This thesis presents designs and fabrication algorithms for 3D photonic band gap (PBG) material synthesis and embedded optical waveguide networks. These designs are suitable for large scale micro-fabrication using optical lithography methods. The first of these is a criss-crossing pore structure based on fabrication by direct photo-electrochemical etching in single-crystal silicon. We demonstrate that a modulation of the pore radius between pore crossing points leads to a moderately large PBG. We delineate a variety of PBG architectures amenable to fabrication by holographic lithography. In this technique, an optical interference pattern exposes a photo-sensitive material, leading to a template structure in the photoresist whose dielectric-air interface corresponds to an iso-intensity surface in the exposing interference pattern. We demonstrate PBG architectures obtainable from the interference patterns from four independent beams. The PBG materials may be fabricated by replicating the developed photoresist with established silicon replication methods. We identify optical beam configurations that optimize the intensity contrast in the photoresist. We describe the invention of a new approach to holographic lithography of PBG materials using the diffraction of light through a three-layer optical phase mask (OPM). We show how the diffraction-interference pattern resulting from single beam illumination of our OPM closely resembles a diamondlike architecture for suitable designs of the phase mask. It is suggested that OPML may both simplify and supercede all previous optical lithography approaches to PBG material synthesis. Finally, we demonstrate theoretically the creation of three-dimensional optical waveguide networks in holographically defined PBG materials. This requires the combination of direct laser writing (DLW) of lines of defects within the holographically-defined photoresist and the replication of the microchip template with a high refractive index semiconductor such as silicon. We demonstrate broad-band (100-200~nm), single-mode waveguiding in air, based on the light localization mechanism of the PBG as well as sharp waveguide bends in three-dimensions with minimal backscattering. This provides a basis for broadband 3D integrated optics in holographically defined optical microchips.

This thesis presents designs and fabrication algorithms for 3D photonic band gap (PBG) material synthesis and embedded optical waveguide networks. These designs are suitable for large scale micro-fabrication using optical lithography methods. The first of these is a criss-crossing pore structure based on fabrication by direct photo-electrochemical etching in single-crystal silicon. We demonstrate that a modulation of the pore radius between pore crossing points leads to a moderately large PBG. We delineate a variety of PBG architectures amenable to fabrication by holographic lithography. In this technique, an optical interference pattern exposes a photo-sensitive material, leading to a template structure in the photoresist whose dielectric-air interface corresponds to an iso-intensity surface in the exposing interference pattern. We demonstrate PBG architectures obtainable from the interference patterns from four independent beams. The PBG materials may be fabricated by replicating the developed photoresist with established silicon replication methods. We identify optical beam configurations that optimize the intensity contrast in the photoresist. We describe the invention of a new approach to holographic lithography of PBG materials using the diffraction of light through a three-layer optical phase mask (OPM). We show how the diffraction-interference pattern resulting from single beam illumination of our OPM closely resembles a diamondlike architecture for suitable designs of the phase mask. It is suggested that OPML may both simplify and supercede all previous optical lithography approaches to PBG material synthesis. Finally, we demonstrate theoretically the creation of three-dimensional optical waveguide networks in holographically defined PBG materials. This requires the combination of direct laser writing (DLW) of lines of defects within the holographically-defined photoresist and the replication of the microchip template with a high refractive index semiconductor such as silicon. We demonstrate broad-band (100-200~nm), single-mode waveguiding in air, based on the light localization mechanism of the PBG as well as sharp waveguide bends in three-dimensions with minimal backscattering. This provides a basis for broadband 3D integrated optics in holographically defined optical microchips.

No description available.

This paper discussed a way of applied stress to control the photonic crystal fiber dispersion curve, so that it can act on the anomalous dispersion or normal dispersion region area. By this way, we can design the pulse compressor and pulse stretcher for higher peak power laser system. Recently, high-power shortpulse laser has become an indispensable tool in many field, using short-pulse laser oscillator, combined with chirped-frequency amplification technology to produce high-power short-pulse laser system can be used for industrial or medical applications. The all-fiber laser system not only provide better pulse quality and also increased pulse laser system on the stability of the environment.

No description available.

Conventional fibers are comprised of a solid glass core and solid glass cladding often protected by a thin polymer sheath. The finely tuned difference in refractive indices, for step index-fibers, is achieved by doping the core with germanium or elements with similar effects. Holey fibers (including photonic crystal fibers) comprise of a pure silica core, and a pure but porous silica cladding of air holes [1]. This provides a huge difference in the refractive indices on the cladding and core without doping. This translates into radiation resistant fibers with very low losses and very robust to high temperatures to mention a few [2]. Several successful attempts have been made for ordered holey optical fibers since the initial publication by Knight et al; random holey optical fibers, which can be just as effective, have yet to be fabricated [3]. Sol-gel processing of silicon alkoxides can be used to fabricate silica monoliths of tailored pore densities and sizes [4]; this makes the process attractive for random holey fiber preform manufacturing. Similar attempts have been made by Okazaki et al [5] to make conventional optical fibers. This paper chronicles efforts to make random holey fiber optical preforms from silica sol-gel monoliths, characterized for some structural properties. Silica monoliths can be made by hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS (tetraethylorthosilicate) or TMOS (tetramethylorthosilicate). These can be catalyzed in a single step or two-step process, aged and dried at ambient pressures and temperatures, as well as by supercritical fluid extraction of CO2. Mechanical strengthening techniques as described by Okazaki [5] have also been employed. The silica gel monoliths are characterized by helium pycnometry and scanning electron microscopy. Various shapes and densities of silica monoliths have been prepared and characterized. Some of these have also drawn into fibers to demonstrate their viability. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DaviBB.pdf: 1037005 bytes, checksum: 218c25a038f89588a46ddca7509b0705 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-06 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The aim of this work is to characterize and use the characteristic parameters of the planar structures constructed with fin lines looking for their applications in devices, using PBG Photonic Band Gap photonic materials as substrate, operating in the millimeter and optic wave bands.The PBG theory will be applied for the relative permittivity attainment for the PBG photonic substrate s and p polarizations. The parameters considered in the structures characterization are the complex propagation constant and the characteristic impedance of unilateral and bilateral fin lines that were obtained by the use of the TTL Transverse Transmission Line Method, together with the Method of the Moments. The final part of this work comprises studies related to the behavior of the asymmetric unilateral fin line coupler with photonic substrate. This research opens perspectives for new works in this modern area. Numerical results are shown by means of bi-dimensional and three-dimensional graphics. Conclusions and suggestions for future works are also presented / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar e utilizar os par?metros de estruturas planares constru?das com linhas de l?minas visando a sua utiliza??o em circuitos, com materiais fot?nicos do tipo PBG Photonic Band Gap como substrato, operando nas faixas de ondas milim?tricas e ?pticas. A teoria PBG ser? aplicada para a obten??o da permissividade relativa para as polariza??es s e p dos substratos compostos de material fot?nico PBG. Os par?metros considerados na caracteriza??o das estruturas s?o a constante de propaga??o complexa e a imped?ncia caracter?stica, de linhas de l?mina unilaterais e bilaterais, que foram obtidos atrav?s da utiliza??o do m?todo da Linha de Transmiss?o Transversa LTT com o aux?lio do M?todo dos Momentos. Nesse trabalho foi realizado ainda, um estudo do funcionamento do acoplador com linha de l?mina unilateral assim?trica com substrato fot?nico. Esta pesquisa abre perspectivas para novos trabalhos nesta moderna ?rea. A an?lise te?rica computacional desse trabalho se mostrou precisa, com compara??es de outros trabalhos, podendo ser empregada em outros dispositivos que utilizem a linha de l?mina como estrutura b?sica, e materiais ?pticos. Resultados num?rico-computacionais em forma de gr?fico em duas e tr?s dimens?es para todas as an?lises realizadas s?o apresentados, para as estruturas propostas que tem como substratos materiais fot?nicos. S?o apresentadas conclus?es e sugest?es para a continuidade deste trabalho

Master of Science / Department of Physics / Kristan L. Corwin / We investigate the nonlinear spectroscopy of acetylene in the near infrared region inside a photonic band gap fiber. The near infrared region of the optical spectrum is an area of intensive research due to its relevance to telecommunication and optical metrology. Acetylene provides a large number of reference transitions coincident with the international telecommunication band. Acetylene contains about 50 strong lines between 1510 nm and 1540 nm in the ν1+ν3 ro-vibrational combination band. We have observed the Doppler-free saturated spectrum of several of these lines. The light from a tunable diode laser at ~1531 nm, resonant with the P(11) transition, is amplified by an erbium doped fiber amplifier and split into a strong pump beam and weak probe beam which counter-propagate inside the gas-filled fiber. The measured Doppler linewidth of the P(11) line at room temperature is about 467 MHz wide. The sub-Doppler profile over a pressure range of 200-1600 mT appears as a narrow absorption feature about 20-40 MHz wide, even at the low pump power of ~10 mW. It is found that for a fiber with an 80 cm length, 20 core size, pumped with 29 mw, the optimum pressure is ~530mT. But the optimum pressure condition will further decrease when the fiber length increases.

This paper involves the calculation for composition of different layer used in laser structure and the simulation of cavity, formed by creating air columns in the InGaAsP medium, for square lattice. The aim of this project is to fabricate approximately zero threshold current lasers. This project involves FDTD simulation for optimizing dimension of the device, fabrication of laser structure and finally characterization of the device structure. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

We demonstrate electromagnetically-induced anomalous quantum dynamics of an exciton in a photonic band gap (PBG) - quantum well (QW) hetero-structure. Within the engineered electromagnetic vacuum of the PBG material, the exciton can propagate through the QW by the emission and re-absorption of virtual photons in addition to the conventional electronic hopping mechanism. When the exciton wavevector and recombination energy coincide nearly with a photonic band edge, the exciton kinetic energy is lowered by 1-10meV through coherent radiative hopping. This capture of the exciton by the photonic band edge is accompanied by strong electromagnetic dressing in which the exciton's renormalized effective mass is 4-5 orders of magnitude smaller than in the absence of the PBG environment. This dressed exciton exhibits a long radiative lifetime characteristic of a photon-atom bound state and is robust to phonon-assisted, re-combinative decay. By inheriting properties of the PBG electromagnetic vacuum, the bound electron-hole pair becomes a stable, ultra-mobile quantum excitation. Unlike traditional exciton-polariton modes created by placing a QW in a one-dimensional optical cavity, our PBG-QW excitons exhibit strong coupling to optical modes and retain a long lifetime. This is crucial for unambiguous observation of quantum coherence effects such as Bose-Einstein condensation. We present a model for the equilibrium quantum statistics of a condensate of repulsively interacting bosons in a two-dimensional trap. Particle correlations in the ground state are treated exactly, whereas interactions with excited particles are treated in a generalized Bogoliubov mean-field theory. This leads to a fundamental physical picture for condensation of interacting bosons through an anharmonic oscillator ground state coupled to excited Bogoliubov quasiparticles in which the quantum number statistics of condensate particles emerges self-consistently. Our anharmonic oscillator model for the exciton ground state manifold goes beyond the conceptual framework of traditional Bogoliubov theory. Below the Bose-Einstein condensation temperature, our model exhibits a crossover from particle bunching to Poissonian statistics and finally antibunching as temperature is lowered or as the trapping area is decreased. When applied to Bose condensation of long-lived dressed excitons in a photonic band gap material, our model suggests that this system may serve as a novel tunable source for non-classical states of light.