Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a fonologia da língua Hakitía, língua esta de origem românica falada pela comunidade judaicomarroquina no norte do Brasil. A pesquisa objetiva descrever e documentar esse idioma e quais de seus elementos ainda resistem; e assim, compreender o que acontece com uma língua que tem, praticamente, 516 anos de existência. Esta geração é a última que existe em se tratando dos falantes. Faz-se uma breve contextualização histórica da hakitía, voltando-se à sua origem na Espanha, com a expulsão dos judeus, em 1492, pelos reis Isabel de Castela e Fernando de Aragão, suas várias rotas de exílio, dentre elas, o Marrocos, no norte da África, e, a partir daí até Eretz Amazônia. A pesquisa tem como base metodológica pressupostos gerais da linguística estruturalista, no que se refere à sua descrição. / This study aims at describing the phonology of the Hakitia language, a language of Romanic origin, spoken by the Jewish Maroccan community living in the North of Brazil. This research aims at describing and documenting such language and which of its elements still remains, with the purpose of understanding what has occurred with a language that is, virtually, 516 years old. As far as speaking is concerned, this generation of Hakitian speakers is the last one we know about. We present a brief historical background of the Hakitia language since its origin in Spain until the expulsion of the Jews from this country by the kings Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic. We examine also their several routes of exile, among which Marrocco in Northern Africa and from there to Amazon Eretz. The methodological underpinnings used to describe this research came from the general assumptions of structural linguistics.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-29T12:21:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Poliana_Sella2017.pdf: 2771685 bytes, checksum: fc772bd3a666c2ce3102ee922fbe9308 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T12:21:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Poliana_Sella2017.pdf: 2771685 bytes, checksum: fc772bd3a666c2ce3102ee922fbe9308 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / The teaching of written language in our schools has shown inefficiency in managing with the spelling difficulties of the students. Teachers engage themselves in teaching spelling rules to their students; however, the errors have been perpetuated until university, in other words, in all the levels of education. Spelling, created to nullify the representation of language varieties and improve the stabilization of the writting, represents a large difficulty to many speakers. It is due to the phonetic-graphic character of the Portuguese language, which is based on various phonetic and phonological factors, spelling code, etymology of the words, patterns, and some special cases. Besides the difficulties with the linguistic code mastery and spelling conventions, many pupils encounter difficulties to realize the sounds of the speech and the phonetic principles that determine their representation in writing, which makes high the incidence of spelling errors originated by the transposition of speech for writing. Based on this assertion, the question we intend to answer with this research is: Which are the origins of the most common spelling errors in textual productions of students in 10th and 11th grades? From the classification of the errors, our purpose is to explore the role of phonetics, and, mainly phonology in the comprehension and apprehension of the spelling rules, in the studied group. Our main objective is reflect about spelling errors of students of the first and second years of high school (10th and 11th grades) of a public school in Southwest Paraná State. This research is based on theoretical assumptions of Applied Linguistics (AL), supported by authors like Bortoni-Ricardo (2005, 2006), Mollica (2003), Cagliari (1999), Oliveira (2005) and Tenani (2011, 2013). This study is framed as an interpretative, qualitative and quantitative research, besides being an ethnographic study too. The data collect occurred in two school classes, one first years and one second year of high school of a public school in a town in the Southwest of Paraná State. Almost all the students from the first year class researched form the second year class, because the intention is to evaluate the development, or not, after working phonetics and phonology with the students. We selected a production per student in each class, taken in the first term of the school year in 2015, and in the last term of the school year in 2016, reaching 55 productions. We applied a questionnaire too, with words and pseudowords, in the last term of 2016. The results indicate that spelling errors related to phonetic-phonological principles and phonological processes outweigh the errors arising from the exclusive spelling convention breaks, suggesting the need to develop greater phonetic-phonological awareness besides the reflection about the language and the patterns it has. / O ensino da escrita em nossas escolas tem demonstrado ineficiência em lidar com as dificuldades ortográficas dos alunos. Professores empenham-se em ensinar regras ortográficas aos seus alunos, porém, os erros têm se perpetuado até a universidade, isto é, em todos os níveis do ensino. A ortografia, criada com o intuito de anular a representação das variações linguísticas e aumentar a estabilidade na escrita, evidencia-se como grande dificuldade a muitos falantes. Isso se deve ao caráter grafo-fonêmico do português, que se baseia em vários fatores: fonético-fonológicos, código ortográfico, etimologia das palavras, regularidades e em alguns casos especiais. Além das dificuldades de domínio do código linguístico e das convenções ortográficas, muitos estudantes apresentam dificuldades em perceber os sons da fala e os princípios fonéticos que determinam sua representação na escrita, sendo alta a incidência de erros ortográficos originados pela transposição da fala para a escrita. Partindo dessas afirmações, a pergunta que pretendemos responder com este estudo é: Quais as origens dos erros de grafia mais recorrentes em produções textuais de alunos do 1º e 2º Anos do Ensino Médio (EM)? A partir da classificação dos erros encontrados, buscamos explorar o papel da fonética e, principalmente, da fonologia na compreensão e apreensão da ortografia, no grupo pesquisado. Nosso objetivo geral é refletir sobre os erros de grafia de alunos do 1º e 2º Anos do EM de uma instituição pública de ensino no Sudoeste do Paraná. Este estudo apoia-se nos pressupostos teóricos da Linguística Aplicada, sustentando-se em autores como Bortoni-Ricardo (2005, 2006), Mollica (2003), Cagliari (1999), Oliveira (2005) e Tenani (2011, 2013). Esta pesquisa enquadra-se como pesquisa quali-quantitativa de base interpretativista, além de ser também uma pesquisa etnográfica, mais precisamente, pesquisa-ação. A coleta de dados ocorreu em duas turmas, uma de 1º Ano e outra de 2º Ano, ambas do EM de uma escola pública em um município da região Sudoeste do Paraná. A turma de 2º Ano era constituída da maioria dos alunos do 1º Ano pesquisado, pois pretendíamos avaliar se houve evolução, ou não, após abordagem pedagógica a partir da fonética e da fonologia. Foi selecionada uma produção por aluno em cada uma das turmas, colhidas no primeiro bimestre do ano letivo de 2015 e quarto bimestre do ano letivo de 2016, totalizando 55 produções. Foi também aplicado um ditado com palavras e pseudopalavras, no quarto bimestre de 2016. Os resultados indicam que os erros ortográficos relacionados à transgressão/desconhecimento de princípios fonético-fonológicos e processos fonológicos superam os advindos da quebra da exclusiva da convenção ortográfica, sugerindo a necessidade de desenvolvimento de maior conscientização fonético-fonológica, além da reflexão acerca da língua e de suas regularidades.

Orientador: Plínio Almeida Barbosa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T11:44:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campos_LuanaCarolinePereira_M.pdf: 561404 bytes, checksum: 9141e55bb8da299032441577a649fcf3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a diferença entre a fala coloquial e a fala profissional do locutor de rádio, analisando, em um primeiro momento, sua entoação através dos parâmetros de gama tonal, valor absoluto de frequência fundamental (f0), forma melódica do foco e alinhamento tonal. O sujeito da pesquisa foi um locutor de rádio, do sexo masculino, de 39 anos de idade, de uma emissora AM de Campinas, com um programa diário local de variedades. As gravações foram feitas em sala silenciosa, com microfone profissional, diretamente no computador através de placa de som. Os dados foram analisados acusticamente, utilizando o programa de análise acústica PRAAT (www.praat.org), focalizando a entoação por meio do correlato acústico da entoação: o parâmetro f0. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de uma entrevista semiestruturada informal (entrevista) com o locutor, solicitando-se que produzisse uma fala coloquial de diversos assuntos usualmente abordados na mídia na época da gravação. Durante a entrevista o locutor, espontaneamente, narrou um trecho de um gol do seu time, sendo esse trecho uma simulação de locução de jogo de futebol (simulação). A transcrição ortográfica por completo da entrevista foi realizada, e foram selecionados 10 trechos, que foram transcritos para formato de texto formal. De cada um dos 10 trechos selecionados foram elaboradas 5 frases no estilo de manchetes jornalísticas, sendo utilizadas as mais similares à locução radiofônica, somando um total de 29 manchetes. Após um tempo, foi solicitada ao locutor a leitura dos trechos transcritos e reescritos de forma profissional, como se estivesse atuando no rádio. Essa leitura foi realizada em taxa de elocução habitual (leitura normal), em taxa de elocução rápida (leitura rápida), e imitando o estilo profissional de narração futebolística (leitura futebol). Para validação dos estilos foi realizado um teste de percepção auditiva, a fim de verificar se o locutor foi eficiente nas tarefas solicitadas: leitura normal em comparação com a entrevista, e leitura futebol em comparação com leitura normal. A finalidade foi observar as diferenças e estratégias usadas pelos locutores para atrair a atenção dos ouvintes durante sua emissão. Após análise dos dados, concluímos que, como estratégia para diferenciar os estilos de locução, o locutor utiliza, quando a frequência fundamental (f0) é semelhante, primeiramente da variação da taxa de elocução, e em seguida a variação da duração das pausas silenciosas e da taxa de produção de proeminências. Quando a taxa de elocução é semelhante - como na leitura rápida e na leitura futebol- a estratégia utilizada pelo locutor para diferenciação do estilo de fala é, primeiramente, a variação da média de f0, assim como da duração das pausas silenciosas, e dos intervalos entre as proeminências / Abstract: The main purpose of this work is to study the prosodic differences between the colloquial and professional speech of a radio announcer by analyzing some intonational and rhythmic parameters such as tonal range, median fundamental frequency (f0), pitch accent shape and tonal alignment, as well as speech rate and pauses. The research subject was an AM radio announcer, male, 39 years old, working in an AM station in Campinas, where he has a daily program of local varieties. The recordings were made in a quiet room, with a professional microphone, directly through the computer sound card. Data were analyzed acoustically, using acoustic analysis software PRAAT (www.praat.org). Data collection was conducted through an informal semi-structured interview (interview) with the announcer, where the experimenter asked him to talk about different subjects usually covered in the media at the time of recording. During the interview, the announcer spontaneously narrated a snippet of a goal during a game of his soccer team. This part was separately analyzed as a simulation of a football game (simulation). The entire interview was orthographically transcribed and 10 excerpts were selected for analysis. These excerpts were slightly modified in order to obtain a formal text for a reading task. In each of the 10 excerpts 5 sentences were drawn in the style of journalistic headlines, from which 29 headlines most similar to real radio headlines were selected for reading as headlines. The speaker was asked to read the 10 excerpts of the transcription in a professional manner, as if he was in the radio station. This reading was performed in normal speech rate (normal reading), in fast speech rate (speed reading), and a part of it imitating the style of the narration of a soccer game (soccer game reading). For validating the different speaking styles, we conducted an auditory perception test in order to check if the speaker was efficient in producing the tasks. Listeners compared normal reading with the interview, and soccer-game style reading compared to normal reading. The purpose of the study was to observe the differences and strategies used by speakers to attract the attention of listeners during broadcasting. After analyzing the data, we conclude that, as a strategy to differentiate the styles of speech when the fundamental frequency (f0) is similar, the announcer varies speech rate, and then varies the duration of silent pauses as well as the rate of pitch accent production. When speech rate is similar in the case of rapid reading and soccer game reading, the strategy used by the announcer for distinguishing these speech styles is the variation of the median f0, as well as the variation of silent pauses duration and the pitch accent rate / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestra em Linguística

Orientador: Ester Mirian Scarpa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T07:30:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Iliovitz_EricaReviglio_D.pdf: 3642450 bytes, checksum: 7ecba27c943198b36d14574d937bc7df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Com o objetivo geral de contribuir para estudos referentes ao nível fonológico da linguagem em condições patológicas, esta tese apresenta uma análise da inserção de pausa e estruturação dos domínios prosódicos na fala de dois sujeitos disártricos em decorrência de um acidente automobilístico. O principal objetivo é descrever as características prosódicas da fala disártrica de acordo com a teoria da Fonologia Prosódica, que postula, dentre outras coisas, que a linguagem oral é estruturada em domínios prosódicos. Uma abordagem prosódica e entonacional foi considerada a mais adequada para os dados, pois envolve evidências entonacionais, segmentais e rítmicas dos três domínios mais altos da hierarquia prosódica: a frase fonológica, a frase entonacional e o enunciado fonológico. A análise dos dados foi feita de acordo com a perspectiva teórica da Fonologia Prosódica (NESPOR & VOGEL, 1986) e Fonologia Entonacional (LADD, 1996) conforme usada por TENANI (2002) para analisar dados do Português Brasileiro. Os dados analisados consistem em três conjuntos de gravações: a) leitura de um texto; b) leitura de frases controladas experimentalmente do corpus de TENANI (2002) e c) fala espontânea e entrevistas. Os processos fonológicos implementados pelos disártricos nas fronteiras dos domínios prosódicos foram analisados de acordo com a proposta de TENANI (2002). Tais processos fonológicos foram: inserção de pausas, vozeamento da fricativa, tapping, haplologia, elisão, ditongação e degeminação. Para melhor descrever a alteração da fala disártrica, foi feita uma comparação entre os resultados de TENANI (2002) para sujeitos brasileiros adultos e os disártricos. Os resultados demonstraram evidências da preservação dos domínios prosódicos na fala dos sujeitos. A inserção de pausas foi o elemento prosódico mais utilizado para estruturar os domínios prosódicos. Em relação ao uso de pausas e o contorno entonacional, foi verificado que a associação de tons corresponde ao estudo de TENANI (2002). Quanto à implementação de processos fonológicos, o vozeamento da fricativa foi feito pelos sujeitos sobretudo dentro da mesma frase fonológica. Nas demais fronteiras consideradas, eles geralmente optaram pela inserção de pausas para estruturar domínios. O tapping, quando implementado, era feito somente dentro da mesma frase fonológica. A haplologia indicou importantes aspectos rítmicos na fala dos sujeitos. Quando aplicada, promovia um ritmo mais acentual na fala do disártrico mais grave. Ao não ser implementada na fala do sujeito levemente disártrico, indicava um ritmo mais silábico, que soava, para alguns ouvintes, como um sotaque estrangeiro espanhol. No que se refere à elisão e ditongação, a fala dos disártricos confirma os resultados de TENANI (2002), uma vez que eles implementam tais processos tanto dentro da mesma frase fonológica quanto entre elas. A degeminação, porém, foi bloqueada através da inserção de pausas / Abstract: With the general aim of contributing to studies about the phonological level of language in pathological conditions, this thesis presents an analysis of pause insertion and structuring of prosodic domains in the speech of two dysarthric subjects whose dysarthria was due to a car crash. The main objective of this thesis is to describe the prosodic characteristics of dysarthric speech. This was done by using the theory of Prosodic Phonology which states, among other things, that oral language is structured into prosodic domains. A prosodic and intonational approach was considered the most adequate for the data. It took into account intonational, segmental and rhythmic evidences from the three higher domains of prosodic hierarchy: phonological phrase, intonational phrase and phonological utterance. The analysis of the data followed the theoretical perspective of Prosodic Phonology (NESPOR & VOGEL,1986) and Intonation Phonology (LADD ,1996) as used by TENANI (2002) to analyze Brazilian Portuguese data. The data we analyzed consisted of three sets of recordings: a) the reading of a text; b) the reading of experimentally controlled sentences from the corpus by TENANI (2002); and c) spontaneous speech and interviews. Phonological processes that make up the frontiers of prosodic domains were analyzed for the dysarthric subjects, following Tenani¿s proposals. The phonological processes were: pause insertion, fricative voicing, tapping, syllable determination, elision, dyphtongation and vowel degemination. To better describe the phonological alteration of dysarthic speech, a comparison was made between the results of TENANI (2002) for adult Brazilian Portuguese subjects and the dysarthric ones. The results show evidence of the preservation of prosodic domains in the speech of the subjects. Pause insertion was the most used prosodic element to structure the prosodic domains. As for the use of pauses and intonation contour, it was verified that the tonal association correspond to the study carried out by TENANI (2002). With regard to the phonological processes implementation, fricative voicing was done by the subjects mainly inside the same phonological phrase. In the other frontiers considered, they usually choose pause insertion to structure domains. Tapping, whenever used, was applied only inside the same phonological phrase. Syllable degemination indicated important rhythmic aspects in subjects speech. Whenever used, it promoted a more stressed rhythm in the speech of the most severe dysarthric subject. When it was not used in the speech of the slightly dysarthric subject it indicated a more syllabic rhythm which sounded as a Spanish foreign accent to some listeners. As for elision and dyphtongation, the speech of the dysarthric subjects confirm the results by TENANI (2002), for they implement such processes both inside the same phonological phrases and between them. Vowel degemination, however, was blocked through pause insertion / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística

This thesis investigates the L2 English pronunciation of a native speaker of German who has lived in western Canada for 25 years. The goal of the study was understand the defining features of his accent, to determine what factors contributed to his accent, and to characterize his interlanguage grammar. There are two opposing theories about L2 speakers’ linguistic competence, encoded in what is called their interlanguage grammar: 1) The L2 speaker has several heterogeneous grammars at their disposal depending on discourse type (the socio-/psycholinguistic theory), so variable task performance is indicative of variable competence, and 2) variable task performance exists but it not indicative of variable competence. Instead, competence is a stable, homogenous system and it is performance that is variable (the generative/rationalist theory). This thesis discusses the concepts of variable competence in light of the L2 English pronunciation investigated. The subject’s pronunciation of a variety of speech sounds of North American English was tested in three production tasks with differing formality levels: wordlist, sentences, and a semi-spontaneous interview. Additionally, in a qualitative element of this study, extra-linguistic factors like motivation, attitude, aptitude, identity, and personality of the L2 speaker were investigated to determine how they contribute to L2 accented speech production. These were reported through an interview with the subject and a self-assessment of his L2 pronunciation proficiency. Finally, through native speaker judgments (NSJs), it was assessed whether foreign accentedness in the L2 interferes with intelligibility and comprehensibility. Production data from the three tasks was auditorily and acoustically analyzed to understand the contribution of various intra-linguistic factors to speech production: task type, orthography, cognate status, syllable context, stress, and phonetic environment. This thesis also investigated the validity of predictions made by the Speech Learning Model (Flege, 1995) about the ease of phonetic acquisition of L2 sounds. The findings of this investigative study indicated that the L2 learner has a homogenous interlanguage grammar that is not responsible to variable competences despite variable task type performance. They showed that all variable performance in production could be attributed to intra-linguistic factors that influence performance, but do not alter the mental representation the subject has of these L2 sounds. Additionally, the findings showed that the Speech Learning Model does not accurately predict the ease or difficulty of acquisition of L2 speech sounds. Furthermore, the findings indicated that mispronunciation of individual speech sounds resulting in accentedness does not hinder effective communication in the L2, nor does accented speech production reflect an impoverished L2 interlanguage grammar. It further revealed that the subject was aware of his interlanguage grammar differing from that of native speakers of English. Findings from the qualitative interview study indicated that the subject makes use of his accent as an identity marker to reflect his cultural attachment to his home country Germany. / Graduate

This thesis focuses on the production and perception of ten English vowels (/i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ, ʌ, ɑ, o, ʊ, u/) by native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese (BP) living in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The participants consisted of 14 native speakers of BP (divided into intermediate and advanced second language (L2) English proficiency groups), plus six native speakers of Canadian English (CE) as control participants. Four experiments were carried out: two pertaining to production and two pertaining to perception. The production tasks consisted of CE and BP wordlist reading tasks in order to measure the duration and first two formants of the participants’ vowels, while the perception tasks consisted of an identification task and an oddity-discrimination task. With regards to production, this thesis investigates how the participants’ productions of the L2 vowels differ between the experimental and control groups with respect to their formant frequencies and the Euclidean distances (EDs) between various English vowel pairs. Similarly, the participants’ perceptual abilities, as measured by their performance on the perception tests, are examined. Finally, the connection between perception and production is investigated. The findings indicate (a) a positive effect of proficiency, as the advanced participants showed a greater ability to both produce and perceive the L2 vowels, but that (b) participants of both proficiency levels have difficulty in contrasting certain English vowel pairs in a native-like fashion. Furthermore, the findings provide evidence of a connection between perception and production, and show that perception outperforms production, as predicted by the Speech Learning Model (Flege, 1995, 2005). Finally, the findings indicate a possible positive effect of environment (i.e., an English-speaking country) when compared to previous studies (Bion et al., 2006, Rauber, 2006). Pedagogical implications of these findings are also discussed. / Graduate

The main goal of this thesis is to investigate the nature of an optional consonant deletion process, through an articulatory and acoustic study of word-final consonant clusters in Persian. Persian word-final coronal stops are optionally deleted when they are preceded by obstruents or the homorganic nasal /n/. For example, the final clusters in the words /næft/ “oil”, /suχt/ “burnt” and /qæsd/ “intention” are optionally simplified in fast/casual speech, resulting in: [næf], [suχ], and [qæs]. What is not clear from this traditional description is whether the coronal stop is truly deleted, or if a coronal gesture is produced, but not heard, because it is obscured by the adjacent consonants. According to Articulatory Phonology (Browman & Goldstein 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990a, 1990b, 1992, 2001), the articulatory gestures of the deleted segments can still exist even if the segments are not heard. In this dissertation, ultrasound imaging was used to determine whether coronal consonant deletion in Persian is categorical or gradient, and the acoustic consequences of cluster simplification were investigated through duration and spectral measures. This phonetic study enables an account for the optional nature of the cluster simplification process. A general phonological account is provided for the simplification of coda clusters with rising sonority, and the acoustic and articulatory investigation focuses on the simplification of clusters with coronal stops. Ten Persian-speaking graduate students from the University of Ottawa and Carleton University, five male and five female, aged 25-38 participated in the articulatory and acoustic study. Audio and real time ultrasound video recordings were made while subjects had a guided conversation with a native speaker of Persian. 662 tokens of word-final coronal clusters were auditorily classified into unsimplified and simplified according to whether they contained an audible [t]. Singleton coda consonants and singleton /t/s were also captured as controls. The end of the constriction plateau of C1 and beginning of constriction plateau of C3 were used to define a time interval in which to measure the coronal gesture as the vertical distance between the tongue blade and the palate. Smoothing Splines ANOVA was used in a novel way to compare tongue blade height over time across the three conditions. The articulatory results of this study showed that the gestures of the deleted segments are often still present. More specifically, the findings showed that of the clusters that sounded simplified, some truly had no [t] gesture, some had gestural overlap, and some had reduced gestures. In order to explain the optional nature of the simplification process, it is argued that the simplified tokens are the result of two independent mechanisms. Inevitable mechanical and physiological effects generate gesturally reduced and overlapped tokens whereas planned language-specific behaviors driven by phonological rules or abstract cognitive representations result in no [t]-gesture output. The findings of this study support the main arguments presented in Articulatory Phonology regarding the underlying reasons for sound patterns and sound change. The results of this study are further used to examine different sound change models. It is argued that the simplified tokens with totally deleted [t] gesture could be the result of speakers changing their representations based on other people’s gestural overlap. This would be instances of the Choice and Chance categories in Blevins’ (2004) CCC sound change model. The acoustic results did not find any major cues which could distinguish simplified tokens from controls. It is argued that articulatory data should form an integral part of phonetic studies.

In the field of child language acquisition, in particular phonological acquisition, many have queried the role played by perception. The present study was undertaken to examine the perception of some speech sounds by children in the process of phonological development. Perception of the group of sounds known as fricatives was examined in a group of subjects aged 3;0 to 4;11. Pairs of nonsense syllables were presented to eight subjects in an AX paradigm. Results were examined for each fricative pair in terms of mean error rate. Some discussion of individual subjects was also included. Results showed that children find it more difficult to discriminate between some pairs of fricatives than others. In particular, the three voiced/voiceless minimal pairs: [sə-zə, ʃə- ʒə, fə-və] were found to be significantly more difficult to discrjurdnate than other pairs of fricatives. Findings were for the most part in agreement with the results of other similar studies. In addition, methodological problems inherent to the nature of the investigation were encountered and discussed. / Medicine, Faculty of / Audiology and Speech Sciences, School of / Graduate

L’étude de la production des consonnes occlusives (/p/, /b/, etc) a un intérêtparticulier pour la compréhension du contrôle moteur de la production de la parole. Eneffet, la production de ces consonnes requiert une coordination fine des 3 niveaux deproduction : respiration, vibration des cordes vocales, articulation.L’objectif de mes travaux de thèse est d’étudier la coordination des gestesrespiratoires, laryngés et articulatoires permettant de contrôler la variation de certains traits acoustiques des consonnes occlusives, plus spécifiquement les caractéristiques acoustiques de leurs bruits de plosion (intensité, durée, spectre, cruciaux pour l’intelligibilité des consonnes occlusives). Une partie importante de mes travaux de thèse s’intéresse également au contrôle musculaire de cette coordination gestuelle.Ces objectifs demandent un travail méthodologique préliminaire pour comparer,développer et implémenter différentes techniques de mesure et d’estimation des effortsarticulatoires de production de parole, à différents points de vue, physiologiques etmécaniques (cinématique du mouvement labial, capteurs de force, électromyographieorofaciale). L’exploration de ces questions a donné lieu à l’acquisition d’une large base de données (acoustiques et physiologiques) de production de consonnes occlusives du français chez une vingtaine de locuteurs adultes sains, incluant 2 modes de phonation (modal et chuchoté), 2 débits de parole (normal et rapide) et plusieurs niveaux d’effort articulatoire.L’analyse de cette base de données a permis de confirmer certaines relations déjà établies en parole conversationnelle entre l’intensité acoustique du bruit de plosion et le maximum de Pression Intra-Orale (ou la vitesse d’ouverture des lèvres pour les consonnes labiales), et entre les paramètres spectraux du bruit de plosion (skewness et kurtosis) et les paramètres articulatoires de déplacement de la langue pour les consonnes alvéolaires et vélaires.D’autres relations (non décrites dans la littérature) ont été observées en paroleconversationnelle : 1- l’intensité acoustique du bruit de plosion augmente lorsque le degré de compression labial et la vitesse de fermeture des lèvres augmentent pour les consonnes labiales ; 2- l’intensité acoustique du bruit de plosion augmente lorsque la vitesse tangentielle du mouvement d’élévation de la langue augmente pour les consonnespalatales ; 3- le degré de compression labial, les vitesses de fermeture et d’ouverture des lèvres augmentent significativement lorsque les activités des muscles Orbicularis Oris Supérieur (OOS) et Dépresseur de la Lèvre Inférieure (DLI) augmentent (dans les phases du mouvement où ils sont agonistes). Ces relations évoluent en fonction du mode de phonation (l’accent est mis en qualité chuchotée sur l’utilisation de paramètres cinématiques au détriment des paramètres aérodynamiques, articulatoires et temporels) et du débit de parole (la plupart des paramètres physiologiques et articulatoires perdent avec le débit leur efficacité de contrôle des caractéristiques acoustiques). / Stop consonants (/p/, /b/, etc) are of particular interest for the understanding of speech motor control. Indeed, the production of these stop consonant requires the coordination of the 3 production levels: breathing, vocal folds vibration and articulation.The main goal of my thesis is to study how respiratory, laryngeal and articulatory gestures coordinate to control the variation of acoustic features of stop consonants, especially of their burts (intensity, duration, spectrum), which are crucial for stop consonant intelligibility. An important part of my thesis work also focuses on the muscular control of lip gestures in the production of bilabial stops. These goals needed a preliminary methodological work to compare, develop and implement different techniques, in order to measure and estimate articulatory efforts of speech production, physiologically and mechanically (lip movement kinematics, force sensors, orofacial electromyography). This methodological exploration has given rise to theacquisition of a large database (acoustic and physiological data) of French stop consonant productions, for twenty healthy speakers, including 2 phonation modes (modal and whispered), 2 speech rates (normal and fast) and several levels of articulatory effort.The analysis of this database has confirmed relationships already established inconversational speech between burst intensity and the maximum of intra-oral pressure (or opening velocity of lips for labial stops), and between spectral features of the burst and articulatory parameters of tongue movements for alveolar and velar stops. New other relationships have been observed in conversational : 1- the burst acoustic intensity increase when the lips compression and opening velocity increase (for labial stop consonants) ; 2-the burst acoustic intensity increase when the elevation tangential velocity of the tongue increase (for palatal stop consonants) ; 3- the lips compression, lips opening and closing velocities significantly increase when the activities of the OOS (Superior Orbicularis Oris) and DLI (Depressor of the Inferior Lip) muscles increase (during the movement phasis where muscles are agonists). These relationships depend on phonation quality (in whispered speech the accent is made on using kinematic parameters at the cost of aerodynamic, articulatory and temporal ones) and speech rate (most of physiological and articulatory parameters lost efficacies for acoustic control when speech rate increase).

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