from the literature consulted and the results verified in the empiri-cal stage, researches that aim to contemplate strategies of metadata conversion with emphasis in groups 2 and 3 of FRBR.

Le présent travail constitue une analyse philologique et historique des plus anciens anthroponymes germaniques et slaves. Le corpus est composé d’anthroponymes germaniques attestés avant la fin du 5e siècle, d’anthroponymes germaniques féminins attestés avant la fin du 7e siècle, d’anthroponymes anglo-saxons attestés avant la fin du 9e siècle, d’anthroponymes slaves attestés avant la fin du 9e siècle et d’anthroponymes russes attestés avant la fin du 14e siècle. Ont été analysées les notions cultuelles et culturelles exprimées dans les noms personnels et partagées par deux peuples, tels que : la sacralité des héros élus par les dieux, la vénération des ancêtres et la croyance en leur renaissance, la croyance en les femmes-gardiennes, les esprits tutélaires, le désir et le souhait de richesse pour la descendance. La croyance en la force protectrice des anthroponymes apotropaïques est analysée sur l’exemple des noms exprimant des émotions négatives par rapport à l’enfant, des anthroponymes se rapportant au loup et des anthroponymes à caractère obscène. L’analyse des noms des femmes germaniques et slaves a permis d’expliquer la prédominance des anthroponymes belliqueux chez les premières et l’absence de ceux-ci chez les deuxièmes. / The present dissertation is a philological and historical analysis of the oldest Germanic and Slavic given names. The corpus comprises the Germanic names attested before the end of the 5th century, the names of Germanic women attested before the end of the 7th century, the Slavic names attested before the end of the 9th century and the Russian names attested before the end of the 14th century. I analyse the cultic et cultural notions expressed in the personal names and shared by both traditions such as: sacrality of the hero chosen by gods, veneration of the ancestors and belief in their rebirth, belief in female guardian spirits, the desire and hope of wealth for the progeny. The belief in the protective force of the apotropaic names isanalysed from examples of names expressing negative emotions toward the child, names referring to a wolf and names with an obscene meaning. The close examination of German and Slavic female names reveals and explains the predominance of warlike anthroponomical themes among the former and their absence among the latter.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study sought to examine independent clause Sesotho personal names as authentic social discourse using the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory. It sought to analyze their structure and map them to social functions to demonstrate that they are enacted messages in socio-cultural context of Basotho. It used a form-meaning approach to interpret Sesotho names in socio-cultural contexts of use (cf. Halliday 1994, 2001, Eggins, 1996, 2004 and Martin & Rose 2007) as an alternative to the current formalist approach to onomastica interpretation. The SFL analysis was compared and contrasted mainly with the formalist syntactic specific and semantic specific analyses currently in use by Guma, Sesotho Academy and subsequent authors of Sesotho grammar and other linguists. The purpose of displaying these names as texts in social context enfolded the intent to reflect a systemic interface of lexico-grammar and social activity. The study used the clause-text-culture paradigm to explore Sesotho names as texts or semantic units. The idea was to access their ‘meanings beyond the clause’ (Martin & Rose 2007). Data was collected from national examinations pass lists, admission and employment roll lists from Public, Private, Tertiary, Orphanage institutions. Other data was identified in Telephone directories and Media. The purely linguistic lexico-grammatic analysis of the structure of names was supplemented by interview data from real interpretations from families, owners and senior citizens who have social and cultural knowledge of the meanings of some names. The study has established that Sesotho personal names can present as an independent clause feature. Sesotho personal names can also be described as lexico-grammatical properties and are meaningful in social contexts. They are used to exchange information as statements, demands and commands, and as questions and as exclamations. This means that these names can be categorized according to Halliday’s Mood types which make them function as declaratives, imperatives, interrogatives and exclamatives depending on the awarder’s evaluation. The study also finds that in negotiating attitudes, modality is highly incorporated. The study concludes that Sesotho names conform to the logical structures of the nominal group and the verbal group and these groups reciprocate in use. The verbal group is the core constituent in these names and it serves as a foundation for the nominal and verbal groups particularly because they function as reciprocating propositions. This includes the names with the sub-modification features. This extends the formalist description of Sesotho independent clause in that the identified sub-modifications which are opague and taken for granted by formalist analysts of Sesotho, are explicated as essential elements embedded in the formmeaning relation in SFL. The main contribution is that this is the only study on SFL and onomastica. There is no study that has been conducted using SFL to describe African names. It presents that Sesotho personal names are texts that have been negotiated in socio-cultural contexts. It provides a major departure from most studies that have used the Chomskian formulations or other sociolinguistic theories to describe the naming systems. It displays the art and importance of language use based on experience and culture in the naming system. The study also contributes to fields such as education, history, and others. Lastly, the study has established a new relation of onomastica and SFL theory and onomastica can now be added to the areas “being recognized as providing a very useful descriptive and interpretive framework for viewing language as a strategic, meaning-making resource.” (Eggins 1996:1).

The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the ‘richness’ of the marking on personal names is an adequate indirect measure of a language’s case usage. The method uses parallel texts to identify, and group by lemma, names in over a thousand languages. These groupings are compared with data for case usage from a typological database for those languages for which it is available. This material is then used to test a method for assessing whether a language uses case or not. Results indicate that the maximum number of word types a proprial lemma is attested with in a text is a useful tool for inferring case usage. However, it only yielded clear results for a subset of the languages tested. It was not particularly useful for inferring the absence of case usage. Estimation of number of case categories was also performed. An entropy measure based on word types that a personal name lemma is attested with and the occurrences of these word types was used. It was found to be a fair indicator of number of case categories for languages, if somewhat inaccurate. Markings on languages which had no case were investigated. They were found to be of several types: pragmatic markers, non-case grammatical markers and case-like markers. Two languages with few markings on personal names and with case were investigated. They were found to not use any case marking on their personal names, but still use such markers on common nouns. This contrasts with a tentative generalization that this study is based on: ‘No languages have case marking exclusively in the domain of [personal names] or [common nouns].’ (Handschuh, 2017). / Denna studies syfte är att utvärdera om ’formrikedomen’ hos personnamnslexem är ett fungerande indirekt sätt att undersöka språks kasussystem. Parallella texter användes för att namnen hitta personnamn och gruppera dem efter lexem i över ett tusen språk. För den delmängd av språken där data om deras kasussystem fanns tillgänglig så jämfördes denna med grupperingarna. Resultaten indikerar att det maximala antalet ordformstyper som ett namnlemma observerades i är ett användbart verktyg för att hitta språk som använder kasus, men bara för en delmängd av testade språk. Det var däremot sämre på att hitta språk som inte använder kasus. En entropiuppskattning som var baserat på antalet ordformstyper ett personnamnslemma hittades med och antalet förekomster av dessa ordformstyper användes. Det var en okej indikator för antalet kasuskategorier, dock med något bristande träffsäkerhet. Personnamnsmarkeringar på språk utan kasus undersöktes. De funna typerna av markeringar var pragmatiska, kasuslika, och grammatiska icke-kasus. Två språk med kasus, men med få personnamns, undersöktes. De använder inte kasusmarkering på personnamn, men på sina substantiv, vilket bröt mot en hypotetisk generalisering som denna studie baserades på: Att inga språk har kasusmarkeringar endast på personnamn eller endast på substantiv.