The recombinant product is secreted to the periplasm in many processes where E. coli is used as host. One drawback with secretion is the undesired leakage of the periplasmic products to the medium. The aim of this work was to find strategies to influence the periplasmic retention of recombinant products. We have focused on the role of the specific growth rate, a parameter that is usually controlled in industrial bioprocesses. The hypothesis was that the stability of the outer membrane in E. coli is gained from a certain combination of specific phospholipids and fatty acids on one side and the amount and specificity of the outer membrane proteins on the other side, and that the specific growth rate influences this structure and therefore can be used to control the periplasmic retention. We found that is possible to control the periplasmic retention by the growth rate. The leakage of the product increased as the growth rate increased. It was however also found that a higher growth rate resulted in increased productivity. This resulted in equal amounts of product inside the cells regardless of growth rate. We also showed that the growth rate influenced the outer membrane composition with respect to OmpF and LamB while OmpA was largely unaffected. The total amount of outer membrane proteins decreased as the growth rate increased. There were further reductions in outer membrane protein accumulation when the recombinant product was secreted to the periplasm. The lowered amount of outer membrane proteins may have contributed to the reduced ability for the cell to retain the product in the periplasm. The traditional way to control the growth rate is through a feed of substrate in a fed-batch process. In this work we used strains with a set of mutations in the phosphotransferase system (PTS) with a reduced uptake rate of glucose to investigate if these strains could be used for growth rate control in batch cultivations without the use of fed-batch control equipment. The hypothesis was that the lowering of the growth rate on cell level would result in the establishment of fed-batch similar conditions. This study showed that it is possible to control the growth rate in batch cultivations by using mutant strains with a decreased level of substrate uptake rate. The mutants also produced equivalent amounts of acetic acid as the wild type did in fed-batch cultivation with the same growth rate. The oxygen consumption rates were also comparable. A higher cell density was reached with one of the mutants than with the wild type in batch cultivations. It is possible to control the growth rate by the use of the mutants in small-scale batch cultivations without fed-batch control equipment. / QC 20101108

<p>Aminoglycoside antibiotics are commonly used to treat bacterial infections but are highly susceptible to chemical modification, leading to resistance. Chemical modification can be hindered through the use of small molecule inhibitors that target bacterial enzymes involved in resistance, most notably kinases. Current methods for the discovery of small molecule inhibitors of kinases and related “kinase-like” enzymes are limited in throughput and utilize slow, tedious, and expensive assays. This thesis is focused on the development of highly versatile and scaleable kinase and “kinase-like” screening platforms for the discovery of small molecule inhibitors of these drug targets. The work begins with the validation of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS/MS) platform utilizing phosphorylation of kanamycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, by aminoglycoside phosphotransferase 3ʹIIIa (APH 3ʹIIIa) as a model system. Using a product-to-substrate signal ratio as an internal standard, the assay was used to functionally screen over 200 compounds, combined into mixtures to enhance assay throughput. Moreover, the assay was used to determine inhibitory dissocation constants for newly discovered modulators. Throughput was further increased to a novel dual-kinase assay targeting a bacterial enzyme, APH 3ʹIIIa and a human kinase, protein kinase A (PKA), which was validated using the previous small molecule library. Alternative assay development platforms were also studied using imaging mass spectrometry of reaction microarrays and the fabrication of sol-gel derived bioaffinity chromatography columns. The MS-based kinase assays developed herein are highly amenable to high throughput screening, and have the potential to be extended to other important therapeutic targets.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) est un germe commensal du rhinopharynx ayant pour seul hôte l’homme. Malgré un portage asymptomatique largement répandu, et pour des raisons encore inconnues, elle peut échapper au système immunitaire de l’hôte et devenir pathogène provoquant ainsi méningite et septicémie pouvant être mortelles principalement chez les enfants. Au cours du processus infectieux, Nm alterne entre des phases de colonisation et de dissémination, et se retrouve alors confrontée à différents environnements. L’adaptation rapide à ces variations, par modulation de l’expression des gènes de virulence, représente un facteur important dans sa pathogénie. Les facteurs qui contribuent à la virulence de Nm sont essentiellement des structures présentes à la surface de la bactérie parmi lesquelles les pili et la capsule. Les gènes codant ces facteurs sont sous le contrôle de la protéine CrgA, régulateur transcriptionnel de la famille LysR qui intervient lors de l’adhésion de Nm aux cellules humaines. La protéine CrgA régule négativement sa propre expression ainsi de celle des gènes impliqués dans la synthèse de la capsule (sia) et des pili (pilE et pilC1). Par ailleurs, le PTS est un système de transduction du signal qui intervient, par phosphorylation ou via des interactions protéine/protéine, dans le transport des sucres et dans la régulation du métabolisme du carbone. Chez Nm, ce système est incomplet (constitué des protéines EI, HPr, et deux EIIA), il n’est donc pas fonctionnel pour le transport des sucres mais aurait pu conserver ses fonctions régulatrices. Nous avons montré que les protéines du PTS de Nm étaient actives in vitro et in vivo et que la cascade de phosphorylation du PTS était fonctionnelle. Nous avons également montré que l’inactivation du gène ptsH, codant la protéine HPr, entrainait une diminution significative de la synthèse de la capsule, une augmentation de l’adhésion du mutant aux cellules épithéliales humaines et une augmentation de l’expression de crgA. De ce fait, l’absence de l’HPr semble empêcher la répression de crgA et par conséquent celle des gènes sia. Par ailleurs, des expériences de co-immunoprécipitation, nous ont permis de mettre en évidence que l’HPr interagissait directement avec la protéine CrgA in vitro et in vivo. Ces résultats suggèrent que la protéine HPr interviendrait dans la régulation de l’expression des gènes de virulence de Nm via la régulation de l’expression de crgA. Ainsi, un lien entre métabolisme du carbone et virulence a été mis en évidence chez Nm. / Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) is a commensal bacterium of the nasopharynx, which only colonizes humans. Despite a large number of asymptomatic carriers, and for reasons so far unknown, Nm occasionally becomes virulent, escaping the host’s immune system and causing septicaemia and meningitis, the latter being potentially lethal, mostly in children.During the infectious process, Nm alternates between phases of colonization and dissemination, each time facing different environments. This rapid adaptation to the changing environment occurs via the modulation of the expression of virulence genes and represents an important factor of pathogenicity. The structures involved in virulence in Nm are mainly present at the surface of the bacterium, including the pili and the capsule. The genes coding for these structures are controlled by the CrgA protein, a transcriptional regulator of the LysR family, which is induced during the adhesion of Nm to human cells. CrgA negatively regulates its own expression as well as the expression of those genes implicated in the synthesis of the capsule (sia) and pili (pilE and pilC1).Moreover, the PTS is a signal transduction system, which is involved, via phosphorylation or protein/protein interactions, in the transport of sugars and the regulation of the carbon metabolism. In Nm, the PTS is incomplete (only composed of the proteins EI, HPr and two EIIA), thus not functioning in the transport of sugars but it may have conserved regulatory functions.In this work, we demonstrate that the PTS proteins in Nm are active in vitro and in vivo and that the phosphorylation cascade of the PTS is functional. We further show that the inactivation of the ptsH gene, coding for the HPr protein, significantly reduces the synthesis of the capsule, enhances the adhesion of the mutants to human epithelial cells and increases the expression of crgA. Thus, the absence of HPr seems to inhibit the repression of crgA and as a consequence also the repression of the sia genes. Furthermore, from co-immunoprecipitation experiments we provide evidence that HPr directly interacts with the CrgA protein in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that the HPr protein in Nm regulates the expression of the virulence genes via the regulation of crgA expression. Thus, we provide evidence of a link between carbon metabolism and virulence in Nm.

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