Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O câncer de esôfago é uma malignidade altamente freqüente e letal. Uma característica específica das áreas de alta incidência de câncer de esôfago é a grande proporção de duplas mutações no gene TP53, sendo, ao menos uma delas, uma transição G para A em sítios CpG. Essas transições resultam de malpareamentos GT causados pela desaminação espontânea da 5-metilcitosina em ilhotas CpG. A enzima de reparo de DNA Timina-DNA Glicosilase (TDG) é responsável pelo primeiro passo na remoção da timina de malpareamentos GT em CpG. A alta proporção de mutações em sítios CpG em câncer de esôfago das áreas de alta incidência sugere que a via de reparo de DNA iniciada pela TDG pode estar prejudicada. A presença de duplas mutações, sendo ao menos uma delas em CpG, levantou a hipótese de que a primeira mutação no TP53 reduz a atividade da via de reparo iniciada pela TDG, que acarretaria a segunda mutação em sítios CpG. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar o efeito da p53 sobre a expressão e atividade da TDG. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a expressão de TDG é regulada transcricionalmente pela p53 numa gama de linhagens celulares e é induzida pelo dano ao DNA, de forma p53-dependente. Além disto, os resultados apontam um possível papel da proteína p53 ativa na migração nuclear e atividade da TDG. Estes resultados ainda nos levam à conclusão de que o silenciamento de TDG aumenta a sensibilidade à morte celular induzida por MMS quando a p53 é encontrada na forma selvagem, mas não quando esta proteína é mutada, e de que o status mutacional de TP53 parece afetar a expressão de TDG em CEE primários. Juntos esses resultados sugerem que a p53 regula o reparo de DNA mediado pela TDG e que a inativação de p53 em células tumorais pode contribuir para a aquisição de um mutator phenotype. / Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a highly frequent and fatal malignancy in the world. A peculiar characteristic of the high incidence areas of esophageal cancer is the large proportion of double mutations in TP53 gene, being, at least one of them, a G to A transition at CpG sites. These transitions result from GT mismatches caused by the spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine at CpG sites. The DNA repair enzyme Thymine-DNA Glycosylase (TDG) is responsible for the first step in the removal of the thymidine from the GT mismatches at CpG sites. The high proportion of mutations at CpG sites in esophageal tumors in the high incidence areas suggests that the DNA repair pathway initiated by TDG might be impaired. The large number of double mutations, with one being at a CpG site, raised the possibility that the first mutation in TP53 reduces the activity of the TDG base excision repair pathway, increasing the chance of a second mutation event at a CpG site. In this way, the aim of this work was to analyze the effect of p53 on the expression and activity of TDG. The results achieved show that TDG expression is regulated by p53 in a variety of cells lines at the trancriptional level and induced by DNAdamage in a p53-dependent manner. Furthermore, these results point out a possible role of active p53 in the nuclear migration and activity of TDG. The results further support the notion that TDG silencing increases the sensitivity to cell death induced by Methylmethane sulphonate when p53 is found in a wild-type, but not in a mutant form, and that TP53 mutation seems to affect TDG expression in primary ESCC. Together, these results suggest that p53 regulates TDG-mediated repair and that p53 inactivation in cancer cells may contribute to a mutator phenotype through loss of TDG function.

No description available.

Explaining variation between individuals is a central concept in ecology. Phenotypic variation is the product of genes, environments and their interactions. In contrast to genotypes which are fixed within individuals, environments vary considerably in time and space and have measurable effects on phenotypic quality between and within individuals. The aim of the current work was to identify environmental sources of life-history variation in a wild population of the great tit. The size of Thiessen polygons formed around c. 8000 nestboxes occupied over a 41 year period was used to estimate breeding density at the level of the individual. Linear mixed modelling showed that birds breeding in large territories laid more eggs and produced heavier fledglings that were more likely to survive to breed, than those in smaller territories. Systematic capping of territory sizes revealed that birds breeding in territories more than 2ha in size were unconstrained by density. This method of measuring individual density identified important relationships between density and life-histories and allowed for the accurate separation of other environmental effects usually confounded by density. For example, the life-histories and breeding density of woodland passerines often both vary with distance from the woodland edge. Using the Thiessen polygons to control for density we were able to independently examine edge effects on life-histories. Results confirmed higher density at edges and independently showed that birds near the woodland edge tended to lay smaller clutches of larger eggs later in the season, than birds away from the edge, probably due differences in habitat quality. A further use of Thiessen polygons was to determine the scale at which to measure oak availability in the vicinity of each occupied nestbox. Birds breeding in oak rich polygons laid larger clutches, earlier in the season and had heavier nestlings than birds in oak poor polygons, independently of density and edge effects. What's more, including oaks in life-history models, reduced or eliminated the effect of the Thiessen polygons, suggesting that density dependent life-histories are to some extent explained by reduced oak availability at high density. Clutch size, fledgling mass and recruitment were also found to correlate with local soil calcium. Analyses performed at several spatial scales found the greatest effect of calcium at scales of c.500m. This figure may indicate the average distance females were travelling to obtain calcium rich food during periods of high demands. That breeding environments strongly affect life-histories has been demonstrated by the above work. However, no correlations were found between natal environment and the subsequent life-histories of recruited individuals, probably due to high mortality in great tits, which favours current condition over any character that conveys benefits later in life. This result shows that long-term effects of rearing environments cannot be assumed as it depends on the life-history conditions under which they are found. The results of this study suggest a pervasive role of fine-scale environment variation in determining the life-histories of individual great tits. Moreover, the study demonstrates the efficacy of GIS to model such variation and applying it to explaining life-history variation in long-term databases.

Following advancements in the "omics" fields of molecular biology and genetics, much attention has been focused on categorising and annotating the large volume of data that has been produced since the sequencing of human and model genomes. With high-throughput data generated from these "omics" experiments and the increasing deposition of information from genetics experiments in biological databases, our understanding of the mechanisms that bridge the gap from genotype to phenotype can be explored in a holistic context. This is one of the aims of the relatively new field of systems biology, which aims to understand the complexity of biological systems in a holistic manner by studying the system as an ensemble of interacting parts. With increased volume and comprehensiveness of biological data, prediction of gene function and automatic identification of potential models for human diseases have become important aspects of systems-level analysis for wet-lab geneticists and clinicians. Here, I describe an integrated analysis of mouse phenotype data with high-throughput experiments to give genome-wide information about gene relationships and their function in a systems biology context. I show a functional dissection of mouse gene and phenotype networks and investigate the potential that ontology-compliant phenotype annotations can offer for functional classification of genes. The mouse genome and phenome show modularity at higher levels of cellular, physiological and organismal function. Using high-throughput protein-protein interaction data, the mouse proteome was dissected and computationally extracted communities were used to predict phenotypes of mouse gene ablation. Precision and recall curves show comparable performance for higher levels of the MP ontology to those undertaken by comprehensive mouse gene function prediction such as the Mouse Function Project which predicted Gene Ontology terms. I also developed and tested an automatic procedure that relates mouse phenotypes to human diseases and demonstrate its application to the use cases of identifying mouse models given a query consisting of a set of mouse phenotypes and breaking down human diseases into mouse phenotypes. Taken together, my results may be useful as a map for candidate gene discovery, finding how mouse networks relate to human networks and investigating the evolutionary origins of their components at higher levels of gene function.

Localized Aggressive Periodontitis (LAgP) is an aggressive, early onset form of periodontitis characterized by a unique myeloid cell phenotype. In addition to its bacterial origin, the unique phenotype of the myeloid cell contributes to disease pathogenesis and progression through mechanisms mediating host inflammatory and immune responses. LAgP monocytes synthesize increased levels of the potent proinflammatory lipid mediator, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), preferentially differentiate into dendritic cells, and lead to increased IgG2 production. In addition, levels of Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) have shown to be elevated in the gingival tissue and gingival crevicular fluid of subjects with periodontitis. The aim of this study was to further characterize the unique phenotype of the myeloid cell by investigating its role in the increased levels of PAF in periodontitis subjects, examining differences in gene expression of the immune response gene, STATl which is involved in IFN-γ signaling, and by examining the differential expression and function of the scavenger receptor CD36. LAgP monocytes have exhibited decreased activity of the PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAFAH), the catalytic enzyme that breaks down PAF. Since PAF levels are regulated by synthesis and degradation, we hypothesized that synthesis by myeloid cells, monocytes or PMN, also contribute to the increased PAF levels in LAgP. We also hypothesized, based on initial microarray data that myeloid cells have decreased gene expression of STATl and downstream IFNy related genes in LAgP. In addition, based on the initial microarray results, we hypothesized that LAgP monocytes have increased CD36 expression with increased capacity for the binding and uptake of chemically modified versions of LDL. Monocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of LAgP and NP control subjects over a Ficoll gradient. A radiolabeled PAF assay was used to quantify total PAF synthesis in both resting monocytes and PMN, and in monocytes and PMN stimulated with calcium ionophore A23 187. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to quantify STATl and CD36 gene expression from RNA isolated from adherent monocytes, and CD36 expression and AcLDL (acetylated LDL) uptake was quantified using flow cytometry. Our results indicate that PAF synthesis is increased in LAgP PMN but not in monocytes. LAgP monocytes synthesize less PAF compared to NP control, and their response to calcium ionophore A23 187 (IoA), expressed as fold increase, was blunted. LAgP and NP monocytes did not differ in STATl gene expression as determined by quantitative RT-PCR, and CD36 experiments suggest the possibility that dendritic cells express increased scavenger receptor CD36 than macrophage cells. In conclusion, LAgP myeloid cells are unique in their response to A23 187, and LAgP PMN contribute to increased PAF primarily through synthesis, whereas the LAgP monocytes contributes to elevated PAF through decreased catabolism. STAT1 gene expression did not differ between LAgP and NP monocytes, however this does not rule out the possibility of differential STATl signaling in LAgP monocytes though inhibitory proteins or differential phosphorylation of STATl. Finally, CD36 expression appears from preliminary data to be increased in dendritic cells. These findings add to the current understanding of the unique phenotype of the LAgP monoctye and further experiments will continue to expand our understanding of how unique biology of myeloid cells and their ability to facilitate crosstalk between the innate and adaptive immune system, and the host inflammatory system.

Existing studies have demonstrated that choosing a partner is strongly determined by physical and personal characteristics of a parent of the opposite sex. This influence is affected by the quality of the relationship with the parent during one's childhood. There are many studies focused on choosing a partner in relation to self-similarity. They show that many characteristics are shared between partners. The partner self-similarity has a positive impact on one's satisfaction in and stability of a relationship. Previous research also shows consistency in choosing a partner, meaning there exists a resemblance among ex-partners. The main objective of this thesis is to make a contribution to understanding the mechanisms of choosing a partner based on similarity (colour of eyes and hair) with the parent of the opposite sex and/or based on self-similarity. Next aim is to explore consistency in choosing a partner according to phenotype characteristics (eye and hair colour). The online survey involved overall 1 266 participants, 942 women and 324 men. The survey provided following results. Women choose self-similar partners in terms of eye colour; they also choose their partners depending on the eye colour of their father. Those women with hair colour similar to their partner's show higher relationship...

Monocytes and macrophages are important components of the innate immune response. These mononuclear phagocytes form a heterogeneous cell population, of which phenotype and functions can be modified under the influence of different signals coming from the surrounding microenvironment. The aim of this work was to modulate the phenotype of these cells by a variety of stimulants and to compare the changes induced on the model of THP-1 monocytic cell line and on the human peripheral blood monocytes. Surface marker expression was analyzed by flow cytometry. Further on, IL-8 production was evaluated by Luminex assay and the concentration of soluble calprotectin was assessed by ELISA. The most significant changes in surface marker expression were induced by exposure to IFNγ. This cytokine increased the expression of CD54, CD14 and HLA-DR on the surface of THP-1 cell line. Higher concentrations of IFNγ promoted higher apoptotic rate and augmented calprotectin expression and production in THP-1 cell line. On the surface of monocytes, IFNγ stimulation resulted only in the upregulation of CD54 expression. IL-4 increased the expression of CD36 by THP-1 cell line and inhibited the expression of CD163 by human monocytes. LPS stimulation caused the suppression of HLA-DR activation in monocytes and enhanced IL-8...

Enterococos resistentes aos glicopeptídeos representam, atualmente, importantes patógenos causadores de infecção nosocomial, sendo isolados em várias regiões do mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Dos fenótipos de resistência descritos até o momento, VanA e VanB são os mais encontrados. O fenótipo VanA é caracterizado por linhagens resistentes a altos níveis de vancomicina e teicoplanina, enquanto VanB é representado por linhagens com altos níveis de resistência à vancomicina, mas com sensibilidade à teicoplanina. O fenótipo VanA é codificado por um grupamento de genes (vanRSHAXYZ) localizados em um elemento genético móvel denominado Tn1546 ou elemento VanA, freqüentemente inserido em plasmídeo conjugativo. Quatro linhagens de enterococos resistentes à vancomicina e sensíveis à teicoplanina que apresentaram genótipo vanA e fenótipo VanB foram estudadas com objetivo de se determinar qual o mecanismo responsável por esta incongruência. A identificação das espécies foi realizada por multiplex PCR, sendo três linhagens identificadas como Enterococcus faecalis e uma linhagem Enterococcus faecium. Todas confirmaram a presença do gene vanA por PCR e, no entanto, apresentaram sensibilidade à teicoplanina, determinada por Etest, condizente com o fenótipo VanB. Reações de Long-PCR e overlapping PCR foram realizadas para amplificação e caracterização do elemento VanA. O elemento VanA das linhagens de E. faecalis mostrou deleção da extremidade direita, correspondente à perda dos genes vanY e vanZ. Na linhagem de E. faecium foi detectada a inserção da ISEfa5 na região intergênica vanXY, como reportado em estudo prévio. A tipagem molecular das linhagens foi realizada pelo perfil de PFGE após macrorestrição do DNA com enzima SmaI e indicou que duas linhagens de E. faecalis pertenciam ao mesmo clone, enquanto a outra era geneticamente não relacionada. Estudos de hibridação com sonda para localização do gene vanA indicaram que este gene estava associado a um plasmídeo de 70Kb. Para verificar a presença de eventuais mutações no gene vanS, relatadas em alguns estudos como causa da perda da sensibilidade à teicoplanina, os elementos VanA das linhagens foram seqüenciados, contudo nenhuma mutação foi encontrada. Os experimentos de clonagem para analisar a possível presença de uma região promotora entre os genes vanY e vanZ indicaram a viii não existência de um promotor nesta região. A presença de elemento VanA com a mesma característica, sendo carreado por plasmídeos de mesmo tamanho em linhagens de E. faecalis com perfil de PFGE diferentes, sugere que este elemento foi transferido horizontalmente. O estudo molecular deste elemento de resistência gerou informações sobre a epidemiologia e eventos genéticos no elemento VanA que estão ocorrendo nas linhagens de VRE isoladas no Brasil. / Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged worldwide including in Brazil as important nosocomial pathogens. The most prevalent phenotypes described among glycopeptide resistant enterococci are VanA and VanB. VanA phenotype is characterized by induced high-level resistance both to vancomycin and teicoplanin, whereas VanB resistant strains show inducible resistance to vancomycin and retained susceptibility to teicoplanin. The vanA gene cluster (vanRSHAXYZ) is located in a mobile genetic element called Tn1546 or VanA element, which is often carried by conjugative plasmids. Four VRE showing VanB phenotype and vanA genotype isolated in a Brazilian hospital were investigated to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this incongruence. Multiplex PCR was performed for species identification. Three strains were identified as Enterococcus faecalis and the fourth as Enterococcus faecium. All VRE strains harboured gene vanA but showed VanB phenotype as determined by the Etest. Long PCR and PCR amplification of internal regions were employed for Tn1546 structural analysis. Three E. faecalis showed deletion of vanYZ genes corresponding to the inverted repeated right terminal of Tn1546 and E. faecium showed insertion of an IS element, ISEFa5, between vanX and vanY genes, as previously reported. These genetic rearrangements were associated to loss of resistance to teicoplanin. PFGE performed after SmaI digestion of DNA revealed that two E. faecalis were genetically related but the third one was unrelated. Plasmid analysis followed by Southern blotting and hybridization with vanA probe were performed for localization of VanA element. Results indicated that E. faecalis isolates showed the same structure of VanA element and plasmid profile with vanA located into plasmid. Thus, horizontal dissemination of this genetic element was suggested. VanA elements in all isolates were sequenced to detect point mutations in vanS, previously observed in VanB phenotype-vanA-genotype VRE isolates. However, no mutation was found. Assays to detect the presence of a promoter between vanX and vanY genes were negative for this region. Molecular characterization of these VRE furnished additional important information about VanA element epidemiological and evolutionary events in Brazilian isolates.

Os processos ecológicos e biogeográficos podem influenciar a composição de espécies em comunidades. A ecologia diz respeito às interações entre espécies e o ambiente enquanto que a biogeografia está relacionada à ocupação dos ambientes pelas espécies pertencentes ao pool regional. A dispersão fornece oportunidade para que as espécies ocupem diferentes ambientes, mas o modo como as espécies interagem entre si e com o ambiente é crucial para a permanência da espécie em uma taxocenose. Dentro desse contexto, este estudo busca entender qual processo, ecológico, histórico ou ambos tem influenciado na estrutura de comunidades de serpentes neotropicais com diferentes tipos de vegetação (áreas florestadas e abertas) usando métodos filogenéticos e fenotípicos. Nós detectamos diferentes padrões de estrutura filogenética nas comunidades da Amazônia (disperso) e dos Campos Sulinos (agregado). No entanto, é possível perceber que comunidades de baixas latitudes tendem a ter estrutura dispersa e comunidades de altas latitudes tendem a ter estrutura agregada. O mesmo padrão foi observado através da análise fenotípica. Além disso, dentre os atributos mensurados o tamanho do corpo é o único que está associado com o tipo de vegetação. Este resultado pode ser uma consequência da maior proporção de espécies arborícolas em taxocenoses florestadas. Essas espécies geralmente são maiores que as terrícolas e as fossoriais. Espécies que utilizam o mesmo habitat são morfologicamente similares. A influência da biogeografia nas comunidades de serpentes é um resultado da distribuição de espécies das três principais linhagens de serpentes da região Neotropical. As espécies de Colubridae e Dipsadinae contribuem mais para a riqueza de espécies em latitudes mais baixas enquanto que Xenodontinae contribui mais nas taxocenoses de altas latitudes. Isto pode explicar o padrão filogenético disperso encontrado nas comunidades de baixa latitude porque estas comunidades são compostas principalmente por espécies de duas linhagens diferentes enquanto que as comunidades de altas latitudes são basicamente compostas por uma única linhagem (o que resultaria em um padrão filogenético agregado). Isso pode explicar também a pequena diferença morfológica entre as comunidades de latitude maior devido à inércia filogenética. Nossos resultados destacam a importância da biogeografia na estruturação de comunidades, corroborando a atual hipótese de que a biogeografia é mais importante para moldar a estrutura de comunidades do que os fatores ecológicos / Both ecological and biogeographical process can influence assemblages\' composition. Ecology may affect interactions among species and their environment while biogeography affects species\' immigration from regional species\' pool. Immigration provides an opportunity to arrive in different localities but the way in which species interact with their environment is a crucial factor in order for a species to thrive. This study aims to understand which processes, ecological, historical or both, have influenced the structure of Neotropical snakes\' assemblages in different vegetation types (forested and open areas), using a phylogenetic and phenotypic approach. We detected different patterns of phylogenetic structure in assemblages from Amazonian rainforest (evenness) and Brazilian Campos Grasslands (clustered) but it is also possible to perceive that assemblages from lower latitudes are evenly structured and assemblages from higher latitudes are clustered, the same being true when we consider their phenotypic structure. Moreover, considering all measured traits body size is the only feature related to vegetation type (open and forested areas). This result may be a consequence of the microhabitat used by a high proportion of species - since arboreal and semi-arboreal species are primarily encountered in forested areas (when compared to open areas), and these species are normally larger than terrestrial and/or fossorial species. Furthermore, species within use the same habitat have similar morphologies. The influence of biogeography in snakes\' assemblages is a result of the species\' distribution from major snakes\' lineages in Neotropics. The lineages Colubridae and Dipsadinae contribute more to assemblages\' richness at lower latitude whereas Xenodontinae contributes more at higher latitudes. This may explain the phylogenetic evenness pattern encountered in assemblages from lower latitudes, since these assemblages are composed mainly by species from two different lineages, while assemblages from higher latitudes are basically composed by one lineage. Although the difference among species\' morphology is smaller in assemblages from higher latitudes due probably to evolutionary constraints. Our results highlight the importance of biogeography in shaping assemblage structure, corroborating the current hypothesis that biogeography is more important in shaping assemblages than ecology

There are six known secretion systems in Gram negative bacteria, referred to as Type 1 to Type 6 respectively, which are dedicated to moving substrate across the outer membrane. Secretion systems are broadly separated into those that move their substrate across the cell envelope in a single translocation event (one-step systems), and those that are dependent on the Sec or Tat machineries for export to the periplasm (two-step systems). Serratia marcescens is an important opportunistic human pathogen and has gathered a lot of interest due to its repertoire of secreted proteins. These include the haem-scavenging protein HasA, which is secreted by a Type 1 secretion system, and the cytotoxic haemolysin ShlA, which is secreted as part of a two-partner Type 5 secretion system. Serratia marcescens also encodes a Type 6 secretion system, which is known to translocate at least six effector molecules directly into other bacterial target cells. Serratia marcescens is a model organism in terms of its ability to degrade the quite intractable polymer chitin, for which it produces three chitinase enzymes ChiA, ChiB, ChiC and a chitin-binding protein Cbp21, which hydrolyse the ß-1,4 link in the chitin chain and promote binding of chitinase to the chitin substrate respectively. These chitinolytic enzymes are utilised by S. marcescens for both basic physiology and also in pathogenesis. In this work, genetic, biochemical and proteomic approaches identified, for the first time, genes that are essential for the secretion of all three chitinases as well as Cbp21. A genetic screen identified genes encoding a holin-like membrane protein (ChiW) and a putative L-alanyl-D-glutamate endopeptidase (ChiX). Subsequent quantitative proteomics experiments and biochemical analyses established that ChiW and ChiX were required for secretion of the entire chitinolytic machinery. Chitinase secretion was observed to be blocked at a late stage in the mutant strains as normally secreted enzymes were found to accumulate in the periplasm, thus implicating ChiW and ChiX in a novel outer membrane protein translocation process. It is proposed that the bacterial genome-encoded holin-like protein and endopeptidase identified represent a putative secretion system utilised by Gram-negative bacteria. In addition to this, genes encoding the chitinolytic machinery and the putative secretion apparatus were shown to be bimodally regulated and co-ordinately expressed.