L'insuffisance cardiaque (IC) reste la cause majeure de morbimortalité dans les pays industrialisés justifiant ainsi la recherche de traitements plus ciblés. Caractérisée par des désordres métaboliques importants qui impliquent notamment une dysfonction mitochondriale, le métabolisme énergétique apparait comme une composante majeure du développement de l'IC. Ces dernières années, le co-activateur transcriptionnel PGC-1α a été proposé comme un acteur central du contrôle de la fonction mitochondriale et constitue ainsi une cible thérapeutique d'intérêt. Ainsi, l'objectif principal de ce travail est de développer un test cellulaire robotisé permettant la recherche d'activateurs de PGC-1α dans un contexte cardiaque.La mise en place de ce test cellulaire de criblage dans des cellules H9c2 différenciées en cellules pseudo-cardiaques a permis l'identification de trois familles majeures : les hormones stéroïdiennes, les vitamines B et les acides gras, capables d'activer l'expression de PGC-1α et par ce biais d'induire une biogenèse mitochondriale ainsi qu'une augmentation de la respiration mitochondriale. La validation de ces effets dans des cardiomyocytes de rat adulte a permis d'une part de valider la pertinence du test et du choix du modèle cellulaire et d'autre part de vérifier qu'une induction de l'expression de PGC-1α se répercute bien sur la cascade transcriptionnelle de la biogenèse mitochondriale. Ce test constitue donc un atout majeur dans le recherche de nouveaux activateurs de PGC-1α pour mieux comprendre ses mécanismes de régulation dans le cœur, mais offre aussi des perspectives intéressantes pour la recherche de composés pharmacologiques à visée thérapeutique.Par ailleurs, peu de connaissances sont disponibles dans la littérature concernant le contrôle de la biogenèse mitochondriale dans le muscle lisse vasculaire et plus particulièrement dans l'hypertension artérielle. Ainsi, la deuxième partie de ce travail a été de caractériser la biogenèse mitochondriale dans un contexte d'hypertension. A travers l'utilisation d'un modèle expérimental d'hypertension et après confirmation dans des cellules musculaires lisses en culture, nous avons montré une induction importante de la biogenèse mitochondriale dans l'hypertension par un mécanisme stress oxydant-dépendant. De plus, cette induction est corrélée à une forte activation de la CaMKII, totalement bloquée par la présence d'un anti-oxydant : le resvératrol. Ces résultats suggèrent donc un contrôle de la biogenèse mitochondriale dépendante de la balance pro/anti-oxydante via l'activation de la CaMKII dans le muscle lisse vasculaire.

Dans un premier temps, nous avons observé la chronologie des altérations de la biogenèse et de la fonction mitochondriale dans les ventricules droit (VD) et gauche (VG) et le muscle gastrocnémien (GAS) dans un modèle animal d'hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP). Nous avons constaté une diminution précoce des facteurs impliqués dans la biogénèse mitochondriale du GAS. Plus tard, les mêmes anomalies apparaissaient dans le VD. Au stade décompensé de l'insuffisance cardiaque droite s'ajoutaient une diminution de la protéine PGC-1 , de l'activité de la citrate-synthase et de la respiration mitochondriale. L'expression des ARNm et la respiration mitochondriale du VG n'étaient pas modifiées de façon significative.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié l'effet de l'entraînement en mode excentrique sur le même modèle d'HTAP. La survie des rats entraînés n'était pas différente de celle des rats sédentaires et la tolérance hémodynamique évaluée par échocardiographie et cathétérisme cardiaque a été bonne. Le bénéfice de l'entraînement s'est traduit par une augmentation de la vitesse maximale de course dans les deux groupes entraînés, malades et témoins.

La mitochondrie fournit l'énergie nécessaire au fonctionnement cellulaire, grâce au mécanisme de phosphorylation oxydative. Cette fonction nécessite une expression coordonnée des génomes nucléaires et mitochondriaux assurée par la famille de coactivateurs transcriptionnels PGC-1 (Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ Coactivator-1), sensibles aux signaux endogènes et/ou environnementaux. Une régulation plus fine de la phosphorylation oxydative par des miRNAs est maintenant soupçonnée. Afin de préciser ces différents modes de régulation dans des modèles cellulaires de carcinomes thyroïdiens, nous avons exploré la voie PRC-dépendante (PGC-related coactivator) et les miRNAs spécifiquement exprimés dans ces modèles présentant une richesse en mitochondries et des niveaux de PRC et de PGC-1α différents. Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence miR-218 comme marqueur clé de régulation de la fonction mitochondriale. Au-delà de la régulation de l'expression génique, une fourniture énergétique adéquate nécessite également une répartition optimale des mitochondries au sein de la cellule, grâce à d'étroites connexions entre le cytosquelette et la mitochondrie. Des peptides issus de la sous-unité légère des neurofilaments, dont le NFL-TBS.40-63, sont capables d'entrer spécifiquement dans les cellules de glioblastomes humains et d'y déstabiliser le réseau microtubulaire, conduisant à la mort cellulaire par apoptose. Pour étudier l'impact de ce peptide sur le réseau de mitochondries et leurs fonctions, nous avons traité le modèle cellulaire de glioblastomes humains T98G, par différentes concentrations de NFL-TBS.40-63. Ce travail révèle une perturbation du réseau de mitochondries et une diminution de la respiration mitochondriale dans les cellules exposées. L'ensemble de ces travaux doit permettre le développement de traitements ciblés de la fonction mitochondriale.

O sulforafano (SFN) é um composto natural que possui propriedades antioxidantes, estimulando, principalmente, o sistema antioxidante endógeno celular. Este composto está associado a uma via clássica de ativação, a via do fator eritroide nuclear tipo 2 (Nrf2). Entretanto, estudos mais recentes têm demonstrado que a ação do SFN também pode se dar pela via do coativador 1-alfa do receptor ativado por proliferador do peroxissoma (PGC-1α). A diferença da via de ativação pelo SFN parece ter relação com o tempo de exposição das células a este composto. Visto que o SFN é uma importante estratégia terapêutica no combate ao estresse oxidativo, que está relacionado ao desenvolvimento de diversas doenças cardiovasculares, a investigação do seu mecanismo de ação é necessária. A análise in vitro é uma ferramenta importante para a investigação das vias e tempos de incubação envolvidos na ação antioxidante do SFN. Sendo assim, a cultura primária de cardiomiócitos de ratos adultos é um dos modelos que pode ser utilizado, sendo a sua principal vantagem, o fato da fisiologia destas células se aproximar mais das condições fisiológicas in vivo. O objetivo deste estudo, então, foi analisar a estimulação de defesas antioxidantes feita pelo SFN, através das vias do Nrf2 e do PGC-1α, em tempos diferentes, utilizando a técnica de cultura de cardiomiócitos adultos. Ratos Wistar machos foram eutanasiados, para que seus corações fossem retirados e submetidos ao processo de isolamento de células cardíacas, em aparelho de Langendorff modificado. As células foram isoladas através da perfusão do coração com solução de Krebs e colagenase tipo II, por um período de 30 minutos. Após isso, as células isoladas foram plaqueadas e mantidas em incubadora a 37°C e 5% de CO2. Foi realizado o tratamento com 5 μM de SFN e/ou 5 μM de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). As células foram divididas nos seguintes grupos experimentais: Controle, SFN, H2O2 e SFN+H2O2. Os grupos foram subdivididos em dois tempos de incubação: 1 e 24 horas. Foram realizadas as análises dos níveis totais de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e de lipoperoxidação (LPO); atividade das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa s-transferase (GST); expressão proteica das isoformas citosólica (SOD-1) e mitocondrial (SOD-2) da SOD, e dos fatores Nrf2 e PGC-1α. Os resultados do trabalho mostram que, em relação ao tempo de 1 hora, o SFN incubado por 24 horas aumentou em 59% a atividade da SOD, 55% a expressão proteica da SOD-1, 24% a expressão proteica da SOD-2 e 69% a expressão proteica do PGC-1α. A expressão do Nrf2 foi 17% maior no tempo de 1 hora, em relação a 24 horas. Em relação à atividade da catalase e aos níveis de ROS e de LPO, houve diferença somente nos grupos incubados por 1 hora, nos quais a atividade da CAT foi menor no grupo H2O2, os níveis de ROS estavam diminuídos no grupo SFN, e os níveis de LPO estavam maiores no grupo H2O2. Não foram encontradas diferenças em relação à atividade da GST. Como conclusão, o SFN demonstrou um papel protetor nos grupos 1 hora, impedindo a geração de ROS e de dano a lipídeos, apesar de não apresentar um efeito expressivo sobre as enzimas antioxidantes. O efeito dos tempos de incubação na expressão do Nrf2 (aumentada em 1 hora) e do PGC-1α (aumentada em 24 horas) mostrou que realmente há uma relação temporal entre a sinalização destas duas vias, ativadas pelo SFN. Este resultado é instigante para que futuras análises dessa relação temporal das vias do SFN sejam realizadas. / Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural compound that has antioxidant properties, mainly stimulating the endogenous cellular antioxidant system. This compound is associated with a classical pathway of activation, the nuclear erythroid factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. However, more recent studies have shown that the action of SFN can also occur through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). The difference in the pathway of activation by SFN seems to be related to the time of exposure of the cells to this compound. Since SFN is an important therapeutic strategy in the fight against oxidative stress, which is related to the development of various cardiovascular diseases, the investigation of its mechanism of action is necessary. In vitro analysis is an important tool for investigating the pathways and incubation times involved in the antioxidant action of SFN. Thus, a primary culture of adult mouse cardiomyocytes is one of the models that can be used, the main advantage being that the physiology of these cells are closer to the physiological conditions in vivo. The objective of this study was to use adult cardiomyocyte culture technique to analyze the stimulation of antioxidant defenses by SFN through Nrf2 and PGC-1α pathways at different times. Male Wistar rats were euthanized, so that their hearts were removed and submitted to the process of isolation of cardiac cells, in modified Langendorff apparatus. Cells were isolated by perfusion of the heart with Krebs solution and type II collagenase for a period of 30 minutes. After that, the isolated cells were plated and incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2. Treatment was performed with 5μM SFN and/or 5μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cells were divided into the following experimental groups: Control, SFN, H2O2 and SFN+H2O2. The groups were subdivided into two incubation times: 1 and 24 hours. Analyzes of total oxygen reactive species (ROS) and lipoperoxidation (LPO) levels were performed; activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione s-transferase (GST); protein expression of citosolic (SOD-1) and mitochondrial (SOD-2) isoforms of SOD, as well as Nrf2 and PGC-1α factors. The results of this work show that, compared to 1 hour time, SFN incubated for 24 hours increased SOD activity by 59%, SOD-1 protein expression by 55%, SOD-2 protein expression by 24%, and 69% PGC-1α protein expression. Expression of Nrf2 was 17% higher at 1 hour, over 24 hours of incubation. Regarding catalase activity and ROS and LPO levels, there were differences only in the groups incubated for 1 hour, in which the CAT activity was lower in H2O2 group, the ROS levels were decreased in SFN group, and levels of LPO were higher in H2O2 group. No differences were found in relation to GST activity. In summary, SFN demonstrated a protective role in 1 hour groups, preventing generation of ROS and lipid damage, although it does not present an expressive effect on the expression of antioxidant enzymes. The effect of incubation times on expression of Nrf2 (increased by 1 hour) and PGC-1α (increased by 24 hours) showed that there is actually a temporal relationship between the signaling of these two pathways, activated by SFN. This result is instigating for future analyzes of this temporal relationship of SFN pathways to be performed.

O sulforafano (SFN) é um composto natural que possui propriedades antioxidantes, estimulando, principalmente, o sistema antioxidante endógeno celular. Este composto está associado a uma via clássica de ativação, a via do fator eritroide nuclear tipo 2 (Nrf2). Entretanto, estudos mais recentes têm demonstrado que a ação do SFN também pode se dar pela via do coativador 1-alfa do receptor ativado por proliferador do peroxissoma (PGC-1α). A diferença da via de ativação pelo SFN parece ter relação com o tempo de exposição das células a este composto. Visto que o SFN é uma importante estratégia terapêutica no combate ao estresse oxidativo, que está relacionado ao desenvolvimento de diversas doenças cardiovasculares, a investigação do seu mecanismo de ação é necessária. A análise in vitro é uma ferramenta importante para a investigação das vias e tempos de incubação envolvidos na ação antioxidante do SFN. Sendo assim, a cultura primária de cardiomiócitos de ratos adultos é um dos modelos que pode ser utilizado, sendo a sua principal vantagem, o fato da fisiologia destas células se aproximar mais das condições fisiológicas in vivo. O objetivo deste estudo, então, foi analisar a estimulação de defesas antioxidantes feita pelo SFN, através das vias do Nrf2 e do PGC-1α, em tempos diferentes, utilizando a técnica de cultura de cardiomiócitos adultos. Ratos Wistar machos foram eutanasiados, para que seus corações fossem retirados e submetidos ao processo de isolamento de células cardíacas, em aparelho de Langendorff modificado. As células foram isoladas através da perfusão do coração com solução de Krebs e colagenase tipo II, por um período de 30 minutos. Após isso, as células isoladas foram plaqueadas e mantidas em incubadora a 37°C e 5% de CO2. Foi realizado o tratamento com 5 μM de SFN e/ou 5 μM de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2). As células foram divididas nos seguintes grupos experimentais: Controle, SFN, H2O2 e SFN+H2O2. Os grupos foram subdivididos em dois tempos de incubação: 1 e 24 horas. Foram realizadas as análises dos níveis totais de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e de lipoperoxidação (LPO); atividade das enzimas antioxidantes superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa s-transferase (GST); expressão proteica das isoformas citosólica (SOD-1) e mitocondrial (SOD-2) da SOD, e dos fatores Nrf2 e PGC-1α. Os resultados do trabalho mostram que, em relação ao tempo de 1 hora, o SFN incubado por 24 horas aumentou em 59% a atividade da SOD, 55% a expressão proteica da SOD-1, 24% a expressão proteica da SOD-2 e 69% a expressão proteica do PGC-1α. A expressão do Nrf2 foi 17% maior no tempo de 1 hora, em relação a 24 horas. Em relação à atividade da catalase e aos níveis de ROS e de LPO, houve diferença somente nos grupos incubados por 1 hora, nos quais a atividade da CAT foi menor no grupo H2O2, os níveis de ROS estavam diminuídos no grupo SFN, e os níveis de LPO estavam maiores no grupo H2O2. Não foram encontradas diferenças em relação à atividade da GST. Como conclusão, o SFN demonstrou um papel protetor nos grupos 1 hora, impedindo a geração de ROS e de dano a lipídeos, apesar de não apresentar um efeito expressivo sobre as enzimas antioxidantes. O efeito dos tempos de incubação na expressão do Nrf2 (aumentada em 1 hora) e do PGC-1α (aumentada em 24 horas) mostrou que realmente há uma relação temporal entre a sinalização destas duas vias, ativadas pelo SFN. Este resultado é instigante para que futuras análises dessa relação temporal das vias do SFN sejam realizadas. / Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural compound that has antioxidant properties, mainly stimulating the endogenous cellular antioxidant system. This compound is associated with a classical pathway of activation, the nuclear erythroid factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. However, more recent studies have shown that the action of SFN can also occur through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). The difference in the pathway of activation by SFN seems to be related to the time of exposure of the cells to this compound. Since SFN is an important therapeutic strategy in the fight against oxidative stress, which is related to the development of various cardiovascular diseases, the investigation of its mechanism of action is necessary. In vitro analysis is an important tool for investigating the pathways and incubation times involved in the antioxidant action of SFN. Thus, a primary culture of adult mouse cardiomyocytes is one of the models that can be used, the main advantage being that the physiology of these cells are closer to the physiological conditions in vivo. The objective of this study was to use adult cardiomyocyte culture technique to analyze the stimulation of antioxidant defenses by SFN through Nrf2 and PGC-1α pathways at different times. Male Wistar rats were euthanized, so that their hearts were removed and submitted to the process of isolation of cardiac cells, in modified Langendorff apparatus. Cells were isolated by perfusion of the heart with Krebs solution and type II collagenase for a period of 30 minutes. After that, the isolated cells were plated and incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2. Treatment was performed with 5μM SFN and/or 5μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cells were divided into the following experimental groups: Control, SFN, H2O2 and SFN+H2O2. The groups were subdivided into two incubation times: 1 and 24 hours. Analyzes of total oxygen reactive species (ROS) and lipoperoxidation (LPO) levels were performed; activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione s-transferase (GST); protein expression of citosolic (SOD-1) and mitochondrial (SOD-2) isoforms of SOD, as well as Nrf2 and PGC-1α factors. The results of this work show that, compared to 1 hour time, SFN incubated for 24 hours increased SOD activity by 59%, SOD-1 protein expression by 55%, SOD-2 protein expression by 24%, and 69% PGC-1α protein expression. Expression of Nrf2 was 17% higher at 1 hour, over 24 hours of incubation. Regarding catalase activity and ROS and LPO levels, there were differences only in the groups incubated for 1 hour, in which the CAT activity was lower in H2O2 group, the ROS levels were decreased in SFN group, and levels of LPO were higher in H2O2 group. No differences were found in relation to GST activity. In summary, SFN demonstrated a protective role in 1 hour groups, preventing generation of ROS and lipid damage, although it does not present an expressive effect on the expression of antioxidant enzymes. The effect of incubation times on expression of Nrf2 (increased by 1 hour) and PGC-1α (increased by 24 hours) showed that there is actually a temporal relationship between the signaling of these two pathways, activated by SFN. This result is instigating for future analyzes of this temporal relationship of SFN pathways to be performed.

Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are major factors regulating energy homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to investigate how energy flux affects several hepatic functions mediated by these factors. We define a novel role of PGC-1α and AMPK as modulators of the immune system in the liver. We show that PGC-1α is involved in the regulation of a cluster of genes related to the immune system, most importantly Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1Rn). Since PGC-1α is responsive to energetic stress associated with fasting or physical exercise, the same stimuli promote IL1Rn in hepatocytes. We identify AMPK as an independent inducer of IL1Rn and hypothesise that it could account for the anti-inflammatory effect of the antidiabetic drug metformin. We also demonstrate that metformin reduces expression of Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) in hepatocytes and promotes acetylation of mitochondrial protein. We suggest that this mechanism, in spite of increased mitochondrial biogenesis, contributes to reduced ATP synthesis in metformin-treated samples. In addition, we demonstrate that Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is induced in the liver during fasting and by PGC-1α in hepatocytes. Furthermore, we describe a negative regulatory mechanism involving SIRT1, activated by pyruvate and interfering with PXR signaling. We show that SIRT1 attenuates PGC-1α-mediated co-activation of PXR and its target genes, i.e. Cyp3a11, with possible implications for drug and xenobiotic metabolism. In conclusion, we demonstrate how energetic stress affects various hepatic functions mediated by PGC-1α and AMPK. Moreover, we describe SIRT1 and metformin as factors capable of modulating this response. / Tiivistelmä Peroksisomiproliferaattori-aktivoituvan reseptori gamman koaktivaattori 1α (PGC-1α) ja AMP:n aktivoima proteiinikinaasi (AMPK) ovat keskeisiä energiametabolian säätelijöitä. Tässä tutkimuksessa oli tavoitteena selvittää kuinka energiataso vaikuttaa useisiin, näiden tekijöiden säätelemiin maksan toimintoihin. Osoitamme että PGC-1α ja AMPK tekijöillä on ennestään tuntematon merkitys immuunijärjestelmän säätelyssä maksassa. Näytämme myös, että PGC-1α säätelee joukkoa geenejä, joiden tehtävä liittyy immuunijärjestelmään, tärkeimpänä Interleukiini 1 reseptori antagonistia (IL1Rn). Paastoon ja fyysiseen aktiivisuuteen liittyvä energiastressi aktivoi PGC-1α:aa ja näiden samojen stimuluksien havaittiin lisäävän myös IL1Rn tasoa hepatosyyteissä. Havaitsimme AMPK:n olevan itsenäinen IL1Rn indusori ja hypoteesimme mukaan tämä voi välittää diabeteslääkkeenä käytettävän metformiinin anti-inflammatorisia vaikutuksia. Osoitamme myös, että metformiini alentaa Sirtuiini (SIRT) 3:n ekspressiota maksasoluissa ja lisää mitokondriaalisten proteiinien asetylaatiota. Uskomme tämän mekanismin, huolimatta lisääntyneestä mitokondrioiden biogeneesistä, myötävaikuttavan vähentyneeseen ATP synteesiin metformiinikäsitellyissä näytteissä. Lisäksi osoitamme, että paasto ja PGC-1α indusoivat Pregnaani X reseptorin (PXR) ilmentymistä maksasoluissa. Kuvaamme myös PXR signalointiin vaikuttavan ja pyruvaatin aktivoiman, SIRT1:n välitteisen, negatiivisen säätelymekanismin. SIRT1 estää PGC-1α välitteistä PXR koaktivaatiota ja kohdegeenien, kuten Cyp3a11, aktivaatiota, millä voidaan olettaa olevan merkitystä lääkeaineiden ja vierasaineiden metaboliaan. Yhteenvetona osoitamme, että energiastressi PGC-1α:n ja AMPK:n välittämänä vaikuttaa useisiin maksan toimintoihin. Lisäksi näytämme, että SIRT1 ja metformiini voivat moduloida näitä vaikutuksia.

La stéatose hépatique non alcoolique (SHNA) est maintenant une des principales causes de cancer du foie. Cependant, les mécanismes physiopathologiques contribuant à son développement ou à la progression de la maladie sont peu connus. Il a été démontré que le niveau d’expression du coactivateur transcriptionnel PGC-1α est inversement proportionnel avec la sévérité de la stéatose hépatique le stress oxydatif et la résistance à l’insuline dans les foies de souris. Chez l’humain, on observe aussi une diminution de PGC-1α dans les foies de patients atteints de SHNA. De plus, il a été démontré que les souris avec une réduction de 50% des niveaux hépatique de PGC-1α mène à une sensibilité à l’insuline et à une tolérance au glucose altérée dans les tissus périphériques. Ces découvertes suggèrent qu’en plus d’être associés au développement de la SHNA, les niveaux hépatiques de PGC-1α altèrent l’expression de facteurs sécrétoires du foie afin d’influencer la régulation métabolique de tout le corps. Nous proposons qu’une réduction de l’expression de PGC-1α dans le foie influence les protéines sécrétées par le foie en situation de stress métabolique, révélant l’importance de PGC-1α dans la réponse adaptative du foie. L’analyse du sécrétome hépatique effectuée par spectrométrie de masse sur le milieu conditionné d’hépatocytes primaires a identifié SERPINA3N, une protéine sécrétée, dont les niveaux corrèlent avec les niveaux hépatiques de PGC-1α et sont influencés par la diète obésogène. Dans ce projet, les niveaux sanguins de cette protéine ont été quantifiés par western blot chez des souris mâles et femelles, sauvages ou hétérozygotes pour PGC-1α dans le foie et nourris avec une diète control ou riche en gras et en fructose. Nos résultats démontrent que les niveaux circulatoires de SERPINA3N augmentent avec la diète et corrèlent avec les niveaux hépatiques de PGC-1α de manière dépendante à la diète et le sexe. De plus, les niveaux sanguins de SERPINA3N diminuent avec la progression de la maladie. L’expression hépatique de SERPINA3N est grandement influencée par les niveaux de PGC-1α, mais indépendamment du facteur transcriptionnel NF-κB. Nous avons montré que les glucocorticoïdes augmentent les niveaux protéiques et circulatoires de SERPINA3N dans les hépatocytes primaires. De plus, cette augmentation par les glucocorticoïdes est influencée par les niveaux de PGC-1α. Ces résultats révèlent une nouvelle interaction entre PGC-1α et le récepteur des glucocorticoïdes sur l’expression hépatique et la sécrétion de SERPINA3N. Pour conclure, l’identification de protéines circulatoires régulées par PGC-1α nous aidera à mieux comprendre comment la perte d’expression de PGC-1α dans le foie affecte le métabolisme de tout le corps dans le contexte de la SHNA. / Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a serious public health problem and is now one of the leading causes of liver cancer. Although NAFLD is known to be associated with obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes, the mechanisms contributing to its development are not fully understood. It is shown that hepatic PGC-1α levels correlate negatively with NAFLD development, oxidative liver damage and hepatic insulin resistance in murine models. In humans, decrease PGC-1α expression in NAFLD and NASH patients. Moreover, liver-specific PGC-1α reduction in mice also disrupts glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in muscle and adipose tissue, likely due to altered secretion of hepatic hormones. These findings suggest that in addition to contributing to NAFLD development, the hepatic disruption of PGC-1α alters the liver secretome, thereby influencing the whole-body energy metabolism. We hypothesize that decreased expression of PGC-1α in the liver alters the expression of hepatokines under metabolic challenges, revealing a potential novel role for PGC-1α in the adaptive response of the liver. The hepatocyte-specific secretome was analyzed by mass spectrometry (iTRAQ) in conditioned media from primary hepatocytes. We identified SERPINA3N, a secreted protein whose secreted levels correlated with hepatic PGC-1α levels in a diet-dependent manner. This hepatokine was measured in serum from male, female, wildtype and liver-specific PGC-1α heterozygote mice fed chow or high-fat, high-fructose diet using western blot. SERPINA3N circulating levels increased with the western diet and correlated with hepatic PGC-1α levels in a diet and sex-dependent manner. Its serum levels decreased with the progression of the disease. The hepatic SERPINA3N expression was greatly influenced by PGC-1α levels independently of NF-κB transcription factor. We showed that glucocorticoids increased SERPINA3N protein and secreted levels in primary hepatocytes. This increase was influenced by PGC-1α levels, revealing a novel interaction of PGC-1α and the glucocorticoid receptor on SERPINA3N expression and secretion. In conclusion, this project reveals a novel impact of hepatic PGC-1α levels on the liver secretome during NAFLD development. This work will provide insights on the role of hepatic PGC-1α levels on the regulation of hepatokines and how it influences the whole-body energy homeostasis in a context of NAFLD.

L’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) reste la cause majeure de morbimortalité dans les pays industrialisés justifiant ainsi la recherche de traitements plus ciblés. Caractérisée par des désordres métaboliques importants qui impliquent notamment une dysfonction mitochondriale, le métabolisme énergétique apparait comme une composante majeure du développement de l’IC. Ces dernières années, le co-activateur transcriptionnel PGC-1α a été proposé comme un acteur central du contrôle de la fonction mitochondriale et constitue ainsi une cible thérapeutique d’intérêt. Ainsi, l’objectif principal de ce travail est de développer un test cellulaire robotisé permettant la recherche d’activateurs de PGC-1α dans un contexte cardiaque.La mise en place de ce test cellulaire de criblage dans des cellules H9c2 différenciées en cellules pseudo-cardiaques a permis l’identification de trois familles majeures : les hormones stéroïdiennes, les vitamines B et les acides gras, capables d’activer l’expression de PGC-1α et par ce biais d’induire une biogenèse mitochondriale ainsi qu’une augmentation de la respiration mitochondriale. La validation de ces effets dans des cardiomyocytes de rat adulte a permis d’une part de valider la pertinence du test et du choix du modèle cellulaire et d’autre part de vérifier qu’une induction de l’expression de PGC-1α se répercute bien sur la cascade transcriptionnelle de la biogenèse mitochondriale. Ce test constitue donc un atout majeur dans le recherche de nouveaux activateurs de PGC-1α pour mieux comprendre ses mécanismes de régulation dans le cœur, mais offre aussi des perspectives intéressantes pour la recherche de composés pharmacologiques à visée thérapeutique.Par ailleurs, peu de connaissances sont disponibles dans la littérature concernant le contrôle de la biogenèse mitochondriale dans le muscle lisse vasculaire et plus particulièrement dans l’hypertension artérielle. Ainsi, la deuxième partie de ce travail a été de caractériser la biogenèse mitochondriale dans un contexte d’hypertension. A travers l’utilisation d’un modèle expérimental d’hypertension et après confirmation dans des cellules musculaires lisses en culture, nous avons montré une induction importante de la biogenèse mitochondriale dans l’hypertension par un mécanisme stress oxydant-dépendant. De plus, cette induction est corrélée à une forte activation de la CaMKII, totalement bloquée par la présence d’un anti-oxydant : le resvératrol. Ces résultats suggèrent donc un contrôle de la biogenèse mitochondriale dépendante de la balance pro/anti-oxydante via l’activation de la CaMKII dans le muscle lisse vasculaire. / Heart failure (HF) is still the major cause of morbimortality in industrialized countries that justify the research of new treatments. Characterized in part by metabolic disorders including mitochondrial dysfunction, energetic metabolism appears as an essential component in HF development. These last years, PGC-1α has been proposed as a central actor of mitochondrial function control and thus as a therapeutic target of interest.The development of a cellular robotized assay in cardiac-like differentiated H9c2 cells allowed identification of three families: steroid hormones, B vitamins and fatty acids, able to induce the expression of PGC-1α and thus up-regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial respiration. The validation of these effects in adult rat cardiomyocytes lets in the one hand to validate the suitability of the assay and in the other hand to confirm that PGC-1α induction leads to mitochondrial biogenesis activation. Consequently, this assay constitutes a major asset to find new activators of PGC-1α to better understand its regulation in heart and provides interesting perspectives for the research of therapeutic pharmacologic compounds.Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis in response to hypertension in vascular smooth muscle remain unclear. In this context, the second part of this work was to identify how mitochondrial biogenesis is modulated in arterial hypertension. Using an experimental model of hypertension and after validation in cultivated smooth muscle cells, we show a mitochondrial biogenesis induction in response to hypertension in relation with an increase in oxidative stress. Moreover, this induction is associated with a significant increase in CaMKII activity which was totally blocked by an antioxidant: resveratrol. These results suggest a regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by oxidative stress via a CaMKII mechanism in vascular smooth muscle.

<p>In this thesis, porous graphitic carbon (PGC) has been used as packing material in packed capillary liquid chromatography. The unique chromatographic properties of PGC has been studied in some detail and applied to different analytical challenges using both electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and ultra violet (UV) absorbance detection. </p><p>The crucial importance of disengaging the conductive PGC chromatographic separation media from the high voltage mass spectrometric interface has been shown. In the absence of a grounded point between the column and ESI emitter, a current through the column was present, and changed retention behaviors for 3-O-methyl-DOPA and tyrosine were observed. An alteration of the chromatographic properties was also seen when PGC was chemically oxidized with permanganate, possibly due to an oxidation of the few surface groups present on the PGC material. </p><p>The dynamic adsorption of the chiral selector lasalocid onto the PGC support resulted in a useful and stable chiral stationary phase. Extraordinary enantioselectivity was observed for 1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine, and enantioseparation was also achieved for other amines, amino acids, acids and alcohols. </p><p>Finally, a new strategy for separation of small biologically active compounds in plasma and brain tissue has been developed. With PGC as stationary phase it was possible to utilize a mobile phase of high content of organic modifier, without the addition of ion-pairing agents, and still selectively separate the analytes. </p>

In this thesis, porous graphitic carbon (PGC) has been used as packing material in packed capillary liquid chromatography. The unique chromatographic properties of PGC has been studied in some detail and applied to different analytical challenges using both electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and ultra violet (UV) absorbance detection. The crucial importance of disengaging the conductive PGC chromatographic separation media from the high voltage mass spectrometric interface has been shown. In the absence of a grounded point between the column and ESI emitter, a current through the column was present, and changed retention behaviors for 3-O-methyl-DOPA and tyrosine were observed. An alteration of the chromatographic properties was also seen when PGC was chemically oxidized with permanganate, possibly due to an oxidation of the few surface groups present on the PGC material. The dynamic adsorption of the chiral selector lasalocid onto the PGC support resulted in a useful and stable chiral stationary phase. Extraordinary enantioselectivity was observed for 1-(1-naphthyl)ethylamine, and enantioseparation was also achieved for other amines, amino acids, acids and alcohols. Finally, a new strategy for separation of small biologically active compounds in plasma and brain tissue has been developed. With PGC as stationary phase it was possible to utilize a mobile phase of high content of organic modifier, without the addition of ion-pairing agents, and still selectively separate the analytes.