This dissertation studies on the representation of internal immigrants in Peruvian fiction and film of the last three decades. I analyze two novels, Cronwell Jara's Montacerdos (Lima, 1981), and Julio Ortega's Adiós, Ayacucho (Lima, 1986), and the award-winning film La teta asustada (Perú-Spain, 2009) by Claudia Llosa. These works deal with the conflicting relationship between Lima, as both the site of a rational order and the locus of modernization, and the immigrant subject, and the strategies the latter uses for settling in the city and grasping its cultural codes. The first chapter examines the representation of the so-called "ciudad letrada" ("lettered city") in Cronwell Jara's Montacerdos as an obstacle for the newly-arrived illiterate internal immigrants in their fruitless efforts to become "citizens". I analyze the much debated relationship between orality and literacy as it is represented in the novel, centering on the ways in which the immigrant's narrative voice appropriates and deterritorializes the city's writing system by relocating the rural "Other" within the urban landscape. The second chapter studies Julio Ortega's Adiós, Ayacucho, one of the earliest literary works denouncing the political violence unleashed by the civil war that pitted subversive armed movements against the Peruvian state from 1980 through 1992. Given that the protagonist is a victim of forced "disappearance", I focus on the figure of the "disappeared" as well as on the development of political violence in general, and how the two subjects are fictionalized in the novel. I argue that the protagonist's dead body serves as a metaphor for the concept of memory but also for that of the Peruvian nation and its history of conquest and colonial domination. This chapter also examines the novel's critique of the role of the intellectual in representing the 'subaltern' subject. The third chapter centers on Claudia Llosa's La teta asustada and draws on psychoanalytical and film theory in order to analyze the film's depiction of violence against women during the civil war. I examine the director in her filmic account of a woman's process of adaptation to the city. This woman is emblematic of the intense drama suffered by internally displaced persons in Perú. In this chapter I take a Lacanian perspective to analyze the voice as an object of enjoyment and observe its subsequent fetishization. I argue that the voice works as a metaphor for the relationship that the main character establishes with the city, and with the economic system that governs it.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / The study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale (OCS) in 214 police and members of the armed forces (M age = 29.33 years, SD = 11.28). The one-dimensionality and satisfactory reliability of OCS were confirmed with confirmatory factor analysis, Item Response Theory analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, and McDonald’s omega. The scale is useful for identifying individuals with low levels of persistent and disturbing thoughts about COVID-19. COVID-19 obsession was associated with COVID-19 fear, anxiety, and depression. The OCS is suitable for investigating the psychological impact of COVID-19 on members of the police and armed forces.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Peruvian Sign Language Recognition (PSL) is approached as a classification problem. Previous work has employed 2D features from the position of hands to tackle this problem. In this paper, we propose a method to construct a dataset consisting of 3D spatial positions of static gestures from the PSL alphabet, using the HTC Vive device and a well-known technique to extract 21 keypoints from the hand to obtain a feature vector. A dataset of 35, 400 instances of gestures for PSL was constructed and a novel way to extract data was stated. To validate the appropriateness of this dataset, a comparison of four baselines classifiers in the Peruvian Sign Language Recognition (PSLR) task was stated, achieving 99.32% in the average in terms of F1 measure in the best case. / Revisión por pares

In recent years, the giant squid processing industry in Peru exhibited a 59% increase in exports with respect to 2018. According to estimates, this industry generates approximately 30,900 jobs per year. However, some SMEs experience low productivity, such as the PECEPE company, due to plant downtime. This represents 26% of the available time, which translates into the loss of 1760 tons every year. The most constraining external factor the sector faces is uncertainty in resource availability caused by changing weather conditions and informal fishing activities. Although there is a large number of research studies on the fishing industry and resource extraction, literature on processing plant operations is scarce. Within this context, this study seeks to promote a high impact sector in Peru, as well as fostering processing plant competitiveness and productivity. Hence, to address these issues, the authors propose a maintenance management model under the TPM approach. As part of the results from model implementation, a 39% decrease was reported in plant downtime, while maintenance costs also decreased by 16%, which, in turn, increased machine availability and production by 784 tons per year.

Currently, small- and medium-sized enterprises face order fulfillment issues, thus generating reduced service levels. In addition, these companies are usually not aware of the importance of continuous improvement tools or of training staff as a mitigation strategy for this situation. Within this framework, the authors performed a literature review to compile production models through which downtimes could be reduced. The production model designed therefrom comprises Lean Manufacturing and work study tools within a Change Management approach. This design focuses on model implementation by small companies without requiring large investment, cutting-edge technology, or qualified personnel. Finally, an application case study was conducted in a small textile manufacturing company located at the Gamarra Fashion Center in Lima, Peru. The results that were reported revealed that late order fulfillment instances reduced by up to 18%, which had an impact on downtimes, unnecessary movements, and in-process inventory levels, thus increasing productivity by 85%.

El presente trabajo analiza el riesgo país de la economía peruana, poniendo énfasis en el efecto del precio del cobre. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura de las variables macroeconómicas y factores internacionales que influyen en el Riesgo país. Además, se estudia su relación con el precio del cobre y a los mecanismos de transmisión. En primer lugar, se analiza un modelo MCO para determinar la relación de las variables con el Embig, pero no cumple con el supuesto de homocedasticidad, debido principalmente a que la variable Embig es una variable financiera, por lo que se plantea un modelo GARCH. Los principales resultados son que el precio del cobre, el tipo de cambio, la relación entre Deuda y PBI, tienen un impacto significativo en el Embig. Las variables de cobre y liquidez en dólares poseen un efecto negativo sobre el Riesgo país. Además, el Embig, responde significativamente a la volatilidad en la actividad económica internacional, medido por los bonos americanos a vencimiento de tres meses, y el VIX. / This paper analyzes the country risk of the Peruvian economy, emphasizing the effect of the price of copper. A literature review of the macroeconomic variables and international factors that influence the country risk is made. In addition, its relation with the price of copper and the transmission mechanisms are studied. First, an MCO model is analyzed to determine the relationship of the variables with the Embig, but it does not comply with the homocedasticity assumption, mainly because the Embig variable is a financial variable, so a GARCH model is proposed. The main results are that the price of copper, the exchange rate and the relationship between Debt and GDP have a significant impact on Embig. The copper and liquidity variables in dollars have a negative effect on the Country Risk. Besides, Embig responds significantly to the volatility in the international economic activity, measured by the American bonds with a three-month maturity, and the VIX. / Trabajo de investigación

El calcio es un micronutriente que cumple una importante función estructural y participa en diversos procesos de nuestro organismo. Por ello, es muy importante su inclusión en la alimentación. Tras revisar varios artículos, se identificó que en diversos países la población no llega a cubrir sus requerimientos diarios de calcio. Una de las causas es por la promoción del consumo de alimentos vegetales como fuente de este mineral sin considerar su biodisponibilidad. En la primera etapa del estudio se realizó una revisión de la literatura y se seleccionaron estudios científicos publicados en revistas de cuatro bases de datos distintas. En la segunda etapa se muestran los contenidos de calcio en 71 alimentos seleccionados de la Tabla Peruana de Alimentos y su biodisponibilidad por porción de consumo. Además, se averiguaron los costos por porción en mercados y supermercados de Lima Metropolitana. Los resultados muestran que el brócoli y los lácteos son los alimentos que tienen mayor biodisponibilidad de calcio con un 61% y 32% respectivamente. Sin embargo, la porción de consumo habitual del brócoli es pequeña comparada a los lácteos, lo que hace que no se obtenga suficiente cantidad de este micronutriente. ​Se concluye que, para satisfacer las necesidades de calcio los lácteos son la mejor opción y que, si bien hay algunos alimentos de origen vegetal que pueden aportar gran cantidad de calcio y el costo de la porción de algunos puede ser accesible, su biodisponibilidad por porción de consumo es baja comparada a los lácteos. / Calcium is a micronutrient that plays an important structural function and participates in various processes of our body. Therefore, its inclusion in food is very important. After reviewing several articles, it was identified that in several countries the population does not meet their daily calcium requirements. One of the causes is the promotion of the consumption of plant foods as a source of this mineral without considering its bioavailability. In the first stage of the study, a review of the literature was carried out and scientific studies published in journals of four different databases were selected. The second stage shows the calcium contents in 71 selected foods from the Peruvian Food Table and its bioavailability by consumption portion. In addition, the costs per portion in markets and supermarkets of Lima Metropolitana were found. The results show that broccoli and dairy are foods that have the highest bioavailability of calcium with 61% and 32% respectively. However, the usual consumption portion of broccoli is small compared to dairy, which means that not enough of this micronutrient is obtained. ​ It is concluded that, to meet calcium needs dairy is the best option and that, while there are some plant-based foods that can provide a lot of calcium and the cost of portioning some may be accessible, their bioavailability by consumption portion is low compared to dairy products. / Tesis

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Women's organizations in informal settlements located in peri-urban areas of Peruvian Amazon cities have been carrying out programs for solving nutrition, food, health, and income generation problems in their communities. This is a way of women's local action of self-help and self-reliance to transform their marginalized ways of living. This study focuses on two factors in the scope of women's organizations: (1) to examine what causes household participation in women's organizations. (2) To explore what type of women's empowerment leads to social development, assuming that women go through a process of empowerment as a result of their participation in women's organizations. The study data consists of a case study in one informal settlement in Pucallpa, 9 de Octubre, and key-informant interviews of women participating in women's organizations, and life histories of four women leaders. The quantitative analysis focuses on three hypotheses: (1) Single women-headed households participate more frequently in women's organizations than men-headed households. (2) Households with children under six years old are more likely to participate in women's organizations than households without. (3) Households in remote locations of the informal settlement are more likely to participate in women's organizations. The qualitative analysis focuses in three areas: (1) women's roles as community managers, (2) women's organizations as agents to produce structural change and (3) the relationship between women's organizations and women's empowerment. Findings cast doubt upon the first hypothesis by showing that single women-headed households were not economically vulnerable as it was expected and that their participation in women's organizations was not as frequent as the participation of men-headed households. Furthermore, men-headed households seem to benefit more from women's organizations than single women-headed households. The presence of children does not predict participation in women's organizations. Also, it is interesting that households in more remote and inaccessible locations seem to participate more in women's organizations. The study develops the argument that women's organizations, which bring in knowledge and more than partial problem-solving solutions, contribute to women's empowerment and household change that lead to social development. The study concludes that the types of empowerment that lead to social development are the cultural, and social because they are the ones that are more effective in bringing changes at the household and community levels. However, the economic empowerment should not be disregarded and should be considered in the formula because it provides one of the prime needs of urban poor women: income in their household. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning