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The Influence of Social Norms and Personal Values on Charitable Giving BehaviorKvaran, Trevor Hannesson January 2012 (has links)
Although the non-profit sector is now the third largest sector of the global economy, relatively little is known about the psychological processes that underlie decisions to donate to charity. Across five experiments, the present research explores two factors that are thought to underlie giving: social norms and personal values. Study 1 elicits personal values and manipulates descriptive social norm information and finds that both of these factors influence giving behavior. Study 2 replicates these findings with injunctive norms in place of descriptive norms. Study 3 manipulates both descriptive and injunctive social norms within a single study and finds that while both have an influence on giving, they do not interact in any meaningful way with each other. Study 4 manipulates descriptive and injunctive norm information in the context of a realistic online donation decision and finds that both injunctive norms influence rates of giving, but that descriptive norm information alone influences willingness to give. Study 5 experimentally manipulates the costs and benefits associated with viewing social information and finds that while participants are willing to view social information when there are no associated costs, willingness to view information decreases dramatically under even very small costs. We conclude in Chapter 6 by discussing the implications of these findings and potential directions for future research.
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A single case design study evaluating the impact of a values-based positive self- affirmations intervention on eating disorder symptons in women with bulimia nervosaCullen, Ella January 2014 (has links)
Numerous studies have reported psychological benefits associated with the practice of values-based self-affirmation. However, there is little evidence regarding their clinical applicability. Many of the purported benefits of values-based self-affirmation are highly relevant to people with bulimia nervosa (BN). This study used a multiple case study design in order to investigate the effectiveness, underlying mechanisms and acceptability of a brief (three week) intervention focussing on the development and practice of values-based self-affirmations with people who have BN. Two participants were recruited from an Eating Disorders (ED) Service waiting list. They completed questionnaires measuring cognitions associated with ED, attitude towards change, self-esteem, self-compassion, body image acceptance, psychological flexibility, cognitive defusion, and SELF repertory grids over four time points. Following appointments qualitative data was collected, and on completion of the intervention participants were interviewed, regarding their experiences. Pre and post intervention behavioural measures of BN were also collected. The use of a personal values-based self-affirmation intervention was associated with reductions in behaviours associated with BN, enhanced attitude towards change and reduced discrepancy between self and ideal self. There was little convincing evidence that the intervention was associated with a reduction in cognitions associated with ED. A very small degree of change in a positive direction was observed in relation to self-esteem, self-compassion, body image acceptance, psychological flexibility and cognitive fusion. However, scores did not reflect Reliable Change in these processes. Overall, results appeared to be slightly better explained by theory underpinning Personal Construct Psychotherapy rather than Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. However, neither theoretical explanation fully accounted for the data. Participants generally found the intervention to be acceptable. The results add novel findings to the literature regarding the use of values-based self-affirmation within the treatment of BN. They suggest that a brief values-based self-affirmation intervention might be a useful adjunct to evidence based treatment of BN. However, the case study design that is utilised in this study limits the degree to which these results may be generalised and future research should explore this further.
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A Study of the Relationship Between Democratic Values, Intelligence and Temperament in Elementary and Secondary Teacher PopulationKosof, Peter L. 01 1900 (has links)
This study is concerned with the assessment of the values held by elementary and secondary teachers. The values measured are those which underlie the American democratic culture. In addition, the effects of intelligence, temperament and sex upon the subject's system of values, will be ascertained. The values measured in this study are the traditional concepts of American democracy and are embodied in the Constitution. The following phrases illustrate these concepts: Belief in human rights; Freedom of choice; Equality of opportunity; Respect for the individual; Individual initiative as opposed to the status quo; Flexibility--the ability to adapt to permit further development in the light of new discoveries; Belief in law; Sovereignty of people; Allowance of differing attitudes and philosophies.
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Juggling a way of being: A grounded theory of how one group of nurses navigates tension among personal and professional values 'in the moment'Mew, Heidi 02 August 2013 (has links)
Despite nursing’s espoused professional values of caring and social justice, some patients are stigmatized and receive discriminatory nursing care. There is a gap in existing literature about how nurses deal with the tension they experience when personal and professional values collide. The purpose of this study was to generate a substantive theory of the process that nurses use when faced with values tension in clinical practice and how this affects their behaviour. Using constructivist grounded theory methodology informed by symbolic interactionism and critical social theory, the theory of Juggling a Way of Being was co-constructed with data obtained through interviews with registered nurses (n=8) who provide frontline care in an emergency department in Atlantic Canada. The study’s findings revealed a process fraught with tension as nurse participants assimilated internal and external stressors, adjusted the patient-centered/nurse-centered lens according to their interpretation of the situation, and achieved a point of action or inaction. Implications for nursing practice and administration, education and research are discussed.
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The role of personal values in Millennial men’s perception of clothing store image and store choicesDiedericks, Lizette January 2019 (has links)
South African clothing retailers are currently struggling to obtain and retain market share as a result of the challenging economic climate, new international market entrants and changes in consumer behaviour (MarketLine, 2018). In particular, consumer behaviour relating to men’s clothing is changing and for the first time in decades, menswear is dominating the South African clothing retail industry (MarketLine, 2018; Hastreiter & Marchetti, 2016). A lucrative market segment is the Millennial generation, born between 1980 and 2000 (Cham, Ng, Lim & Cheng, 2018; Cho, 2017). Consequently, knowledge on the clothing consumer behaviour of specifically Millennial men is crucial and the topic is still under explored, resulting in a research gap, which inspired this study. The store image perceived by the consumer has a direct influence on store choice and is important for retailer success. Since personal values ultimately drive consumer decision-making, an understanding of the personal values that motivate store choice may assist clothing retailers with their positioning (store image) to obtain customer loyalty and a sustainable competitive advantage. Gutman (1982) means-end chain (MEC) theory explains that consumers make choices based on the product/store attributes that they perceive as ultimately assisting them in reaching the desirable end-state (personal value). An MEC is a hierarchical structure that consists of three main interconnected levels, namely, attributes (means), consequences and personal values (ends), which are organised according to the level of abstraction. This study applied the MEC as a theoretical framework for exploring and understanding the role of Millennial men’s personal values in their perception of store image and their store choice.
Laddering is a probing technique that is used specifically in MEC studies to uncover underlying motivations for behaviour. This technique can be used in qualitative studies (where it is referred to as soft laddering) and also in quantitative studies (where it is referred to as hard laddering). This exploratory mixed-method study started with an initial qualitative phase and the findings were subsequently used to develop the measuring instrument for the second quantitative phase. The second quantitative phase specifically used the Association Pattern Technique (APT), a hard laddering technique developed by Ter Hofstede, Audenaert, Steenkamp and Wedel (1998). Using a series of matrices, the APT reveals how consumers link desirable attributes, sought-after consequences and personal values. Using non-probability sampling methods (i.e. convenience-, snowball and quota sampling), 25 participants were recruited in the first phase and 408 workable questionnaires were obtained during the second phase. The personal in-depth interviews conducted during phase 1 used soft laddering and elicited the attributes and consequences that are pivotal in clothing store choice. Together with these attributes and consequences, the ten basic personal values of Schwartz (1992) and colleagues (2001; 2014) were used to develop the matrices for the measuring instrument used in phase 2. During this phase, data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire that was completed online.
The findings of this study indicate that hedonism ultimately motivates store image and store choice. Although the personal values of “self-direction”, “achievement” and “power” were also indicated as motivational drivers within different demographic subsets and different types of clothing retailers, “hedonism” unequivocally was found to be the most relevant personal value. It is therefore hedonism that influences Millennial men’s clothing store image and store choice. From this study it is recommended that clothing retailers in South Africa, targeting the Millennial male, pay specific attention to hedonism in terms of the design and implementation of their marketing strategies to give credit to consumers’ need to associate with a store image that projects a pleasurable experience. Clothing retailers that can successfully position themselves accordingly, will most likely be favoured. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Consumer Science / PhD / Unrestricted
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The Importance of Considering Approach and Avoidance in the Study of Personal ValuesKhaligh, Nicholas Kian January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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Values and attitudes toward social and environmental accountability: A study of MBA students.Fukukawa, Kyoko, Shafer, W.E., Lee, G.M. January 2007 (has links)
No / Efforts to promote corporate social and environmental accountability (SEA) should be informed by an understanding of stakeholders' attitudes toward enhanced accountability standards. However, little is known about current attitudes on this subject, or the determinants of these attitudes. To address this issue, this study examines the relationship between personal values and support for social and environmental accountability for a sample of experienced MBA students. Exploratory factor analysis of the items comprising our measure of support for SEA revealed two distinct factors: (1) endorsement of the general proposition that corporations and executives should be held accountable for the social and environmental impacts of their actions; and (2) agreement that the government should adopt and enforce formal SEA standards. Our findings indicate that the universalism value type is positively associated with general support for SEA, but not with support for government enforcement of accountability standards. In addition, we found that gender has a significant impact on support for government enforcement of SEA standards.
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A influência de valores pessoais e de realização de valores pessoais no ambiente organizacional (RVP) nos valores organizacionaisMaurino, Sandra Ventura 20 April 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-04-20 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The aim of this study was to assess the influence of personal values and achievement of personal values in the organizational environment (RVP) in the organizational values perceived by employees as charged. Personal values are desirable goals that serve as guiding principles in people's lives, while organizational values are goals shared by the employees that guide the life of the organization. The achievement of personal values in the organizational environment (PVR) is the intensity with which personal values are held by individuals in the organization in which they operate. The research, descriptive and exploratory and quantitative, was held in three companies, two of the technology industry and financial services through the application of an instrument containing three questionnaires, personal values, organizational values and PVR, developed from the theory of basic values of Schwartz. According to this theory, the values of social entities individual or collective, are categorized into four poles or higher- rder values, opposed two by two (self-transcendence versus self-promotion, openness to change versus conservation). For the treatment of data we used descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple linear regression, and the technique of Multidimensional Scaling for validation of theoretical constructs. Three organizational values of second order (openness to change, conservation and self-promotion) regression models showed statistically significant, and variables to hold personal values in the organizational environment that most appear as independent variables in relation to personal values. However, the coefficients of determination low point in the direction that other factors, in addition to personal values and their implementation in the organizational environment influence organizational values. / O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência de valores pessoais e de realização de valores pessoais no ambiente organizacional (RVP) nos valores organizacionais percebidos pelos empregados como praticados. Valores pessoais são metas desejáveis que servem como princípios na vida do indivíduo, enquanto valores organizacionais são metas compartilhadas pelos empregados, que orientam a vida da organização. A realização dos valores pessoais no ambiente organizacional (RVP) é a intensidade com que os valores pessoais são realizados pelos indivíduos na organização na qual atuam. A pesquisa, de natureza descritivo-exploratória e de tipo quantitativo, foi realizada em três empresas multinacionais, duas do segmento de tecnologia e uma de serviços financeiros, por meio da aplicação de instrumento contendo três questionários: de valores pessoais, RVP e valores organizacionais, desenvolvidos a partir da teoria de valores básicos de Schwartz. Segundo esta teoria, os valores de entidades sociais individuais ou coletivas, encontram-se categorizados em quatro pólos ou valores de ordem superior, que se opõem dois a dois (autotranscendência versus autopromoção; abertura à mudança versus conservação). Para o tratamento de dados utilizou-se estatística descritiva, análise de correlações e regressão linear múltipla, além da técnica de Multidimensional Scaling para validação teórica dos construtos. Três valores organizacionais de segunda ordem (abertura à mudança, conservação e autopromoção) apresentaram modelos de regressão estatisticamente significativos, sendo as variáveis de realização de valores pessoais em ambiente organizacional as que mais aparecem como variáveis independentes significantes relativamente aos valores pessoais. No entanto, os coeficientes de determinação baixos, apontam na direção de que outros fatores, além de valores pessoais e sua realização no ambiente organizacional influenciam os valores organizacionais.
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Att förstå och leda sig själv : Nya vägar för personlig utveckling? / To understand and manage oneself : New methods for personal developmentOlofsson, Roy January 2016 (has links)
Studien syftar till att ta reda på vad ett begränsat antal medarbetare upplever att de lärt sig/utvecklat efter deltagande i en värderingsorienterad personlighetsutvecklingsprocess på sin arbetsplats med avseende på självkännedom, engagemang och utveckling.Metoden har varit kvalitativa intervjuer och visst stöd av grafiska resultat som ingår i processen. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten har varit att undersöka KASAM (känslan av mening) (Antonovsky, 1991) och dess utveckling hos en liten grupp i ett företag.Resultaten i sig är tydliga, vid genomgång av intervjuerna framgår följande teman: självkännedom, relationer och kommunikation, visioner/framtid, lärande samt lednings- och gemensamma frågor. I samtliga dessa delar finns det enligt respondenterna märkbara resultat där individutvecklingen förefaller bestående medan den organisationspåverkande delen som var märkbar i början hamnat i avtagande och troligen måste underhållas på ett medvetet sätt.
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A Descriptive Study of Value Systems Within ReligionPryor, Dan 05 1900 (has links)
The purpose of this study was to determine the various value levels that may be affecting communication in the church and to discover the predominant levels of psychological existence.
Data was collected using the Value for Religion test. A total of 288 college and seminary students were tested. Comparisons of the differing scores of demographic variables formed the bases of the conclusions drawn in the study. Significant relationships were found between one's personal value cluster and sex, career intention, and type of college attended.
Much research is still needed in the area of value levels in religion. Hopefully, this research will contribute to the success of religion in the future.
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