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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Estudo para a otimização do processamento de formulações de resina fenólica aplicada à material de fricção

Artmann, Albertina 04 September 2008 (has links)
Materiais de fricção são compósitos cuja matriz polimérica é, usualmente, a resina fenólica novolaca. Os requisitos de desempenho dos materiais de fricção demandam um rígido controle das condições de processamento, na formação de ligações cruzadas da resina fenólica de hexametilenotetramina (HMTA), que definem as propriedades do produto final. Nesta dissertação, resinas fenólicas novolaca pó, com teores de 7, 9 e 11% do agente de cura hexametilenotetramina (HMTA), foram caracterizadas quanto ao peso molecular, além da determinação do comportamento térmico e reológico, objetivando sua aplicação como matriz polimérica em materiais de fricção. Os resultados obtidos, principalmente em função das taxas reacionais obtidas das caracterizações reométricas, indicaram a resina fenólica novolaca com 9% de HMTA, como a melhor para o processamento de material de fricção rápido. / Friction materials are composites the polymer matrix of which is usually a novolak phenolic resin. Performance requirements of friction materials demand a steep control of the processing conditions, during crosslinking development of the phenolic resin with hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA), which define the end product properties. In this dissertation, aiming at applyind these materials as a polymer matrix in friction materials, powdered novolak phenolic resins having 7, 9 and 11wt% of hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA) curing agent were characterized as for molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, besides the determination of thermal and rheological behavior. Obtained data based rate of reaction mainly on rheological characterization indicate the 9wt% HMTA novolak phenolic resin for the processing of a typical friction material.
12

Preparação e caracterização de materiais de carbono via termopolimerização de pré-polímero fenol-formaldeído / Preparation and characterization of carbon materials by thermopolimerization of pre-polymer phenol-formaldehyde

Wesley Cardoso Muscelli 17 August 2012 (has links)
O presente trabalho relata a investigação de uma rota reprodutível de obtenção de materiais de carbono a partir do tratamento térmico de pré-polímero fenol formaldeído (resina fenólica) levando em consideração características morfológicas e estruturais.O controle da composição de resina bem como o estabelecimento cuidadoso da rampa de aquecimento foram fatores decisisvos para a obtenção de materiais análogos ao carbono vítreo de maneira reprodutível. Os materiais obtidos apresentaram reduzida presença de poros e condutividade térmica apreciável uma vez que foram testados como eletrodos de trabalho em ensaios eletroquímicos . A análise estrutural e morfológica dos compostos sintetizados demonstrou a presença de estrutura semelhante ao carbono vítreo relatado na literatura com presença de poucos poros superficiais da ordem de micrômetros até nanômetros. Já em relação aos materias de carbono porosos, buscou-se obter compostos com arranjo ordenado de mesoporos. Resultados preliminares demonstraram que os materiais apresentaram poros micrométricos superficiais organizados. / The present work reports on the investigation of reproducible route to synthesize carbon materials from phenolic resin take into account the structural and morphological features. The control or the resin composotion and the careful establinshing of the ramp heating were decisive for achievement the materials analogous to the glassy carbon (vitreous carbon) in a reproducicle way. The materials obtained materials revealed the glassy carbon structure with the presence of the superficial pores in the range of micrometers to nanometrers. In relation to the carbon materilas, they organized arrangement of the porous in the micrometric scale.
13

Utilização de matéria-prima obtida de fonte renovável na preparação de compósitos de matriz tipo fenólica / Use of raw material obtained from a renewable source in tbhe preparation of phenolic type matrix composites

Franciéli Borges de Oliveira 13 June 2008 (has links)
A matéria-prima utilizada na produção em larga escala de resinas fenólicas (normalmente fenol e formaldeído) é obtida a partir de fontes não renováveis. O tanino e o furfural, originados de fonte renováveis, apresentam a possibilidade de substituir parcialmente o fenol e formaldeído, respectivamente, na preparação de resinas fenólicas, formando uma rede integrada baseada em unidades de fenol/tanino e fenol/furfural para as resinas taninofenólica e fenol-furfural, respectivamente. No presente trabalho, estas resinas foram utilizadas na preparação de compósitos, os quais foram reforçados com fibras lignocelulósicas (sisal). As resinas taninofenólica e fenol-furfural foram caracterizadas por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN). Para análise da resina fenol-furfural, compostos modelo foram previamente sintetizados e avaliados por RMN 1H e 13C. Fibras de sisal foram usadas como agente de reforço das matrizes termorrígidas do tipo fenol, tendo em vista as excelentes propriedades mecânicas que esta fibra apresenta, assim como a disponibilidade da mesma no país, pois o Brasil é atualmente o maior produtor mundial desta fibra. Foram utilizadas fibras de sisal (3,0 cm de comprimento) em porcentagens diversas, sem tratamento e mercerizadas (tratamento com solução alcalina). Foram utilizadas também fibras tratadas com ar ionizado e reagidas com tanino hidroximetilado, variando-se o tempo de exposição das fibras ao tratamento. Os compósitos preparados com resina taninofenólica, contendo fibras de sisal tratadas (mercerização, ar ionizado e tanino hidroximetilado), apresentaram uma diminuição no valor de resistência ao impacto, quando comparados aos compósitos preparados com fibras de sisal sem tratamento. Provavelmente, estes tratamentos degradaram as fibras de sisal, tornando-as mais frágeis. As análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) destes compósitos reforçados com fibras tratadas, mostraram uma maior adesão entre fibra e matriz. Este aumento da adesão na região da interface foi confirmado pelos resultados obtidos nos testes de absorção de água, em que os compósitos contendo fibras de sisal mercerizadas absorveram no geral menores quantidades de água, confirmando que os tratamentos aplicados na fibra diminuíram o caráter hidrofílico característico das fibras de sisal sem tratamento. Os parâmetros obtidos a partir das curvas de absorção de água, revelaram que a difusão das moléculas de água no interior dos compósitos segue o regime fickiano. Para os compósitos de matriz fenol-furfural, a fim de avaliar os efeitos da natureza dos álcalis utilizados na propriedade destes compósitos, as resinas foram preparadas usando como catalisadores KOH e K2CO3, sendo na seqüência aplicadas na preparação de compósitos reforçados com fibras de sisal (3,0cm, 30% em massa, não tratadas). As análises de MEV mostram que a adesão na interface fibra/matriz é mais intensa quando KOH é utilizado, se comparado a K2CO3. Essa baixa adesão é provavelmente devido a possível liberação de CO2, quando K2CO3 é usado, que pode promover o surgimento de microcavidades em torno das fibras, o que pode levar a baixa adesão fibra/matriz. Essa baixa adesão se reflete na propriedade de resistência ao impacto, pois para os compósitos preparados com KOH os valores foram superiores. Ainda, para verificar se a resina obtida usando KOH pode ser preparada a partir de condições mais suaves, um experimento foi realizado com menores tempos de reação e temperatura. A resistência ao impacto deste compósito mostrou que um material com boas propriedades pode, ser obtido quando as resinas são preparadas nestas condições. Os resultados obtidos são promissores, e mostram que compósitos com boas propriedades podem ser preparados usando altas proporções de materiais obtidos de biomassa, isso é, fibras de sisal, tanino e furfural. / In the present work phenolic type matrices were prepered, which were reinforced with lignocellullosic fibers (sisal). The tannin-phenolic and phenol-furfural resins, amid other techniques, were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Model compounds were synthesized specially for the 1H and 13C NMR analysis of phenol-furfural resins. The sisal fibers were chosen as reinforcing agent of the phenol-type thermoset matrices, due to their excellent mechanical properties, as well as the availability of this lignocellulosic material in Brazil, which is currently the greater world-wide producer of these fibers. Several percentages of unmodified and alkali treated (mercerized) fibers (3.0 cm length, randomly distributed) were used. Up to 50% of fibers (w/w), the impact strength of the composites improved with increase in the fiber content. In addition, fibers treated with ionized air and with hydroxymethylated tannin, varying the time exposure of the fibers to the treatments, were used. The tannin-phenolic matrices composites reinforced with 30 % (w/w) of modified sisal fibers (mercerized, treated with ionized air and hydroxymethylated tannin), showed lower impact strength than reinforced with sisal unmodified fibers. Probably, the sisal fibers were partially degraded by these treatments, turning them more fragile mechanically. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the composites reinforced with modified fibers showed better adhesion between fiber and matrix, confirmed by the results obtained from the water absorption experiments, where the composites reinforced with modified sisal fibers absorbed, in general, lesser amounts of water, indicating that the treatments applied in the fiber decreased the hydrophilic character of the fibers. The parameters obtained from the curves of water absorption revealed that the diffusion of water molecules within of the composites follows the Ficks law. Concerning the phenol-furfural resins, to evaluate the effect of the nature of the alkali used in the properties of the related composites, the resins were prepared using KOH and K2CO3 as catalysts, and then used in the preparation of composites reinforced with unmodified sisal fibers (3.0 cm length, 30% w/w, randomly distributed). The SEM images showed that the adhesion in the interface fiber/matrix was improved when KOH is used, instead of K2CO3. This low adhesion between fiber/matrix is probably caused by microcavities located around the fibers and possibly generated by CO2 release when K2CO3 is used in the preparation of the resin. This low adhesion reflects in the property of impact strength, for the composites prepared with KOH the values were superior. Nevertheless, to verify if the resin obtained using KOH can be prepared from softer conditions, a resin was prepared using lower reaction times (1h, instead of 3:15h) and temperature (70 °C, instead of 130 °C). The impact strength of the composite obtained from this resin showed that a material with good properties was obtained. Overall, the results are promising and indicate that composites with good properties can be prepared using high proportion of materials obtained from biomass, i.e., sisal fiber, tannin and furfural.
14

Preparação e caracterização de compósitos abrasivos resinoides reforçados com alumina reciclada / Preparation and characterization of resin bonded abrasives composites reinforced with recycled alumina

Alexandre Dutra Golanda 07 August 2017 (has links)
A iminente escassez de recursos naturais e de fontes energéticas não renováveis são forças motrizes para a adoção de práticas sustentáveis. Dentre os processos industriais que fazem uso intensivo de recursos naturais, estão os que utilizam processos de usinagem baseados em ferramentas abrasivas para desbaste, esmerilhamento, corte, entre outros. A partir deste panorama geral, é possível enxergar a necessidade de estudar os processos de usinagem com ferramentas abrasivas a fim de aumentar a compreensão sobre eles e de torná-los sustentáveis. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar, por meio do comportamento mecânico de compósitos abrasivos resinoides, o potencial de reciclagem de grãos de alumina oriundos de ferramentas abrasivas. No presente trabalho, foi estudada a preparação e caracterização de compósitos abrasivos resinoides reforçados com grãos alumina reciclada e virgem. Uma das aluminas recicladas é oriunda de rebolos e discos de corte resinoides, outra alumina é oriunda de rebolos vitrificados, e a última, composta por alumina branca, é recuperada de rebolos vitrificados refugados ou usados. As amostras de grãos de alumina reciclada e a de grãos de alumina marrom virgem foram caracterizadas por meio das técnicas de fluorescência de raios X (FRX), difratometria de raios X (DRX), microscopias óptica (MO) e eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Corpos de prova de compósitos utilizando os quatro tipos de alumina foram preparados por meio da mistura, prensagem e tratamento térmico de grãos de alumina e resinas fenólicas resol e novolaca. Por fim, os compósitos foram caracterizados por meio das técnicas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), módulo elástico por excitação por impulso, impacto Izod, flexão em quatro pontos, análise térmica dinâmico-mecânica (DMTA), dureza por Sand Blasting Penetration (SBP), porosidade pelo método de Arquimedes e microscopias óptica e eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados dos ensaios mecânicos mostraram que os compósitos de alumina reciclada apresentaram depreciação em todas as propriedades estudadas em relação ao compósito de alumina virgem, exceto a resistência ao impacto Izod, no qual todas as amostras apresentaram baixa resistência. A razão desta baixa resistência ao impacto deveu-se à estrutura formada pelo grão de alumina, ligante (resina fenólica) e porosidade, na qual a baixa proporção de resina fenólica (10% m.) foi a responsável pelo resultado. Por outro lado, a causa da depreciação nas propriedades mecânicas apresentadas pelos compósitos de alumina reciclada foi a menor concentração em alumina e a presença de impurezas oriundas da produção das ferramentas abrasivas. Neste caso, o compósito de alumina branca reciclada apresentou melhores resultados das propriedades mecânicas em relação aos compósitos de alumina oriunda de rebolos vitrificados e os de alumina oriunda de rebolos e discos resinoides. Concluindo, o potencial de reciclagem dos grãos de alumina oriundos de ferramentas abrasivas visando o seu reaproveitamento no processo de fabricação destas ferramentas é limitado pela sua pureza, de modo que se no processo de reciclagem dos grãos for aumentada a concentração de alumina haverá possibilidade de seu reaproveitamento. / The imminent scarcity of natural resources and nonrenewable energy sources are driving forces for the adoption of sustainable practices. Among the industrial processes that make intensive use of natural resources, there are those that use machining processes based on abrasive tools for roughing, grinding, cutting, among others. From this general panorama, it is possible to see the need to study the machining processes with abrasive tools in order to increase the understanding about them. Thus, the objective of this work is to evaluate, through the mechanical behavior of resin-bound abrasive composites, the recycling potential of alumina grits from abrasive tools. In the present work, the preparation and characterization of resinoid abrasive composites reinforced with recycled and virgin alumina grits was studied. One of the recycled aluminas comes from resin-bound grinding wheels and thin wheel cut-off discs, another alumina comes from vitrified grinding wheels, and the latter, composed of white alumina, is recovered from scrapped or used glazed grinding wheels. The samples of recycled alumina grits and virgin brown alumina grits were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Composite test bodies using the four types of alumina were prepared by mixing, pressing and heat treatment of alumina grits and resol and novolak phenolic resins. Finally, the composites were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), impulse excitation elastic modulus, Izod impact, four-point flexing, dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), Sand Blasting Penetration hardness (SBP), porosity by the Archimedes method and optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results of the mechanical tests showed that the recycled alumina composites presented depreciation in all the studied properties in relation to the virgin alumina composite, except the Izod impact resistance, in which all the samples presented low resistance. The reason for this low impact strength was due to the structure formed by the alumina grit, binder (phenolic resin) and porosity, in which the low proportion of phenolic resin (10% m) was responsible for the result. On the other hand, the reason for the depreciation in the mechanical properties presented by the recycled alumina composites was the lower concentration in alumina and the presence of impurities from the production of the abrasive tools. In this case, the recycled white alumina composite presented better mechanical properties in relation to alumina composites from vitrified grinding wheels and those from alumina from grinding wheels and resinoid disks. In conclusion, the recycling potential of the alumina grits from abrasive tools aiming at their reuse in the process of manufacturing these tools is limited by their purity, so that if in the grit recycling process the alumina concentration increases it will make possible its reuse.
15

Strengthening Potential Of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes In Phenolic Resin Composites

Kerr, Brittany 01 January 2010 (has links)
Strengthening potential of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in a phenolic resin composite was evaluated by characterization of purified and phenyl sulfonated SWCNTs, investigation of the load transfer capability of the purified SWCNTs, and characterization of the composites. Purified and phenyl sulfonated SWCNTs, as well as their composites, were examined by Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultra violet-visible spectrometry. Fabrication of the SWCNT/phenolic resin composite was performed by first dispersing the SWCNTs in ethylene glycol and then homogenizing the mixture with phenolic resin. The ethylene glycol was then evaporated from the mixture and the SWCNT/phenolic resin composite was cured at 200°C for 1 hour. The dispersion of SWCNTs in the phenolic resin was reduced with higher SWCNT concentrations. Load was transferred from the phenolic resin to the purified SWCNTs. This demonstrated the potential to strengthen phenolic resin composite with SWCNT reinforcement. The load transfer efficiency in total tension (0.8%) decreased with an increase in SWCNT concentration, while in total compression (-0.8%), the load transfer efficiency remained constant. At very low strain (± 0.2%), the load transfer efficiency remained constant regardless of SWCNT concentration in both tension and compression. Characterization of the phenyl sulfonated SWCNTs indicated that calcium was introduced as a contaminant that interfered with functionalization of the SWCNTs. The use of contaminated phenyl sulfonated SWCNTs resulted in macroscopic inhomogeneity within the composite.
16

Valorisation du cardanol et d’acides et d’aldéhydes lipidiques dans le domaine des matériaux polymères / Valorization of cardanol and lipidic acids and aldehydes in the field of polymer materials

Briou, Benoît 05 October 2018 (has links)
L’un des défis majeurs dans le domaine des polymères est la substitution des molécules pétro-sourcées en vue de l’élaboration de monomères, polymères et d'additifs pour polymères. Le travail de cette thèse s’axe sur la valorisation de molécules bio-sourcées et plus particulièrement, du cardanol et de dérivés d'huiles végétales. Le champ d’application des polymères étant large, nous avons choisi de nous centrer sur trois grandes problématiques.Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la plastification du PVC qui, actuellement, est majoritairement réalisée par des phtalates, famille d’esters pétro-sourcés vivement suspectés d’être des perturbateurs endocriniens. Des additifs de substitution ont ainsi été synthétisés par une chimie simple à partir du cardanol et d’esters gras. Des stabilités thermiques et des propriétés plastifiantes très satisfaisantes ont été obtenues. Enfin, des tests de toxicité et d’écotoxicité ont démontré l’absence d'impact perturbateur sur la sécrétion d'hormones sexuelles et la non toxicité vis-à-vis de l'environnement de ces plastifiants bio-sourcés.Dans un second temps, nous avons revisité la chimie des résines phénoplastes habituellement préparées à partir du phénol et du formaldéhyde, deux molécules classées CMR. Nous avons adapté cette chimie robuste à un phénol bio-sourcé, le cardanol, et à un aldéhyde bio-sourcé, le nonanal, pour obtenir des résines phénoliques souples. Cette propriété recherchée est le résultat d’une plastification interne des chaines lipidiques pendantes au sein du réseau polymère. Par cet exemple, l’intérêt des dérivés d’huiles végétales pour l’élaboration de matériaux souples a été démontré. Un compromis entre la souplesse des résines phénoliques et leurs résistances chimique et thermique a été atteint.Enfin, nous nous sommes tournés vers l’élaboration de polyuréthanes réticulés à partir d’un ester gras, d’un diester gras et d’un triglycéride porteurs de fonctions alpha-hydroxycétone (collaboration avec l’équipe CASYEN de l’ICBMS). L’apport de la fonction alpha-cétone sur la réactivité du polyol vis-à-vis du réactif isocyanate n’est que modeste par rapport à des dérivés présentant un groupement alcool isolé sur la chaine (huile de ricin) et alcool associé à une autre fonction alcool (triglycéride 1,2-diol). Néanmoins, la présence d’interactions intramoléculaires provenant des groupements cétone a permis d’exacerber la stabilité thermique des matériaux PU et d’élaborer des PU réticulés souples par plastification interne comme dans le cas des résines phénoliques.Cette thèse a ainsi démontré l’apport des phénols lipidiques tels que le cardanol et des chaines grasses dans l’amélioration de la stabilité thermique et de la souplesse au sein de matériaux polymères. / One of the major challenges in the field of polymers is the substitution of oil-based molecules for the development of monomers, polymers and polymer additives. The topic of this thesis is focused on the valorization of bio-sourced molecules and particularly, cardanol and vegetable oil derivatives. Since the scope of polymers is broad, we have chosen to focus on the following three major issues.At first, we were interested in the plasticization of PVC, which is most often carried out by phthalates, a family of oil-based esters strongly suspected to be endocrine disruptors. Alternative additives were thus synthesized by simple chemical reactions from cardanol and fatty esters. Good thermal stabilities and satisfactory plasticizing properties were obtained. Finally, toxicity and ecotoxicity tests have demonstrated the absence of a disruptive impact on the secretion of sex hormones and the non-toxicity towards the environment of these bio-sourced plasticizers.In a second step, we were interested in the chemistry of phenolic resins usually prepared from phenol and formaldehyde, two molecules classified as CMR substances. Thus, a bio-sourced phenol, cardanol, and a bio-sourced aldehyde, nonanal, were reacted to reach flexible phenolic resins. This peculiar property is the result of internal plasticization of the pendant lipid chains within the polymer network. By this example, the interest of vegetable oil derivatives for the production of flexible materials was demonstrated. Finally, a compromise between the flexibility of phenolic resins and their chemical and thermal resistances was reached.Finally, we turned to the development of crosslinked polyurethanes from a fatty ester, a fatty diester and a triglyceride exhibiting alpha-hydroxyketone functions (collaboration with the CASYEN team of the ICBMS). The contribution of the alpha-ketone function on the reactivity of the related to the isocyanate reagent is only modest compared to isolated alcohol type derivatives (castor oil) and alcohol associated with another alcohol function ( triglyceride 1,2-diol). Nevertheless, the presence of intramolecular interactions from ketone groups made possible to enhance the thermal stability of the PU materials and to develop flexible crosslinked PUs by internal plasticization, as in the case of phenolic resins.This thesis brings out the advantages provided by the use of lipid phenols such as cardanol and fatty chains for the improvement of thermal stability and flexibility of polymer materials.
17

Utilização de processos oxidativos avançados no tratamento de efluentes a base de resina fenólica, proveniente de indústria de tintas e derivados / Use of processes advanced oxidations in the wastewater treatment the base of resin fenólic, originating from industry of inks and flowed

Fabiano Luiz Naves 03 February 2010 (has links)
Com o crescente número de indústrias pertinentes à área química, atrelada a grande quantidade de novos produtos, grande variedade de resíduos tem sido gerado diariamente. A maior parte do descarte dessas indústrias constitui-se de cargas muito poluentes e de difícil degradação, sendo em muitos casos incinerada. Resíduos desta classe, devido ao poder tóxico, devem como primeira etapa passar por um tratamento químico, visto que o tratamento biológico utiliza bactérias decompositoras as quais não suportariam o meio agressivo. Os processos muito utilizados hoje como tratamento químico são os processos oxidativos avançados (POAs), os quais podem ser utilizados de várias formas diferentes, sendo como caracteristica final a formação de radicais hidroxila. Desta forma, os processos heterogêneos têm recebido muito destaque na descontaminação de águas, principalmente industriais. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho teve como delineamento a construção e aplicação de um reator Counpound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC), para posterior tratamento de água de reação da produção de resina fenólica. Como fonte de radiação utilizada pelo reator, foi utilizada a própria radiação solar com o prematuro intuito de redução de custo do processo. Como fonte de radicais hidroxila, optou-se pelo uso de peróxido de hidrogênio, utilizando como catalisador o dióxido de titânio P25 Degussa. O reator teve como tempo de operação uma hora para cada batelada de 20 litros, onde amostras foram coletadas a cada dez minutos. As condições a serem avaliadas neste projeto, foram definidas de acordo com trabalhos previamente consultados pela literatura. A árvore de dados obtida pós-tratamento foi analisada segundo método de Taguchi utilizando assim uma matriz ortogonal com 16 experimentos, todos eles realizados em duplicata. Como variável resposta do processo foram analisadas a redução de Demanda Química de Oxigênio bem como o Carbono Orgânico Total. Entretanto para as condições dos fatores utilizadas neste trabalho, foi observada uma não redução satisfatória dos paramentros analisados, o que pode ser atribuído ao tempo para cada batelada atrelado a elevada carga orgânica inicial. / With the growing number of industries relevant to the chemical area, linked to large amount of new products, great variety of waste has been generated daily. Most of the disposal of these industries is made up of loads very difficult to clean and degradation, and in many cases burned. Waste from this class, due to the toxic power, as a first step must go through a chemical treatment, since the biological treatment uses decomposing bacteria which can not handle the aggressive media. The processes commonly used today as chemical treatment are advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), which can be used in several different ways, as being characteristic final formation of hydroxyl radicals. Thus, the heterogeneous processes have received much emphasis on clean water, mainly industrial. Thus, this study was to design and implement the construction of a reactor Counpound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) for further treatment of water from the reaction of phenolic resin production. As a source of radiation used by the reactor itself was used solar radiation with the early effort to reduce the cost of the process. As a source of hydroxyl radicals, we chose to use hydrogen peroxide, using as catalyst titanium dioxide Degussa P25. The reactor had the time of operation an hour for each batch of 20 liters, where samples were collected every ten minutes. The conditions to be evaluated in this project were defined in accordance with those previously found in the literature. The tree of data obtained after treatment was assessed by using Taguchi method as an orthogonal matrix with 16 experiments, all performed in duplicate. As response variable of the process were analyzed to reduce Chemical Oxygen Demand and Total Organic Carbon. However for the conditions of the factors used in this study, we observed no satisfactory reduction of paramentros analyzed, which can be attributed to the time for each batch tied to high organic load stage.
18

Utilização de processos oxidativos avançados no tratamento de efluentes a base de resina fenólica, proveniente de indústria de tintas e derivados / Use of processes advanced oxidations in the wastewater treatment the base of resin fenólic, originating from industry of inks and flowed

Naves, Fabiano Luiz 03 February 2010 (has links)
Com o crescente número de indústrias pertinentes à área química, atrelada a grande quantidade de novos produtos, grande variedade de resíduos tem sido gerado diariamente. A maior parte do descarte dessas indústrias constitui-se de cargas muito poluentes e de difícil degradação, sendo em muitos casos incinerada. Resíduos desta classe, devido ao poder tóxico, devem como primeira etapa passar por um tratamento químico, visto que o tratamento biológico utiliza bactérias decompositoras as quais não suportariam o meio agressivo. Os processos muito utilizados hoje como tratamento químico são os processos oxidativos avançados (POAs), os quais podem ser utilizados de várias formas diferentes, sendo como caracteristica final a formação de radicais hidroxila. Desta forma, os processos heterogêneos têm recebido muito destaque na descontaminação de águas, principalmente industriais. Desta maneira, o presente trabalho teve como delineamento a construção e aplicação de um reator Counpound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC), para posterior tratamento de água de reação da produção de resina fenólica. Como fonte de radiação utilizada pelo reator, foi utilizada a própria radiação solar com o prematuro intuito de redução de custo do processo. Como fonte de radicais hidroxila, optou-se pelo uso de peróxido de hidrogênio, utilizando como catalisador o dióxido de titânio P25 Degussa. O reator teve como tempo de operação uma hora para cada batelada de 20 litros, onde amostras foram coletadas a cada dez minutos. As condições a serem avaliadas neste projeto, foram definidas de acordo com trabalhos previamente consultados pela literatura. A árvore de dados obtida pós-tratamento foi analisada segundo método de Taguchi utilizando assim uma matriz ortogonal com 16 experimentos, todos eles realizados em duplicata. Como variável resposta do processo foram analisadas a redução de Demanda Química de Oxigênio bem como o Carbono Orgânico Total. Entretanto para as condições dos fatores utilizadas neste trabalho, foi observada uma não redução satisfatória dos paramentros analisados, o que pode ser atribuído ao tempo para cada batelada atrelado a elevada carga orgânica inicial. / With the growing number of industries relevant to the chemical area, linked to large amount of new products, great variety of waste has been generated daily. Most of the disposal of these industries is made up of loads very difficult to clean and degradation, and in many cases burned. Waste from this class, due to the toxic power, as a first step must go through a chemical treatment, since the biological treatment uses decomposing bacteria which can not handle the aggressive media. The processes commonly used today as chemical treatment are advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), which can be used in several different ways, as being characteristic final formation of hydroxyl radicals. Thus, the heterogeneous processes have received much emphasis on clean water, mainly industrial. Thus, this study was to design and implement the construction of a reactor Counpound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) for further treatment of water from the reaction of phenolic resin production. As a source of radiation used by the reactor itself was used solar radiation with the early effort to reduce the cost of the process. As a source of hydroxyl radicals, we chose to use hydrogen peroxide, using as catalyst titanium dioxide Degussa P25. The reactor had the time of operation an hour for each batch of 20 liters, where samples were collected every ten minutes. The conditions to be evaluated in this project were defined in accordance with those previously found in the literature. The tree of data obtained after treatment was assessed by using Taguchi method as an orthogonal matrix with 16 experiments, all performed in duplicate. As response variable of the process were analyzed to reduce Chemical Oxygen Demand and Total Organic Carbon. However for the conditions of the factors used in this study, we observed no satisfactory reduction of paramentros analyzed, which can be attributed to the time for each batch tied to high organic load stage.
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Manufacturing of Mechanical Supporting Foamed Sheets by Processing Free Flowing Phenolic Molding Compounds via Foam Extrusion

Methe, Daniel 19 December 2019 (has links)
Manufacturing of Mechanical Supporting Foamed Sheets by processing Free Flowing Phenolic Molding Compounds with the Foam Extrusion and its Characterization
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Elaboration et caractérisation d'une mousse syntactique à base de résine phénolique pour la protection de conduites en acier dans l'industrie pétrolière

Bouslah, Mounia 15 April 2016 (has links)
Le projet de la thèse a consisté au développement et à l’évaluation des performances d’une mousse syntactique phénolique pour la réalisation d’un système sandwich multicouche (cœur/peau en matériau composite). Il permet d’assurer la protection thermique, mécanique et au feu en particulier contre l’impact d’un feu torche. Un feu torche peut survenir sur un site pétrochimique suite à l’inflammation d’une fuite de fluides inflammables sous pression pouvant être très dévastateur par son effet abrasif et le flux convectif et radiatif intense. Le travail s’est essentiellement axé sur l’étude de l’efficacité de la mousse syntactique phénolique à partir d’une analyse de la relation microstructure-propriété. Les exigences de mise en œuvre ont imposé une maîtrise de la formulation par une bonne compréhension de la réactivité de la résine, notamment par rapport aux différentes transformations physiques (gélification, vitrification) qui ont lieu pendant le processus de réticulation. Il s’agit alors d’optimiser le dosage des différents composés actifs et additifs vis-à-vis des contraintes de mise en œuvre afin de parvenir à des propriétés optimales du matériau final. L’efficacité de ce dernier dans les conditions normales d’utilisation a été déterminée par une phase d’expérimentation complète sur ses propriétés mécaniques, thermiques et thermomécaniques. Des tests au feu ont permis d’étudier son comportement au feu afin de vérifier ses propriétés protectrices sous l’impact d’une flamme issue d’un feu torche. Enfin, un essai instrumenté capable de reproduire en condition réelle une fuite de gaz de propane à haute pression a été mis au point pour évaluer la performance au feu torche d’un prototype industriel complet. En parallèle, un modèle numérique simplifié a été proposé afin de simuler l’impact d’un tel feu. / This work consisted in the development and the evaluation of a phenolic syntactic foam performance for the production of a multilayer sandwich system (core/skin in composite material). It ensures thermal, mechanical and fire protection, in particular against the impact of a jet fire. A jet fire can occur on a petrochemical site resulting from the combustion of a fuel continuously released under pressure. It can be very devastating for its abrasive effect and intense convective and radiative flux. The work focuses mainly on the study of the effectiveness of the phenolic syntactic foam through the analysis of the relationship microstructure-propriety. The manufacturing process requirements imposed to control the elaboration via a good understanding of the reactivity of the resin, especially in relation to various physical transformations (gelation, vitrification) that take place during the curing mechanisms. That involves optimizing the proportions of the various active compounds and additives depending on the working conditions in order to achieve optimal properties of the final material. The effectiveness of this final material under normal conditions of use was determined by a complete testing phase on its mechanical, thermal and thermomechanical properties. Fire tests were also conducted to investigate the material burning behavior to ensure its protective properties under a jet flame impact. Finally, a large-scale instrumented test, reproducing in real conditions a propane gas leak at high pressure, was developed to evaluate the resistance to a jet fire of a complete industrial prototype. In parallel, a simplified numerical model was also proposed to simulate the impact of such a fire.

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