Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DiegoAF_DISSERT.pdf: 1045785 bytes, checksum: 38dd893df9531c8e71f483fc22aa3802 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work proposes a new technique for phasor estimation applied in microprocessor numerical relays for distance protection of transmission lines, based on the recursive least squares method and called least squares modified random walking. The phasor estimation methods have compromised their performance, mainly due to the DC exponential decaying component present in fault currents. In order to reduce the influence of the DC component, a Morphological Filter (FM) was added to the method of least squares and previously applied to the process of phasor estimation. The presented method is implemented in MATLABr and its performance is compared to one-cycle Fourier technique and conventional phasor estimation, which was also based on least squares algorithm. The methods based on least squares technique used for comparison with the proposed method were: forgetting factor recursive, covariance resetting and random walking. The techniques performance analysis were carried out by means of signals synthetic and signals provided of simulations on the Alternative Transient Program (ATP). When compared to other phasor estimation methods, the proposed method showed satisfactory results, when it comes to the estimation speed, the steady state oscillation and the overshoot. Then, the presented method performance was analyzed by means of variations in the fault parameters (resistance, distance, angle of incidence and type of fault). Through this study, the results did not showed significant variations in method performance. Besides, the apparent impedance trajectory and estimated distance of the fault were analysed, and the presented method showed better results in comparison to one-cycle Fourier algorithm / Prop?e-se neste trabalho uma nova t?cnica de estima??o fasorial, a ser utilizada em rel?s num?ricos microprocessados digitais para prote??o de dist?ncia de linhas de transmiss?o, baseada no m?todo dos m?nimos quadrados recursivo, denominada m?nimos quadrados em caminhada aleat?ria modificada. Os m?todos de estima??o fasorial t?m seu desempenho comprometido devido, principalmente, ? componente DC de decaimento exponencial presente nas correntes de falta. Para reduzir a influ?ncia da componente DC, agregou-se ao m?todo de m?nimos quadrados um Filtro Morfol?gico (FM) aplicado previamente ao processo de estima??o fasorial. O m?todo apresentado foi implementado em ambiente MATLABr e o seu desempenho comparado aos m?todos convencionais de estima??o fasorial, tamb?m baseados em m?nimos quadrados, e ao algoritmo de Fourier de um ciclo. Os m?todos baseados na t?cnica de m?nimos quadrados utilizados para compara??o com o m?todo proposto foram: recursivo ponderado, com reinicializa??o da covari?ncia e caminhada aleat?ria. As an?lises de desempenho das t?cnicas foram realizadas por meio de sinais sint?ticos e sinais oriundos de simula??es no Alternative Transient Program (ATP). Em compara??o aos demais m?todos de estima??o fasorial, o m?todo proposto apresentou resultados satisfat?rios no que se refere ? velocidade de resposta, oscila??o em regime permanente e percentual de overshoot. Em seguida, o m?todo proposto teve seu desempenho analisado frente ?s varia??es nos par?metros de falta (resist?ncia, dist?ncia, ?ngulo de incid?ncia e tipo de falta). Nesse estudo, constatou-se que o m?todo n?o sofreu varia??es significativas em seus resultados. Al?m disso, analisou-se a trajet?ria da imped?ncia aparente e dist?ncia estimada da falta, ao qual o m?todo proposto apresentou melhores resultados em compara??o ao algoritmo de Fourier de um ciclo

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-12-22T11:06:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigovianello.pdf: 847018 bytes, checksum: 7ad17011832e8156b0fa361091a1375a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-12-22T12:53:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigovianello.pdf: 847018 bytes, checksum: 7ad17011832e8156b0fa361091a1375a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-22T12:53:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigovianello.pdf: 847018 bytes, checksum: 7ad17011832e8156b0fa361091a1375a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho apresenta a proposição de duas metodologias inovadoras no campo da estimação fasorial. A primeira delas propõe a estimação do fasor da componente fundamental na presença de harmônicos e decaimento CC exponencial e é baseada na aplicação de filtros DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) e de alguns métodos de processamento de sinais, tais como janelamento, modulação e DTFT (Discrete Time Fourier Transform). A segunda metodologia também propõe a estimação do fasor da componente fundamental, mas em um cenário mais complexo onde estão presentes no sinal, além dos harmônicos e decaimento CC exponencial, as oscilações subsíncronas. Esta metodologia é baseada na aplicação de redes neurais artificiais e de alguns métodos de processamento de sinais. Ambas as metodologias foram avaliadas frente a métodos tradicionais de estimação fasorial e apresentaram desempenhos superiores na presença de ruídos. / Thisthesispresents thepropositionoftwonovelmethodsin thefieldofphasor estimation. The first proposes to estimate the phasor of the fundamental component in the presence of harmonicsandexponentialdecayingDC.ThismethodologyisbasedontheapplicationoffiltersDFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) and some methods of signal processing such as windowing, modulation and DTFT (Discrete Time Fourier Transform). The second approach also proposes to estimate the phasor of the fundamental component, but in a more complex scenario formed for harmonics, exponential decaying DC and the sub-synchronous oscillations . This methodology isbasedontheapplicationofartificialneuralnetworksandsomemethodsofsignalprocessing. Both methods were evaluated against traditional methods of phasor estimation and the simulations showed that the two proposed methods were more accurate then others in presence of noise.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-04-12T19:44:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brunomontesanoschettino.pdf: 4192681 bytes, checksum: 0df0705f39a6ff58697ec7dc00759256 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T03:29:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brunomontesanoschettino.pdf: 4192681 bytes, checksum: 0df0705f39a6ff58697ec7dc00759256 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T03:29:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brunomontesanoschettino.pdf: 4192681 bytes, checksum: 0df0705f39a6ff58697ec7dc00759256 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-08 / Este trabalho propõe um método para detectar a saturação dos núcleos dos transformadores de corrente (TCs) utilizados na proteção de sistemas elétricos de potência (SEPs), além de promover a compensação de seus efeitos através da correção do sinal de corrente secundária distorcido pela saturação. Técnicas de processamento de sinais baseadas no filtro diferenciador de segunda ordem de Savitzky-Golay são utilizadas para localizar os pontos de transição entre partes do sinal de corrente distorcidas e não distorcidas pela saturação. Em seguida, um processo de estimação baseado no critério dos mínimos quadrados que utiliza exclusivamente amostras do sinal contidas nas regiões não distorcidas é efetuado, extraindo os parâmetros necessários à promoção da correção do sinal. As influências do ruído e dos desvios de frequência de operação do SEP foram analisadas, tendo sido desenvolvidos e incorporados meios adaptativos para mitigar seus efeitos. Os algoritmos desenvolvidos foram implementados em MATLAB e a avaliação de desempenho foi realizada utilizando sinais extraídos de simulações de falta ocorridas em um sistema modelado em um simulador digital em tempo real (RTDS). Os resultados indicaram que o método proposto atingiu desempenho satisfatório, independente dos parâmetros do TC e dentro de uma ampla gama de cenários da falta analisados. Além disso, o método mostrou-se robusto em relação ao ruído e eficiente na mitigação dos erros provocados pelos desvios de frequência. Ainda, os recursos técnicos e computacionais necessários para sua execução indicam que o método proposto é passível de implementação nos atuais dispositivos de proteção disponibilizados pela indústria. / This work proposes a method for detecting the saturation of the current-transformer cores used in the protection of electric power systems and promote the compensation for its effects by correcting the secondary current signal distorted due to the saturation. Signal processing techniques based on the second order differentiator Savitzky-Golay filter are used for locating the transition points between distorted and undistorted parts of the current signal. Then, an estimation process based on the least squares criteria that uses exclusively signal samples included in the undistorted regions is performed, extracting the parameters needed for the signal correction. The influences of the noise and the frequency offset were analysed, and adaptive means to mitigate their effects were developed and incorporated. The developed algorithms were implemented in MATLAB and performance evaluation was performed using the signals taken from fault simulations in a system modeled on a real time digital simulator (RTDS). The results indicated that the proposed method reaches a satisfactory performance, regardless of the CT parameters and within a wide range of analysed fault scenarios. Moreover, the method showed to be robust relative to the noise and effective in mitigating the errors due to the frequency offsets.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-18T13:24:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jorgejaviergimenezledesma.pdf: 4002237 bytes, checksum: 74e94889e9e4afbc4463915274bf7e33 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-18T14:07:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jorgejaviergimenezledesma.pdf: 4002237 bytes, checksum: 74e94889e9e4afbc4463915274bf7e33 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-18T14:07:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jorgejaviergimenezledesma.pdf: 4002237 bytes, checksum: 74e94889e9e4afbc4463915274bf7e33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-12 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de modelos e métodos numéricos, baseados em redes neurais artificiais, para a detecção e localização de áreas com defeitos de alta impedância em sistemas de distribuição. De forma paralela, também é avaliada a eficiência da utilização de diferentes tipos de formas de medição de dados no desempenho do método, que é implementada através de duas etapas. A primeira etapa consiste na adaptação de um programa existente para cálculo de faltas, tendo como objetivo gerar de forma aleatória vários tipos de defeitos, assim como a localização dos mesmos. A metodologia de cálculo de defeitos foi desenvolvida utilizando as equações de injeção de correntes em coordenadas retangulares. Neste programa, também serão considerados os modelos de carga variantes com a tensão durante os defeitos e modelos de diversas gerações distribuídas, convencionais e não convencionais. Em seguida, foi desenvolvido e implementado um método baseado em redes neurais artificiais, para detecção e identificação de faltas, assim como para estimar a localização de faltas em um sistema de distribuição. Esta rede neural possui como entrada módulos e ângulos das tensões e correntes do sistema elétrico, obtidas através das medições fasoriais dos PMUs e/ou IEDs. As saídas da rede neural correspondem à detecção e localização de áreas de defeitos. O método proposto foi desenvolvido no ambiente MatLab® e com o intuito de avaliar sua eficiência, foi testado em alguns sistemas IEEE e em um sistema real. Os resultados obtidos dos estudos são apresentados sob a forma de tabelas e gráficos com suas respectivas acurácias, números de neurônios e as diferentes configurações adotadas. / This work proposes the development of numerical models and methods, based on artificial neural networks, for the detection and localization of high impedance faults in distribution systems. In parallel, the efficiency is also evaluated using different types of measurement data techniques in the performance of the method, which is implemented through two steps. The first step consists in the adaptation of an existing program for calculation of faults, aiming to generate randomly several types of faults, as well as their location. The faults calculation methodology was developed using current injection equations in rectangular coordinates. In this program the models of load variation with the voltage during the faults and a variety of conventional and unconventional models for distributed generation, are considered. Next, a method based on artificial neural networks is developed and implemented for the detection and identification of faults, as well as to estimate the fault location within a distribution system. The neural network inputs are modules and angles of the voltages and currents of the electrical system, obtained from the PMUs and / or IEDs. The outputs of the neural network correspond to the detection and location of faults. The proposed method was developed in MatLab® environment and tested in some IEEE systems and in a real system in order to evaluate its efficiency. The results obtained from the studies was presented in the form of tables and graphs with their respective accuracy, numbers of neurons and the different configurations adopted.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-10T14:04:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 renatoribeiroaleixo.pdf: 11717772 bytes, checksum: 92418eff47ec8bfa0e099a19d849c068 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-10T14:22:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 renatoribeiroaleixo.pdf: 11717772 bytes, checksum: 92418eff47ec8bfa0e099a19d849c068 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T14:22:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 renatoribeiroaleixo.pdf: 11717772 bytes, checksum: 92418eff47ec8bfa0e099a19d849c068 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho tem como objetivo a proposta de uma Unidade de Medição Fasorial (do inglês, Phasor Measurement Unit)(PMU), de baixo custo, voltada para o monito-ramento da distribuição de energia elétrica. O medidor proposto pode ser conectado à rede de baixa tensão, possibilitando assim o monitoramento dos sistemas de dis-tribuição e transmissão de energia. O algoritmo de estimação fasorial que compõe o software embarcado do equipamento faz uso do filtro Savitzky-Golay como aproxima-ção da derivada, necessária no processo de estimação da frequência do componente fundamental do sinal. O hardware utilizado é composto pelo microprocessador ARM TM4C1294NCPDT da Texas Instruments, um módulo GPS NEO-6M da uBlox, um módulo Wi-Fi ESP8266, além de um circuito de condicionamento do sinal analógico. O sincronismo das medições realizadas é garantido graças ao sinal composto por um pulso por segundo fornecido pelo GPS. Para o envio dos dados gerados pelo medidor pro-posto, o protocolo definido na norma vigente para PMUs foi utilizado. As estimações podem ser armazenadas e vizualizadas em tempo real através de um software monitor de dados de sincrofasores. Os resultados contemplam os testes exigidos pela norma, avaliando-se o erro total da estimação do fasor, o erro de frequência e o erro de taxa de variação da frequência. Por último, a fim de se reafirmar o sincronismo existente entre as medições realizadas por mais de um equipamento, estimou-se os fasores e a frequência em pontos distintos do sistema 4 Barras do IEEE, simulado em tempo real no RTDS, onde pode-se observar a estimação correta da defasagem entre duas barras desse sistema. / The present work proposes of a low cost Phasor Measurement Unity (PMU), for monitoring the power distribution system. The proposed meter can be connected at the low voltage level, making possible the monitoring of the distribution system and the transmission system. The algorithm used to compute the phasor estimation that composes the embedded software in the equipment uses the Savitzky-Golay filter to approximate the differentiation process, necessary in the frequency estimation of the fundamental component of the signal. The hardware of the equipment is composed by a microprocessor AMR TM4C1294NCPDT of Texas Instruments, a uBlox GPS NEO-6M module, a Wi-Fi ESP8266 module and an analog conditioning circuit. The synchronism of the measurements is guaranteed due to a pulse per second signal from the GPS module. For the transmission of the data generated by the PMU, the protocol suggested by the standard is used. The estimated parameters can be visualized in real time through the Synchrophasor Data Monitor Software. The results contemplate the tests required by the IEEE standard C37.118.1 and the analyses of the total vector error, frequency error and rate of change of frequency error. Finally, to attest the synchronism between different PMUs, a test in a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) was made, where the 4 bus IEEE system was simulated. The difference of the angles estimated for different buses was computed and the obtained values were according to the expected.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-10-24T14:20:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 igordelgadodemelo.pdf: 3776690 bytes, checksum: 47e7e8480e1ca6486c2b7b102f002e51 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-11-23T12:14:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 igordelgadodemelo.pdf: 3776690 bytes, checksum: 47e7e8480e1ca6486c2b7b102f002e51 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-23T12:14:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 igordelgadodemelo.pdf: 3776690 bytes, checksum: 47e7e8480e1ca6486c2b7b102f002e51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-21 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta uma nova metodologia para a estimação de estados harmônicos em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica, a partir da modelagem de problemas de otimização, em uma abordagem estática. Assume-se que medições fasoriais sincronizadas são obtidas continuamente por um número reduzido de PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units) estrategicamente alocadas no sistema. Correntes harmônicas passantes em todos os ramos da rede elétrica são variáveis de estado a serem estimadas em coordenadas retangulares. Valendo-se do uso de leis de Kirchhoff, outras grandezas elétricas são calculadas como fasores de tensão, potências ativa e reativa. Os problemas de otimização são modelados para cada ordem harmônica individualmente e para cada intervalo de tempo em que o algoritmo for executado, com o objetivo de estimar estados harmônicos ao longo do tempo, considerando curvas diárias de carga. A função objetivo é determinada a partir do método dos mínimos quadrados ponderados, almejando minimizar o somatório das diferenças quadráticas entre os valores medidos e os valores correspondentes estimados pelo método proposto. Para as barras não monitoradas por PMUs, potências ativa e reativa são consideradas como restrições de desigualdade com limites inferiores e superiores definidos por fatores percentuais, assumindo incertezas sobre as variações de carregamento e componentes harmônicas a serem estimadas em intervalos de tempo regulares. Os problemas de otimização são resolvidos usando o método de pontos interiores com barreira de segurança adaptado, em que a solução ótima é dada sem violação de restrições, através da introdução de um parâmetro de relaxamento que permite que os valores inferiores e superiores das restrições que atingirem seus respectivos valores limites sejam relaxados para que a solução ótima seja encontrada. Sistemas teste de distribuição de energia elétrica trifásicos, topologicamente radial são utilizados para validação da metodologia proposta. Análises de sensibilidade são consideradas para avaliar o tempo computacional, número de PMUs alocadas, geração distribuída, filtro harmônico e parâmetros usados pelo algoritmo proposto. Vantagens deste trabalho incluem número limitado de PMUs a ser instalado, identificação de múltiplas fontes harmônicas, estimação de curvas diárias de carga e componentes harmônicas ao longo do tempo, com erros de estimação reduzidos. / This work presents a novel methodology for harmonic state estimation in electric power distribution networks, based on optimization problems formulation, in a static approach. It is assumed that synchronized phasor measurements are continuously obtained using a reduced number of PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units) strategically allocated into the system. Harmonic branch currents passing through the branches of the network are the state variables to be estimated in rectangular coordinates. Based on Kirchhoff’s laws, other electrical quantities are calculated, such as voltage phasors, active and reactive powers. An optimization problem is modelled for each harmonic order individually and for each time interval in which the algorithm is executed, with the objective of estimating harmonic states along the time, considering daily load curves. The objective function is determined based on the weighted least squares method, aiming to minimize the sum of the quadratic difference between measured and estimated values by the proposed method. For the buses which are not monitored by PMUs, active and reactive powers are considered as inequality constraints, with lower and upper limits defined by percentage factors, assuming uncertainties over daily load curves and harmonic components to be estimated in regular time intervals. The optimization problems are solved using the modified safety barrier interior point method, in which the optimal solution is provided with no constraints violation, by the introduction of a relaxation parameter which allows the upper and lower bounds of the constraints which reached their corresponding limits to be relaxed in such a way that the optimal solution is obtained. Three-phase electrical distribution test systems, with radial topology are used for the validation of the proposed methodology. Sensitivity analysis are considered in order to evaluate computational time, distributed generation, harmonic filter and parameters used by the proposed algorithm. Advantages of this work include limited number of PMUs to be installed, multiple harmonic sources identification, estimation of daily load curves and harmonic components along the time, with reduced estimation errors.

In the early 1980s, relaying engineers conceived a technology allowing a huge step forward in the monitoring of power system behavior: the synchrophasor, i.e. the estimation of a phasor representation - amplitude and phase - of a sinusoidal waveform at a given point in time thanks to highly accurate time synchronization of a digital relay. By measuring synchrophasors across the power system several times per second, and centralizing the appropriate information in a hierarchical way through a telecommunication network link, it is now possible to continuously monitor the state of very large systems at a high refresh rate. <p><p>At the beginning, the phase angle information of synchrophasors was used to support or improve the performance of classic monitoring applications, such as state estimation and post-mortem analysis. Later, synchrophasors were found to be valuable for the detection and analysis of phenomena that were not monitored previously, such as system islanding and angular stability. This allows a better understanding of system behavior and the design of remedial actions in cases where system security appears to be endangered. Early detection and even prediction of instabilities, as well as validation and improvement of the dynamic models used for studies, have thus become possible.<p><p>However, a power system is rarely stationary and the assumptions behind the definition of “phasor” are not completely fulfilled because the waveforms' frequency and amplitude are not constant over a signal cycle at fundamental frequency. Therefore, accuracy of synchrophasor measurements during dynamic events is an important performance criterion. Furthermore, when discontinuities (phase jumps and high magnitude variations) and harmonics disturb the measured analog signals as a consequence of switching actions or external disturbances, measurements provided to the “user” (the operator or the algorithms that will take decisions such as triggering alarms and remedial actions) require a certain robustness. <p><p>The efforts underpinning this thesis have lead to the development of a method that ensures the robustness of the measurement. This scheme is described and tested in various conditions. In order to achieve a closer alignment between required and actual measurement performance, it is recommended to add an online indicator of phasor accuracy to the phasor data. <p><p>Fast automated corrective actions and closed-loop control schemes relying on synchrophasors are increasingly deployed in power systems. The delay introduced in the measurement and the telecommunication can have a negative impact on the efficiency of these schemes. Therefore, measurement latency is also a major performance indicator of the synchrophasor measurement. <p><p>This thesis illustrates the full measurement chain, from the measurement of analog voltages and currents in the power system to the use of these measurements for various purposes, with an emphasis on real-time applications: visualization, triggering of alarms in the control room or remedial actions, and integration in closed-loop controls. It highlights the various elements along this chain, which influence the availability, accuracy and delay of the data. <p><p>The main focus is on the algorithm to estimate synchrophasors and on the tradeoff between accuracy and latency that arises in applications for which measurements are taken during dynamic events and the data must be processed within a very limited timeframe. <p><p>If both fast phasors and slower, more accurate phasors are made available, the user would be able to select the set of phasors that are the most suitable for each application, by giving priority to either accuracy or a short delay.<p><p>This thesis also tentatively identifies gaps between requirements and typical measurements in order to identify current barriers and challenges to the use of wide area measurement systems. <p><p>A specific application, the continuous monitoring of oscillatory stability, was selected in order to illustrate the benefits of synchrophasors for the monitoring, analysis and control of power system behavior. This application requires a good phasor accuracy but can allow for some measurement delay, unless phasor data are used in an oscillation damping controller. In addition, it also relies on modal estimators, i.e. techniques for the online identification of the characteristics of oscillatory modes from measurements. This field of ongoing research is also introduced in this thesis. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The future power grid will effectively utilize renewable energy resources and distributed generation to respond to energy demand while incorporating information technology and communication infrastructure for their optimum operation. This dissertation contributes to the development of real-time techniques, for wide-area monitoring and secure real-time control and operation of hybrid power systems. To handle the increased level of real-time data exchange, this dissertation develops a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system that is equipped with a state estimation scheme from the real-time data. This system is verified on a specially developed laboratory-based test bed facility, as a hardware and software platform, to emulate the actual scenarios of a real hybrid power system with the highest level of similarities and capabilities to practical utility systems. It includes phasor measurements at hundreds of measurement points on the system. These measurements were obtained from especially developed laboratory based Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) that is utilized in addition to existing commercially based PMU’s. The developed PMU was used in conjunction with the interconnected system along with the commercial PMU’s. The tested studies included a new technique for detecting the partially islanded micro grids in addition to several real-time techniques for synchronization and parameter identifications of hybrid systems. Moreover, due to numerous integration of renewable energy resources through DC microgrids, this dissertation performs several practical cases for improvement of interoperability of such systems. Moreover, increased number of small and dispersed generating stations and their need to connect fast and properly into the AC grids, urged this work to explore the challenges that arise in synchronization of generators to the grid and through introduction of a Dynamic Brake system to improve the process of connecting distributed generators to the power grid. Real time operation and control requires data communication security. A research effort in this dissertation was developed based on Trusted Sensing Base (TSB) process for data communication security. The innovative TSB approach improves the security aspect of the power grid as a cyber-physical system. It is based on available GPS synchronization technology and provides protection against confidentiality attacks in critical power system infrastructures.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-16T11:21:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 igordelgadodemelo.pdf: 4931795 bytes, checksum: cf03c45f0f2492c6cf9186af1b3866a2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-16T11:57:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 igordelgadodemelo.pdf: 4931795 bytes, checksum: cf03c45f0f2492c6cf9186af1b3866a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-16T11:57:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 igordelgadodemelo.pdf: 4931795 bytes, checksum: cf03c45f0f2492c6cf9186af1b3866a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-18 / Este trabalho objetiva apresentar uma metodologia capaz de estimar os componentes harmônicos em sistemas de distribuição com topologia radial utilizando PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units). Os estados a serem estimados serão as correntes passantes em todas as linhas do sistema em coordenadas retangulares. Uma vez que essas correntes são obtidas, torna-se possível o cálculo de outras grandezas elétricas através das equações de fluxo de potência e leis de Kirchhoff. A metodologia considera poucas unidades de medição fasorial (as PMUs) instaladas efetuando a leitura dos sinais de tensões nodais e correntes nas linhas com distorção harmônica. A fim de restaurar a observabilidade do sistema por completo, são considerados dados históricos de demanda de potência ativa/reativa, os quais serão tratados como restrições de desigualdades excursionando entre um valor mínimo e máximo considerados em um problema de otimização não linear que visa diminuir a diferença entre os valores monitorados pelas PMUs e os calculados pela metodologia. As mencionadas restrições permitem ao estimador o acompanhamento das variações sofridas ao longo do tempo na curva de carga para a frequência fundamental e também para as demais frequências. A abordagem proposta neste trabalho considera a modelagem trifásica de equipamentos e linhas de distribuição, portanto, são modelados os efeitos de acoplamento mútuo entre fases e a operação não linear de equipamentos de eletrônica de potência tiristorizados. O método demonstra eficiência não apenas em estimar os componentes harmônicos de um certo espectro considerado no estudo, como também se mostra uma ferramenta prática de detecção e identificação de fontes harmônicas no sistema elétrico de potência, além de explicitar um exemplo prático do uso de PMUs no que tange ao monitoramento de redes de distribuição, carentes de acompanhamento em tempo real. A metodologia ainda se mostra capaz de ser aliada a grandes estudos contextualizados em qualidade de energia, uma vez que permite a estimação de índices de distorção harmônica. / This work aims to present a methodology which is capable of estimating harmonic components for distribution systems with radial topology, using PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units). The estimated states will be all branch currents of the system expressed in rectangular coordinates. Once these currents are obtained, it is possible to calculate other electrical quantities using power flow equations and also Kirchhoff’s law. The methodology considers the installation of a few number of phasor measurement units which will measure voltage and branch currents signals distorted by harmonic sources. In order to make the whole system observable, historical data of active/reactive power demand will be treated as inequality constraints varying between minimum and maximum limits described in a non linear optimization problem, which aims to minimize the difference between the values monitored by PMUs and the ones calculated by the methodology. The already mentioned constraints allows the accompaniment of the variations occured in a typical load curve during a period of time for the fundamental frequency and also for their multiples, allowing the accompaniment of the harmonic load curve, normally unknown. The proposed approach considers a three-phase modelling of equipments and distribution lines, subject to their mutual coupling effects caused by mutual impedances between the lines. It will also be considered electronic-based devices using thyristors located along the distribution feeder, injecting harmonic currents in the system. The method demonstrates efficiency in estimating the harmonic states of the net and also in detecting and identifying harmonic sources in an eletric power system, besides showing a practical use of PMUs for the monitoring of distribution systems, lacking in information and real-time accompaniment. The method also enables the estimation of power quality indicators such as total harmonic distortion.

The function analysis of instrument voltage transformer with the aid of his equivalent diagram and his phasor diagrams is main part of my masters thesis. I solve the influence and errors of his equivalent diagram’s elements on this instrument voltage transformer. Than I talk about suitable magnetic materials using for instrument voltage transformers. There are 3D pictures which show lay-out of instrument voltage transformers’s windings and his magnetic circuit.