O estudo presente constitui uma análise da influência do acabamento superficial no coeficiente de transferência de calor na ebulição nucleada de refrigerantes halogenados. Dados para três superfícies distintas (cobre, latão e aço inoxidável), dois fluidos refrigerantes (R123 e R134a) e pressões reduzidas entre 0,023 e 0,26 são analisados com o intuito de verificar a influência da rugosidade nestes três parâmetros. O efeito da rugosidade foi avaliado com três acabamentos distintos (massa polidora, lixa e jato de areia) cobrindo uma faixa de rugosidades médias variando desde 0,03 até 10,5 micrômetro. Uma análise de diversas publicações da literatura foi levada a cabo, tendo sido particularmente investigadas algumas correlações que consideram o efeito do acabamento superficial em sua estimativa do coeficiente de transferência de calor. As tendências destas correlações são comparadas entre si e com os dados experimentais. A análise dos resultados permitiu levantar tendências inéditas na literatura consultada. A superfície em ebulição recebeu especial atenção com a obtenção de microfotografias e o cálculo de diversos parâmetros de rugosidade. Foram, ainda, investigados efeitos de envelhecimento da superfície, caracterizado pela diminuição do coeficiente de transferência de calor ao longo do tempo de ebulição. / The present research has been focused in an analysis of the effect of surface finishing on nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient of halocarbon refrigerants. Experimental data for three different surface material (cooper, brass and stainless steel), two refrigerants (R123 and R134a) and reduced pressures between 0.023 and 0.26 have been analyzed aiming to verify the roughness effects on these three parameters. Three different finishing processes (polishing, emery papering and shot pining) have been used to result in an average roughness range from 0.03 to 10.5 micrometer. An analysis of varied publications and some correlations, particularly those which estimate the effect of surface roughness in heat transfer coefficient, has been done. The tendencies from these correlations have been compared with themselves and with experimental data. These results have shown some effects still unpublished. The boiling surface has received an especial attention, micro-photography has been taken and various parameters have been evaluated. Ageing effects, characterized by the reduction of heat transfer coefficient, have been verified and analyzed.

Orientadores: Luiz Fernando Milanez, Alcides Padilha / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T14:21:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_SantiagodelRio_D.pdf: 2035815 bytes, checksum: 7d72e5c223058fb0ce3675f4600214f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O objetivo desse trabalho é fazer uma otimização exergética de um sistema térmico de energia solar. Esse sistema é composto por um coletor solar e por um tanque armazenador de água retangular que contém material de mudança de fase distribuído em um conjunto de barras. Esse estudo leva em consideração ambas transferências de calor por condução e convecção para a água no coletor solar, e também o processo de mudança de fase para o PCM no armazenador térmico. Assim, no coletor solar são determinadas a temperatura ótima de saída e vazão mássica ótima da água em função das condições de radiação solar. Além disso, para o tanque armazenador, são determinadas a temperatura ótima de fusão do PCM e o máximo trabalho que pode ser obtido levando em consideração o processo de mudança de fase. O processo de fusão do PCM é analisado por meio de uma solução analítica aproximada. Finalmente, foram feitas uma análise energética e exergética de cada componente do sistema bem como de todo o sistema e foram calculadas eficiências de primeira e segunda lei da termodinâmica. Resultados numéricos de um estudo de caso são apresentados e discutidos. / Abstract: This work deals with the exergetic optimization of a solar thermal energy system. This consists of a solar collector and a rectangular water storage tank that contains a phase change material distributed in an assembly of slabs. The study takes into account both conduction and convection heat transfer modes for water in the solar collector, and also the phase change process for the PCM in the storage tank. Thus, in the solar collector, optimal output temperature and optimal mass flow rate are determined as a function of solar radiation conditions. Moreover, for the storage tank, optimal melting temperature and the maximum power output taking into account the phase change process are determined. The melting process in a PCM is analyzed by means of an approximated analytical solution. Finally, energetic and exergetic analysis were done for each system component and for the overall system, and efficiencies of first and second law of thermodynamics were calculated. Results of a numerical case study are presented and discussed. / Doutorado / Termica e Fluidos / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientadores: Guido Costa Souza de Araújo, Rodolfo Jardim de Azevedo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T10:06:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hoffman_Caio_M.pdf: 5338735 bytes, checksum: d93e38ef7846b0ba3f7f3b0ea459fc67 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Phase-change memory (PCM) traz novos ensejos para indústria eletrônica. Devido às projeções de alta escalabilidade do processo de fabricação da PCM, cogita-se usá-la como memória principal em sistemas de computação, substituindo à tradicional DRAM cujos problemas de miniaturização do processo de fabricação demandam tecnologias ainda desconhecidas. Contudo, PCM tem problemas de durabilidade e técnicas de recuperação de falhas robustas são extremamente necessárias para recuperação e prolongamento do seu tempo de vida, medido em número de escritas. As técnicas mais comuns de recuperação de falhas são os códigos de correção de erros. Porém, outras técnicas de recuperação vêm sendo propostas na literatura, aproveitando as características de não-volatilidade da PCM. Neste trabalho, usando uma modelagem matemática, analisou-se como a probabilidade de bit-ip dos principais códigos de correção de erros { paridade, SECDED e BCH { e das principais técnicas de recuperação de falhas { ECP e SAFER { está relacionada _a durabilidade da PCM. A partir da taxa de bit-ip medida através da execução do SPEC2006 e por meio dos modelos matemáticos, comparou-se os resultados dos modelos de simulação utilizando-se a probabilidade teórica de 50% e a taxa obtida experimentalmente de 15%. Os resultados revelaram uma visível degradação da durabilidade dos mecanismos de recuperação de falhas que usam códigos de correção de erros, contradizendo os resultados da literatura. A técnica ECP foi à única que não mostrou degradação. Além disso, uma análise de eficiência energética foi feita, relacionando durabilidade da PCM e o consumo de energia. Novamente, a técnica ECP se destacou nos resultados, como também a técnica SAFER. Finalmente, foram propostos modelos analíticos probabilísticos das técnicas ECP, SECDED e uma análise da técnica PAYG baseada no modelo analítico da ECP / Abstract: Phase-change memory brings new opportunities for the electronics industry. Due to projections of high scalability of the fabrication process, PCM is seen as a new main memory in computing systems, replacing the traditional DRAM, whose scale problems require new future technologies that are still unknown. However, PCM has low endurance when compared with DRAM and robust failure recovery techniques are required to increase its lifetime. To address that, some error correcting techniques have been proposed, based on the non-volatile features of the PCM memories. In this work, we model and analyze the bit-ip probabilities of five such techniques (ECP, parity, SECDED, SAFER and BCH), in order to evaluate its impact to the wear out of the PCM. Using the bit-ip rate of 15%, obtained experimentally from the execution of the SPEC2006 benchmark, we mathematically modeled and simulated these techniques using both an empirical and theoretical probability rates. Our results show a clear degradation in techniques that use error-correcting codes, contradicting the previous results in the literature. Only ECP has not shown any degradation. We have also done power analyses of the above listed techniques so as to relate the endurance and the energy required by each technique. Again, the ECP stood out in the results, like SAFER as well. Finally, analytical probabilistic models for ECP and SECDED were proposed and an analysis of PAYG technique (based on ECP's analytical model) was performed / Mestrado / Ciência da Computação / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Interest in the use of heat pipe technology for heat recovery and energy saving in a vast range of engineering applications has been on the rise in recent years. Heat pipes are playing a more important role in many industrial applications, especially in increasing energy savings in commercial applications and improving the thermal performance of heat exchangers. Computational techniques play an important role in solving complex flow problems for a large number of engineering applications due to their universality, flexibility, accuracy and efficiency. However, up to now, computational studies on heat pipes are still at an early stage due to the complexity of multiphase flow characteristics and heat and mass transfer phase changes. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to develop a CFD modelling that includes the complex physical phenomena of both the heat transfer processes of evaporation and condensation and the mass transfer process of phase change during the pool boiling and film condensation. In this thesis, two novel numerical models were developed in ANSYS FLUENT. In the first, a two-dimensional CFD model was developed to visualise the two-phase flow and the evaporation, condensation and heat transfer phenomena during the operation of a wickless heat pipe, that otherwise could not be visualised by empirical or experimental work. An in-house code was developed using user-defined functions (UDFs) to enhance the ability of FLUENT to simulate the phase change occurring inside the heat pipe. Three different fluids, water, R134a and R404a, were selected as the working fluids of the investigated wickless heat pipe. The cooling system of the condenser section was simulated separately as a three-dimensional CFD model of a parallel-flow double pipe heat exchanger to model the heat transfer across the condenser section's heat exchanger and predict the heat transfer coefficients. The overall effective thermal resistance along with the temperature profile along the wickless heat pipe have been investigated. An experimental apparatus was built to carry out a thermal performance investigation on a typical wickless heat pipe for the purpose of validating the CFD simulation. A theoretical model based on empirical correlations was developed to predict the heat transfer thermal resistances in the evaporator and the condenser section. The second model was developed to combine the two-dimensional CFD simulation of the wickless heat pipe and the three-dimensional CFD simulation of the condenser section's heat exchanger to simulate the two-phase flow phenomena of boiling and condensation and the cooling system of the condenser section through a comprehensive three-dimensional CFD model of a wickless heat pipe. Two fluids, water and R134a, were selected as the working fluids of the investigated wickless heat pipe. This model was validated using a transparent glass wickless heat pipe to visualise the phenomena of pool boiling and comparing the results with the three-dimensional CFD flow visualisation. This study demonstrated that the proposed CFD models of a wickless heat pipe can successfully reproduce the complex physical phenomena of both the heat transfer process of evaporation and condensation and the mass transfer process of phase change during the pool boiling that takes place in the evaporator section and the filmwise condensation that takes place in the condenser section. The CFD simulation was successful in modelling and visualising the multiphase flow characteristics for water, R134a and R404a, emphasising the difference in pool boiling behaviour between these working fluids. The CFD simulation results were compared with experimental measurements, with good agreement obtained between predicted temperature profiles and experimental temperature data.

La récupération de chaleur fatale est un véritable challenge pour l’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique. Le stockage par chaleur latente est une solution qui répond à cet enjeu. Nous nous intéressons aux procédés industriels avec un rapport puissance sur énergie élevé. L’un des procédés identifiés est la stérilisation de produits agroalimentaires. Cependant, les matériaux à changement de phase, peu conducteurs, ne permettent pas d’obtenir des puissances thermiques suffisantes pour ces applications. L’amélioration de la surface d’échange ou l’augmentation de la conductivité thermique du matériau sont alors nécessaires. Un premier dispositif expérimental de stockage thermique comparant différentes techniques d’intensification des transferts a été réalisé. Le concept à base de paraffine et de Graphite Naturel Expansé (GNE) s’est montré le plus performant par rapport à des solutions de type ailettes ou poudre de graphite. La caractérisation thermique du matériau composite GNE/paraffine sélectionné a été réalisée par plusieurs méthodes. Des valeurs de conductivité thermique effective de l’ordre 20 W.m-1.K-1 ont été obtenues. Dans un second temps, un démonstrateur de 100kW/6kW.h est dimensionné et réalisé. Ce dispositif testé sur un procédé de stérilisation existant permet une économie d’énergie de 15%, conforme aux prévisions. L’identification de la conductivité thermique plane du matériau et l’influence de la résistance thermique de contact sont réalisées à l’aide d’un dispositif expérimental, couplé à un modèle numérique. Enfin, le développement d’un dispositif de vieillissement permet l’étude de la stabilité thermique de ce matériau. / Waste heat recovery is a challenge for the improvement of energy efficiency. Latent heat storage is a solution that addresses this issue. We focus on industrial processes with high energy on power ratios. One of the identified processes is the sterilization of food products. However, phase change materials, which have low thermal conductivities, do not provide sufficient thermal powers for these applications. The improvement of the heat exchange surface or the increase in thermal conductivity of the material are then necessary. A first experimental thermal storage comparing various heat transfer intensification techniques was achieved. The concept based on paraffin and Expanded Natural Graphite (ENG) has proven to be the most efficient compared to solutions using fins or graphite powder. The thermal characterization of the selected composite material ENG/paraffin was performed by several methods. Effective thermal conductivities values of about 20 W.m-1.K-1 were obtained. In a second step, a 100kW/6kW.h demonstrator is designed and realized. This device tested on an existing sterilization process provides an energy saving of 15%, as expected. The identification of the planar thermal conductivity of the composite material and the influence of the thermal contact resistance are carried out using an experimental device, coupled to a numerical model. Finally, an aging device is used to study the thermal stability of this material

Ces travaux de thèse portent sur la caractérisation thermique à l’échelle micrométrique d’un alliage à base de tellure lorsque ce matériau se trouve à l’état fondu, à haute température. À cette fin, une cellule innovante d’emprisonnement du matériau fondu a été conçue, et mise en place. Des structures de tellure au volume du microlitre ont été déposées sur un substrat de silicium et recouverts par la suite d’une couche de protection capable de les emprisonner dans une matrice : silice amorphe et alumine amorphe. La technique de la Radiométrie Photothermique Modulée a été utilisée pour étudier les propriétés thermiques de ce type de cellules et de ces constituants. La résistance thermique de dépôt a été ainsi estimée en utilisant un modèle d’étude des transferts de la chaleur utilisant le formalisme des impédances thermiques. Ceci nous a permit dans le cas de l’alumine amorphe de déterminer sa conductivité thermique et la résistance thermique de contact avec le substrat jusqu’à 600°C. Un long processus de conception, de mesure et d’analyse a été nécessaire afin d’obtenir une cellule capable de résister aux contraintes des hautes températures. À l’heure actuelle seule la caractérisation thermique jusqu’à 300°C a été possible à cause de l’instabilité mécanique de ce dépôt hétérogène. Ceci a été confirmé par des caractérisations physico-chimiques par techniques XRR, XRD et SEM. / This thesis is devoted to the thermal characterization of molten materials, namely chalcogenide glass-type tellurium alloys, at the micrometer scale. An experimental setup of Photothermal Radiometry (PTR), formerly developed for solid state measurements, has been adapted for this purpose. Using MOCVD technique, a random lattice of sub-micrometric tellurium alloy structures is grown on a thermally oxidized silicon substrate. These structures are then embedded in a protective layer (silica or alumina) to prevent evaporation during melting. Measurements are then performed from room temperature up to 650°C. SEM and XRD measurements performed after annealing show that these samples withstand thermal stress only up to 300°C. The coating’s thermal boundary resistance is estimated by a heat transfer model based on the thermal impedance formalism. Moreover, the thermal conductivity and thermal boundary resistance of thin amorphous alumina by low temperature ALD are measured from the room temperature to 600°C.

Climate change is no longer imminent but eminent. To combat climate change, effective, efficient and smart energy use is imperative. Thermal energy storage (TES) with phase change materials (PCMs) is one attractive choice to realize this. Besides suitable phase change temperatures and enthalpies, the PCMs should also be robust, non-toxic, environmental-friendly and cost-effective. Cost-effective PCMs can be realized in bulk blends. Blends however do not have robust phase change unless chosen articulately. This thesis links bulk blends and robust, cost-effective PCMs via the systematic design of blends as PCMs involving phase equilibrium evaluations. The key fundamental phase equilibrium knowledge vital to accurately select robust PCMs within blends is established here. A congruent melting composition is the most PCM-ideal among blends. Eutectics are nearly ideal if supercooling is absent. Any incongruent melting composition, including peritectics, are unsuitable as PCMs. A comprehensive state-of-the-art evaluation of the phase equilibrium-based PCM design exposed the underinvestigated categories: congruent melting compositions, metal alloys, polyols and fats. Here the methods and conditions essential for a comprehensive and transparent phase equilibrium assessment for designing PCMs in blends are specified. The phase diagrams of the systems erythritol-xylitol and dodecane-tridecane with PCM potential are comprehensively evaluated. The erythritol-xylitol system contains a eutectic in a partially isomorphous system unlike in a non-isomorphous system as previous literature proposed. The dodecane-tridecane system forms a probable congruent minimum-melting solid solution, but not a maximum-melting liquidus or a eutectic as was previously proposed. The sustainability aspects of a PCM-based TES system are also investigated. Erythritol becomes cost-effective if produced using glycerol from bio-diesel production. Olive oil is cost-effective and has potential PCM compositions for cold storage. A critical need exists in the standardization of methods and transparent results reporting of the phase equilibrium investigations in the PCM-context. This can be achieved e.g. through international TES collaboration platforms. / Energi är en integrerad del av samhället men energiprocesser leder till miljöbelastning, och klimatförändringar. Därför är effektiv energianvändning, ökad energieffektivitet och smart energihantering nödvändigt. Värmeenergilagring (TES) är ett attraktivt val för att bemöta detta behov, där ett lagringsalternativ med hög densitet är s.k. fasomvandlingsmaterial (PCM). Ett exempel på ett billigt, vanligt förekommande PCM är systemet vatten-is, vilket har använts av människor i tusentals år. För att tillgodose de många värme- och kylbehov som idag uppstår inom ett brett temperaturintervall, är det viktigt med innovativ design av PCM. Förutom lämplig fasförändringstemperaturer, entalpi och andra termofysikaliska egenskaper, bör PCM också ha robust fasändring, vara miljövänlig och kostnadseffektiv. För att förverkliga storskaliga TES system med PCM, är måste kostnadseffektivitet och robust funktion under många cykler bland de viktigaste utmaningarna. Kostnadseffektiva PCM kan bäst erhållas från naturliga eller industriella material i bulkskala, vilket i huvudsak leder till materialblandningar, snarare än rena ämnen. Blandningar uppvisar dock komplexa fasförändringsförlopp, underkylning och/eller inkongruent smältprocess som leder till fasseparation. Denna doktorsavhandling ger ny kunskap som möjliggör att bulkblandningar kan bli kostnadseffektiva och robusta PCM-material, med hjälp av den systematiskutvärdering av fasjämvikt och fasdiagram. Arbetet visar att detta kräver förståelse av relevanta grundläggande fasjämviktsteorier, omfattande termiska och fysikalisk-kemiska karakteriseringar, och allmänt tillämpliga teoretiska utvärderingar. Denna avhandling specificerar befintlig fasjämviktsteori för PCM-sammanhang, men sikte på att kunna välja robusta PCM blandningar med specifika egenskaper, beroende på tillämpning. Analysen visar att blandningar med en sammansättning som leder till kongruent smältande, där faser i jämvikt har samma sammansättning, är ideala bland PCM-blandningar. Kongruent smältande fasta faser som utgör föreningar eller fasta lösningar av ingående komponenter är därför ideala. Eutektiska blandningar är nästan lika bra som PCM, så länge underkylning inte förekommer. Därmed finns en stor potential för att finna och karakterisera PCM-ideala blandningar som bildar kongruent smältande föreningar eller fasta lösningar. Därigenom kan blandningar med en skarp, reversibel fasändring och utan fasseparation erhållas – egenskaper som liknar rena materialens fasändringsprocess. Vidare kan man, via fasdiagram, påvisa de blandningar som är inkongruent smältande, inklusive peritektiska blandningar, som är direkt olämpliga som PCM. Denna avhandling ger grundläggande kunskap som är en förutsättning för att designa PCM i blandningar. Genom en omfattande state-of-the-art utvärdering av fas-jämviktsbaserad PCM-design lyfter arbetet de PCM-idealiska blandningarna som hittills inte fått någon uppmärksamhet, såsom kongruenta smältande blandningar, och materialkategorierna metallegeringar, polyoler och fetter. Resultatet av arbetet visar dessutom att vissa PCM-material som ibland föreslås är direkt olämpliga då fasdiagram undersöks, bl a pga underkylning och även peritektiska system med fasseparation och degradering av kapaciteten (t ex Glauber-salt och natriumacetat-trihydrat). Denna avhandling specificerar och upprättar grundläggande teori samt tekniker, tillvägagångssätt och förhållanden som är nödvändiga för en omfattande och genomsynlig fasjämviktsbedömning, för utformning av PCM från blandningar för energilagering. Med detta som bas har följande fasdiagramtagits fram fullständigt: för erytritol-xylitol och för dodekan-tridekan, med PCM-potential för låg temperaturuppvärmning (60-120 °C) respektive frysning (-10 °C till -20 °C) utvärderas fullständigt. Erytritol-xylitol systemet har funnits vara eutektiskt i ett delvis isomorft system, snarare än ett icke-isomorft system vilket har föreslagits tidigare litteratur. Dodekan-tridekan systemet bildar ett system med kongruent smältande fast lösning (idealisk som en PCM) vid en minimumtemperatur, till skillnad från tidigare litteratur som föreslagt en maximumtemperatur, eller ett eutektiskt system. Teoretisk modellering av fasjämvikt har också genomförts för att komplettera det experimentella fasdiagrammet för systemet erytritol-xylitol. Efter granskning av de metoder som använts tidigare i PCM-litteraturen har här valts ett generiskt tillvägagångssätt (CALPHAD-metoden). Denna generiska metod kan bedöma vilken typ av material och fasändring som helst, till skillnad från en tidigare använda metoder som är specifika för materialtyper eller kemiska egenskaper. Denna teoretiska studie bekräftar termodynamiskt solvus, solidus, eutektisk punkt och erytritol-xylitol fasdiagrammet i sin helhet. Vad gäller hållbarhetsaspekter med PCM-baserad TES, lyfter denna avhandling fokus på förnybara och kostnadseffektiva material (t.ex. polyoler och fetter) som PCM. Som exempel har här undersökts erytritol och olivolja, med förnybart ursprung. Erytritol skulle kunna bli ett kostnadseffektivt PCM (163 USD/kWh), om det produceras av glycerol vilket är en biprodukt från biodiesel/bioetanolframställning. Olivolja är ännu ett kostnadseffektivt material (144 USD/kWh), och som här har påvisats innehålla potentiella PCM sammansättningar med lämpliga fasändringsegenskaper för kylatillämpningar. En övergripande slutsats från denna avhandling är att det finns ett behov av att standardisera tekniker, metoder och transparent resultatrapportering när det gäller undersökningar av fasjämvikt och fasdiagram i PCM-sammanhang. Internationella samarbetsplattformar för TES är en väg att koordinera arbetet. / <p>QC 20170830</p>

Le récepteur d’une centrale solaire à tour est l’élément clé de la conversion du rayonnement en chaleur. Dans le cadre de la thèse, il s’agit d’un récepteur métallique dans une centrale de type HSGT (Turbine hybride solaire gaz) refroidi par air pressurisé. En condition normale de fonctionnement, le récepteur chauffe l’air de 350 à 750°C. La température de l’air en sortie chute à 400°C en moins de 15 minutes si le soleil est masqué, par un nuage par exemple. L’objectif est de maintenir la température de l’air en sortie supérieure à 600°C durant 15 minutes sans ensoleillement. Pour parvenir à cet objectif, un stockage thermique intégré au récepteur est envisagé. Parallèlement le stockage de chaleur doit prolonger la durée de vie du récepteur en lui évitant de subir d’intenses chocs thermiques. L’étude porte sur la zone la plus chaude du récepteur, atteignant 800°C. Lorsque le soleil brille (le récepteur est insolé), une partie de la chaleur est stockée dans un matériau qui passe de l’état solide à liquide. Cette chaleur est restituée au récepteur lors de la transformation inverse (liquide à solide) si le soleil est masqué. Les variations de la température du récepteur sont ainsi plus douces et le récepteur est épargné des chocs thermiques. L’utilisation d’un matériau à changement de phase tel que le carbonate de lithium (fusion à 723°C) réduit le volume et la masse du stockage installé directement à l’arrière du récepteur. Ce matériau stocke une grande quantité de chaleur sur une gamme de température peu étendue. Cependant les matériaux à changement de phase ne permettent pas de transférer la chaleur rapidement à cause de leur faible conductivité thermique. C’est la raison pour laquelle l’intensification de ces transferts est étudiée. La mise en place d’ailettes en cuivre à l’intérieur du stockage améliore les transferts de chaleur, grâce à la conductivité thermique élevée du métal. Un modèle numérique représentatif du comportement thermique du stockage est développé. Le travail de conception du stockage aboutit à la fabrication d’un banc expérimental. Les résultats obtenus sont comparés au modèle afin de le critiquer. Les conclusions permettent d’envisager la conception d’un stockage thermique de protection à l’échelle du récepteur. / The thesis deals with the problem of thermal inertia and life time of the solar receiver of a Concentrated Solar Power tower plant. A specific attention is paid to the situation of HSGT (Hybridized Solar Gas Turbine) systems using pressurized air as HTF (Heat Transfer Fluid). The intermittence of solar radiation, mainly resulting from cloudy events, causes important temperature fluctuations that contribute to the premature aging. Therefore, a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is developed for the protection of the receiver. The design focuses on the high temperature section of the receiver. As a consequence of the elevation of temperature in this stage, the expected temperature of the receiver ranges between 600°C and 800°C. Once the receiver is no longer irradiated, the temperature of the outlet air of the receiver, which is 750°C at designed point, decreases below 400°C in less than 15 minutes. The objective is to integrate the TES into the solar receiver to maintain this air temperature higher than 600°C after 15 minutes of discharge. A low capacity TES is targeted. Besides, the storage should enhance the lifetime of the receiver during the operation, by avoiding temperature drops. A test bench is designed based on a technology using both Phase Change Material (PCM) and metallic fins in order to enhance charge and discharge power of the storage unit. The selected metal is copper, because of its great thermal conductivity. The thermal storage medium must operate in the range 600°C – 800°C. The lithium carbonate has been selected mainly because of its phase change temperature, 723°C. A numerical model is developed in order to help the design of the test bench and compare experimental results. The conclusions lead to one-scale design of the thermal storage integrated to the solar receiver.

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Les recherches dans le domaine des matériaux innovants possédant une meilleure efficacité énergétique présentent un enjeu environnemental majeur. L'un des moyens d'économiser l'énergie est le stockage. L'utilisation des matériaux à changement de phase est une solution permettant d'absorber, de stocker et de restituer de grandes quantités d'énergie. Ce travail porte sur l'étude expérimentale des propriétés thermophysiques et des changements de phase de matériaux composites à matrice polymère contenant un matériau à changement de phase microencapsulé et sur l'optimisation de ces propriétés. Des composites contenants différentes fractions massiques de microcapsules de paraffine ont d'abord été caractérisés. Afin d'améliorer le transfert thermique des microcapsules de paraffine métallisées avec de l'argent ont ensuite été utilisées. Une nouvelle série d'échantillons a été réalisée. Dans les composites la matrice polymère choisie est le polycaprolactone (PCL), ce polymère a une température de fusion particulièrement faible (53°C), qui permet de le mélanger aux microcapsules sans les détériorer. Les mélanges polymère/microcapsules ont été réalisés à l'aide d'un mélangeur interne, ils ont ensuite été pressés pour obtenir des plaques de composites. L'homogénéité des échantillons a été vérifiée en faisant des observations au microscope électronique à balayage et des mesures de densité. Le matériau à changement de phase utilisé est un mélange de paraffines qui a une température de changement de phase de 26°C, microencapsulé dans du PMMA hautement réticulé, et commercialisé par la société BASF® sous la dénomination commerciale de Micronal® DS 5001 X. Le PCL a une température de fusion inférieure à la température de ramollissement du PMMA. Un des objectifs de cette étude était d'obtenir un matériau qui reste solide même quand la paraffine fond. La microencapsulation a permis cela en évitant que la paraffine ne diffuse hors de l'échantillon lors de cycles successifs, elle permet également d'éviter les phénomènes de convection quand la paraffine est liquide. D'autre part, un autre objectif était de voir si la métallisation des particules permettait d'améliorer les propriétés thermiques en augmentant significativement la conductivité et la diffusivité thermique. La DSC a été utilisée pour connaître les températures et les enthalpies de changements de phase ainsi que les Cp des matériaux entre -20 et 40 °C. Une technique expérimentale développée au laboratoire (DICO) permet de mesurer simultanément la conductivité thermique (λ) et la diffusivité thermique (a) à température ambiante. Une évolution récente de ce dispositif permet maintenant de faire des mesures en rampe en température entre -15°C et 180°C. Les mesures de l'évolution de la conductivité et de la diffusivité thermique en fonction de la température ont donc été réalisées en chauffe et en refroidissement. Les changements de phase observés en DSC se retrouvent sur l'évolution de la conductivité et de la diffusivité thermiques tracées en fonction de la température. On voit également l'impact de l'état solide ou liquide de la paraffine contenue dans les microcapsules sur ces propriétés. Enfin l'évolution de la capacité calorifique volumique a pu être calculée à partir des résultats obtenus avec la DICO (Cp=λ/a) et comparée à l'évolution de la capacité calorifique massique mesurée en DSC. Globalement le transfert thermique a été amélioré pour les composites contenant des Micronal® argentés mais leur capacité de stockage est inférieure aux composites ne contenant que des Micronal® / Research in the field of innovative materials with improved energy efficiency have a major environmental issue. One way to save energy is storage. The use of phase change materials (PCM) is a solution for absorbing, storing and releasing large amounts of energy. This study focuses on the experimental study of the thermophysical properties and phase changes of polymer matrix composite materials containing microencapsulated PCM and the optimization of their thermophysical properties. Composite containing different mass fractions of paraffin microcapsules were first characterized. To improve heat transfer, paraffin microcapsules metallized with silver were then used. A new set of samples was elaborated. In the composite the selected polymer matrix is polycaprolactone (PCL), this polymer has a particularly low melting point (53°C), which allows to mix the microcapsules without damaging them. The polymer/microcapsules mixtures were prepared using a blender, they were then pressed to obtain plates of composites. The homogeneity of the samples was verified by scanning electron microscopy observations and density measurements. The phase change material used is a mixture of paraffins having a phase change temperature of 26°C, in microencapsulated highly crosslinked PMMA, and marketed by BASF under the trade name of Micronal®DS 5001 X. PCL has a melting temperature lower than the softening temperature of PMMA. One objective of this study was to obtain a material that remains solid even when the paraffin melts. Microencapsulation has avoided that the paraffin in the sample diffuses out during successive cycles, it also avoids convection when paraffin is liquid. On the other hand, another goal was to see if metallization of the particles allowed to improve the thermal properties by significantly increasing the thermal conductivity and diffusivity. DSC was used to determine the temperatures and enthalpies of the phase changes and the materials Cp between -20 and 40 ° C. An experimental technique, developed in the laboratory (DICO), can simultaneously measure the thermal conductivity (λ) and thermal diffusivity (a) at room temperature. A recent development of this system now allows to make measurements in ramp between -15°C and 180°C. The measures of the change in thermal conductivity and diffusivity as a function of temperature have been carried out by heating and cooling. Phase changes observed in DSC are found on the evolution of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity plotted as a function temperature. It also shows the impact on these properties of solid or liquid state of the paraffin contained in the microcapsules. Finally the evolution of the volumetric heat capacity was calculated from the results obtained with DICO (Cp=λ/a) and compared with the evolution of the specific heat capacity measured by DSC. Globally, heat transfer was improved for composites containing silver but their storage capacity is lower than for the composites containing only Micronal®