Electric bikes have become a popular means of transportation over the years. This report examined whether or not it is plausible to upgrade old bicycles to electrical bikes, thereby, using the already existing bicycles and avoiding the need of unnecessary manufacturing. A prototype of the mountable motor was designed and manufactured. The device consisted of two units, a mounting unit and a motor unit. A controller was connected to the motor and could be placed on the handlebar. The controller both enabled control and monitoring of the power given to the motor. The prototype’s durability, potential velocity and control system were tested to answer the research questions and give recommendation to further developments of the project. No major malfunctions were found in the construction after testing. For a voltage of 12V and a payload of 22kg, the bicycle obtained a top speed about 3m/s. The control system gave a smooth transition between velocities with hardly any noise to the signals. / Den elektriska cykeln har under åren blivit ett populärt transportmedel. Denna rapport kommer att undersöka huruvida det är rimligt att uppgradera traditionella cyklar till elcyklar. Istället för att nyproducera elcykelramar kan redan befintliga cyklar användas. En prototyp av en monterbar och avtagbar cykelmotor byggdes. Prototypen bestod av två enheter, en infästningsenhet och en motorenhet. Motorenheten var kopplad till ett kontrollsystem som gick att fästa på styret. Via kontrollsystemet kunde man både kontrollera och övervaka effekten från motorn. Prototypens tålighet, potentiella hastighet och kontrollsystem testades för att besvara forskningsfrågorna och lägga en grund för vidareutveckling av konceptet. Det hittades inga allvarliga brister eller skador av konstruktionen efter testerna. Vid en motorspänning på 12V och en last på 22kg så nåddes en maxhastighet på lite över 3m/s. Kontrollsystemet gav en jämn övergång mellan de olika hastigheterna, utan påverkande brus i signalerna.

This Master´s Thesis is designed for services of the carriers on contractual personel transportation and taxi service especially in the Prague. Within the framework of this thesis legislative condition for personal transportation are examined. Thesis is describing the biggest carriers in personal transportation and taxi service. In the end the cell phone aplications, which deal with personal transportation are described.

This thesis deals with international road transport of passengers. It deals with legislation that is associated with this activity and the conditions that are imposed on international road transport operators. In the practical part deals with issues that are current in the field and tries to give instructions to their solution, or eliminate their negative impacts. It focuses primarily on the issue of safety, environmental and economic issues.

Literature on transportation planning and modeling is replete with the concept of a travel time budget. According to this concept, average daily travel times tend to be relatively constant. However, evidence from the 1983 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey and the 2001 National Household Travel Survey suggest that the average daily travel time has increased by 1.9 minutes per year. Understanding travel time expenditures is important for forecasting travel demand, especially future vehicle miles of travel. Historically, travel demand models considered vehicle availability and income as limiting factors for travel, but going forward time may be the constraint. As individuals spend more time devoted to travel, less time will be available for other activities. Therefore, future travel demand is dependent on people's willingness to spend time traveling. Growth of travel demand has been per capita based not just population based. This has been enabled by several cultural trends, including fewer children to care for; specialization of activities; multitasking during travel, for example, cell phone use can add value to travel time; seeking socialization away from home; and increases in real income enabling more activity participation. This study will report the increase in average daily travel time expenditures and analyze the increase by various demographic segments of the population. Travel time expenditures are also related to activity participation, the characteristics of the area, and many other interrelated factors at the person level. Aggregate values will be used to investigate the general relationships between daily travel time expenditures and socio-demographic characteristics. Careful consideration of the implications of the increase in travel time, as well as the changes in society that have contributed to these changes will be explored. The increase in travel time expenditures is likely to play a significant role in future travel demand growth in the United States and will impact the performance of the transportation system going forward. If travel time expenditures continue to grow, the hope for slowing VMT growth may not materialize. Understanding the mechanics of why people are traveling more will aid planners and modelers in estimating future travel demand.

The Personal Transportation System safeguards peoples’ cultural understanding of freedom: to move individually without being dependent on others. However, the increasing number of private vehicles driven on fossil fuels contributes to unsustainability and one of the most urgent issues, climate change. The authors explored electric vehicles as an alternative to fossil fuel driven vehicles as a way of moving strategically towards sustainability in the Personal Transportation System. In order to increase demand of electric vehicles, barriers need to be overcome. The authors identified perceived barriers and enablers through literature review, interviews with automobile dealers and other stakeholders of the EV sector in Southeast Sweden, as well as through an electronic survey of individuals living in this region. The outcome of the thesis is a pilot strategy using behavior change tools from Community-Based Social Marketing in order to address the perceived barriers and enablers on the demand side of the electric vehicle market. With highly positive attitudes towards electric vehicles in Southeast Sweden, the strategy may be successful in the region; however, it needs to be combined with further measures on the supply side of the market which cannot be addressed with behavior change tools.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the possibility of a dual-purpose electric vehicle. The vehicle should be able to be used for both commuting and racing. It also aims to describe different power limiting methods and their effect on performance. Lastly it hopes to see if the Swedish laws, as written today are reasonable. An electric longboard has been constructed for this purpose and several tests have been performed. A list of goals were set up for the board prototype. These included power output, running time, and that the board should have an audible warning device. The findings demonstrated that all tested power limiting methods worked and that the “Simple power limiting” method provided quickest movement over a fixed distance. Most of the goals were met by the prototype and the board’s two modes worked as planned. While the law is reasonable it can be improved to cover the diversity of electric vehicles. Further work may include better measurements and implementation of a dual microcontroller system. / Syftet med detta arbete är att testa möjligheten med ett två-läges personligt fordon. Fordonenet ska kunna användas för både pendling och tävling. Arbetet har även testat olika energilimeteringsmetoder samt undersökt hur dessa metoder påverkar prestandan. Arbetet har även försökt besvara frågan om det svenska lagarna, som det är skrivna idag, är lämpliga. En elektrisk longboard har konstruerats och flera test utförts. Ett antal målsättningar har definerats för prototypen. Dessa inkluderar: effekt, körtid och att brädan bör ha en ringklocka. Resultaten visar att alla metoder fungerade och att “Simple power limiting” var den som gav snabbast rörelse över den bestämda sträckan. Det flesta av målen nåddes av prototypen och brädans två lägen fungerade som tänkt. Dagens lagar är rimliga men kan förbättras för att täcka mångfalden av elektriska fordon. Framtida arbete kan inkludera bättre mätningar och implementation av ett system med två mikrokontroller.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the possibility of adual-purpose electric vehicle. The vehicle should be ableto be used for both commuting and racing. It also aims todescribe different power limiting methods and their effecton performance. Lastly it hopes to see if the Swedish laws,as written today are reasonable. An electric longboard hasbeen constructed for this purpose and several tests havebeen performed.A list of goals were set up for the board prototype. Theseincluded power output, running time, and that the boardshould have an audible warning device.The findings demonstrated that all tested power limitingmethods worked and that the “Simple power limiting” methodprovided quickest movement over a fixed distance. Most ofthe goals were met by the prototype and the board’s twomodes worked as planned. While the law is reasonable itcan be improved to cover the diversity of electric vehicles.Further work may include better measurements and implementationof a dual microcontroller system. / Syftet med detta arbete är att testa möjligheten med etttvå-läges personligt fordon. Fordonenet ska kunna användasför både pendling och tävling. Arbetet har även testat olikaenergilimeteringsmetoder samt undersökt hur dessa metoderpåverkar prestandan. Arbetet har även försökt besvarafrågan om det svenska lagarna, som det är skrivna idag, ärlämpliga. En elektrisk longboard har konstruerats och fleratest utförts.Ett antal målsättningar har definerats för prototypen. Dessainkluderar: effekt, körtid och att brädan bör ha en ringklocka.Resultaten visar att alla metoder fungerade och att “Simplepower limiting” var den som gav snabbast rörelse över denbestämda sträckan. Det flesta av målen nåddes av prototypenoch brädans två lägen fungerade som tänkt. Dagens lagarär rimliga men kan förbättras för att täcka mångfaldenav elektriska fordon. Framtida arbete kan inkludera bättremätningar och implementation av ett system med två mikrokontroller.

Resumé This thesis is focused on legal acts which are called carriage acts or transportation rules. Carriage acts are legal acts containing regulations of persons, luggage, objects and parcels transportation in all kind of types of domestic transportation. This text is divided into three parts which first is focused on historical development of carriage acts in our region, second part is focused on research of current forced carriage acts and third part is focused on comparison Czech and German carriage acts. First part of this text where historical development of carriage acts is examined, contains complete evolution and development of carriage acts from the very first one to the present day. The strongest emphasis is placed on railways carriage acts for their biggest importance of this kind of transportation in historical overview. In second part of this thesis current forced carriage acts are set in legal system and analyzed. In particular it is the Ordinance of Secretary of transportation no. 175/2000, Carriage act for public railway and road passenger transportation and Ordinance of government no. 1/2000, Carriage act for public railway cargo transportation. Last part of this thesis examine legal comparison of one of abovementioned carriage act (Ordinance of Secretary of transportation no. 175/2000,...