Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Chemistry, 2005. / "August, 2005." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 09/24/2005). Advisor, David A. Modarelli; Committee members, Matthew Espe, Michael Taschner, Chrys Wesdemiotis, Stephanie Lopina; Department Chair, David Perry; Dean of the College, Charles B. Monroe; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

The sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a species adapted to the tropical climatic conditions and has been presenting fundamental function in the economical development in the Southeast and Northeast regions of the Brasil. The adaptation capacity of the culture to the different cultivation environment can be evaluated through the growth analysis, from the physiologic answers and of the biological and economical production. Thus, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the growth, leaf pigment photosynthetic and yield of four sugarcane varieties (RB92579, SP79-1011, RB931530 and RB93509), in the Tabuleiros Costeiros region, in the State of Alagoas. The work was developed in the experimental area of Centro de Ciências Agrárias, of the Ferderal University of Alagoas in Rio Largo city (09°28'02 ''S; 35°49'43 ''W and altitude de 127m). The statistical design was in random blocks, with four treatments and five replications. They number of plants per meter, stem diameter, plants height, leaf area and leaves area rate (IAF) were evaluated, the measurements began 30 days after the harvest (DAC), except the number of plants that went measured 90 DAC. The leaf pigments photosynthetic were appraised in the period between 213 and 284 DAC. Other evaluations such as: raw material quality, dry mass and yield were evaluated in the harvest period 360 DAC, and the data was submitted to the variance analysis and the averages compared by the Tukey test, with P ≤ 0,05. The results showed that the maximum sprouting happened 90 DAC for all the studied varieties, and the variety RB92579 presented the largest sprouting and the largest stem height in the harvest period. The stem diameter of the RB931530 variety was better than the others, however, it obtained the smallest contents chlorophyll a, b and total and larger correlation (r) between the reading of SPAD-502 and the chlorophylls contents. The RB92579 and BR93509 varieties were better than the others in relation to the sugar production of dry matter and yield, however they differed to each other just to the dry matter. The RB92579 and RB931530 varieties were similar to the soluble solids content (BRIX), percentage of rude sugar (PCC) and recoverable total sugar (ATR). / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) é uma espécie amplamente adaptada às condições climáticas tropicais e tem apresentado papel fundamental no desenvolvimento econômico das regiões Sudeste e Nordeste do país. A capacidade de adaptação da cultura aos diferentes ambientes de cultivo pode ser avaliada através da análise de crescimento, das respostas fisiológicas e da produção biológica e econômica. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento, os pigmentos fotossintéticos foliares e a produtividade de quatro variedades de cana-de-açúcar (RB92579, SP79-1011, RB931530 e RB93509), na região dos Tabuleiros Costeiros de Alagoas. O experimento foi conduzido no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, município de Rio Largo - AL (09°28 02 S; 35°49 43 W e altitude de127m). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Foram avaliados: número de plantas por metro linear, diâmetro do colmo, altura das plantas, área foliar e índice de área foliar (IAF), cujas medidas iniciaram-se aos 30 dias após o corte (DAC), exceto o número de plantas que foi aos 90 DAC. Os pigmentos fotossintéticos foliares foram avaliados no período entre 213 e 284 DAC. As demais avaliações como: qualidade da matéria prima, matéria seca e produtividade final, foram avaliadas no período da colheita, aos 360 DAC, e os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas entre si pelo teste de Tukey, com P ≤ 0,05. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o máximo perfilhamento ocorreu aos 90 DAC para todas as variedades estudadas, sendo que a variedade RB92579 apresentou o maior perfilhamento e a maior altura de colmo no período da colheita. A variedade RB931530 apresentou diâmetro de colmo superior às demais, e os menores teores de clorofila a, b e total e maior correlação (r) entre a leitura do SPAD-502 e os teores de clorofilas. As variedades RB92579 e BR93509 foram superiores às demais quanto à produção de açúcar, de matéria seca e a produtividade, porém, diferiram entre si apenas quanto ao teor de matéria seca. As variedades RB92579 e RB931530 foram semelhantes quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis (BRIX), percentagem de açúcar bruto (PCC) e açúcar total recuperável (ATR).

Growth models for the sugarcane crop express plant growth based on the net photosynthesis (gross photosynthesis less respiration). Determination of gross photosynthesis (GP) can be made according to the intercepted solar radiation by a rectangular hyperbolic equation. Therefore, this work, conducted at the Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, aimed to evaluate RB varieties (RB92579, RB863129, RB931003, RB93509, RB72454, RB867515, RB951541, RB971755 and RB98710) of irrigated sugarcane in relation to the intercepted photosynthetic active radiation (PARINT) and the estimation of accumulated GP from February 2008 to February 2009. To achieve this, biometric measurements (leaf area and number of tillers) and production variables: tons of cane per hectare (TCH) and tons of sugar per hectare (TSH) were performed in a randomized outline with four repetitions. The photosynthetic irradiance (PAR) was estimated as 44% of the solar irradiation (Rg), and PARINT as the difference between PAR and transmitted PAR (PART). The PART was determined using the Beer law ( ( K IAF) T RFA = RFA exp − ), with the coefficient of light attenuation (K) equal to 0.58. The estimation of daily GP was obtained by a numerical integration with trapezoidal approach. It was also made a temporal analysis of growth through simulations of leaf area index (LAI) according to degree-days (GD). The start of the cultivation (365 days duration) was considered the 1st day of each month for the four years (2004-2007). The TCH and TSH had correlations with the accumulated PARINT and GP during the cycle. The average solar radiation of the region's rainy season, from May to August, (71 to 193 days after ratooning) was 14.9 MJ m-2.. The RB92579 variety had the highest values TCH and TSH as the highest estimates of accumulative PARINT and GP during the cycle. In simulations of growth for the RB varieties of sugarcane, the months of March and February had the highest accumulation PARINT and GP. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Modelos de crescimento para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar expressam o crescimento das plantas baseados na fotossíntese liquida (fotossíntese bruta menos respiração). Determinações da fotossíntese bruta (FB) podem ser feitas em função da radiação solar interceptada através de uma equação hiperbólica retangular. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho, realizado no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, avaliar variedades RB (RB92579, RB863129, RB931003, RB93509, RB72454, RB867515, RB951541, RB971755 e RB98710) de canas-de-açúcar irrigadas em relação à radiação fotossinteticamente ativa interceptada (RFAINT) e a estimativa da FB acumulada, entre fevereiro de 2008 a fevereiro de 2009. Para isso, foram realizadas medidas biométricas (área foliar e número de perfilhos) e variáveis de produção (toneladas de colmos por hectare (TCH) e toneladas de açúcar por hectare (TPH)), em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A irradiância fotossintética (RFA) foi estimada como 44 % da irradiância solar (Rg) e a RFAINT como diferença entre RFA e RFA transmitida (RFAT). A RFAT foi determinada utilizando a Lei de Beer ( ( K IAF) T RFA = RFA exp − ), com o valor do coeficiente de atenuação da luz (K) igual a 0,58. Na estimativa da FB diária, usouse uma integração numérica com abordagem trapezoidal. Também foi feita a análise temporal do crescimento, através de simulações do índice de área foliar (IAF) em função dos graus-dia (GD). Considero-se o inicio do cultivo (365 dias de duração) no 1° dia de cada mês de quatro anos (2004-2007). O TCH e o TPH tiveram correlações com a RFAINT acumulada e com a FB acumulada durante o ciclo. A média da irradiação solar do período chuvoso da região, maio - agosto, (71 - 193 dias após o corte), foi 14,9 MJ m-2. A variedade RB92579 foi a que teve maiores TCH e TPH, com também maiores valores das estimativas da RFAINT e FB acumuladas no longo do ciclo. Nas simulações de crescimento, para as variedades RB de cana-de-açúcar, os meses de março e fevereiro tiveram maiores acumulo RFAINT e FB.

MORAIS NETO, Luiz Barreto de. Avaliação temporal do acúmulo de fitomassa e trocas gasosas do capim-canarana em função da salinidade da água de irrigação. 2009. 58 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2009 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T13:07:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_lbmoraisneto.pdf: 703748 bytes, checksum: 8d09fadb2c87430e9b87f81738fcd1e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-04T13:07:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_lbmoraisneto.pdf: 703748 bytes, checksum: 8d09fadb2c87430e9b87f81738fcd1e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-04T13:07:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_lbmoraisneto.pdf: 703748 bytes, checksum: 8d09fadb2c87430e9b87f81738fcd1e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of saline irrigation water and different cut times on the components of biomass, gas exchange, growth and yield of canarana grass (Echinochloa pyramidalis). The seedlings were planted in plastic pots with a volume of 8 L containing soil type QUARTZARENIC NEOSOL sandy texture, under conditions of a greenhouse. For the experiment in which we evaluated the components of biomass, the experimental design was completely casualized sub divided plots, the salinity levels (0.75, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m-1) in the main plots and harvest age (21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days) in the plot, with five replicates and the experiment was evaluated gas exchange, growth and production, randomized design, in a 5 x 5, consists of cutting ages (21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days) and five doses saline water (0.75, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS/m) with five replications. After the cut for uniformity, 56 days after the planting began the treatments. Upon reaching the age cutoff determined, the plants were cut and then the material collected was fractionated into leaves, stems and dead material. It was determined the mass of dry total forrage, dry matter of forage dead, dry mass of live forrage, dry matter of green blade, dry mass of green stem, material relationship alive matter/dead material and leaf/stem. Salinity affected the photosynthetic rates and transpiration rates, but did not affect stomatal conductance. There was tolerance to salt stress in each section. There was no interaction between the factors studied. Salinity reduced the dry mass of total herbage, dry forrage of green, dry blade green and dry mass of stem green. There was no effect of salinity on dry mass of dead forrage, live material for dead plant material and leaf/stem. The salinity changed the partition of dry matter, reducing the percentage of stems and increasing the proportion of leaves in the dry mass of total forrage. The increase of the cut caused increases in dry mass of total forrage, dead forrage, live forrage, green stems and green leaves. From the cutting age of 28 days of dry forrage dead had increased quite markedly. The increase in dry weight of stems was accentuated after 35 days. The extension of the cut caused a decline in relations material living dead plant material and leaf/stem. Salinity affected the photosynthetic rates and transpiration, but did not affect stomatal conductance. Climatic variations in the different days on which the measurements were made of gas exchange, caused differences in photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Climatic variations in the different days on which the measurements were made of gas exchange, caused differences in photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Salinity did not cause variations in specific leaf area, leaf weight and leaf area ratio, but these three variables decreased with increasing age. The tolerance to salt stress decreased with advancing age. This species was moderately tolerant to higher salinity level and longer exposure to stress. The canarana grass can be irrigated with water electrical conductivity of up to 2.0 dS/m. Cutting canarana grass should be done at 21 days / O trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da salinidade da água de irrigação e de diferentes idades de corte sobre os componentes de biomassa, trocas gasosas, crescimento e produção de do capim-canarana (Echinochloa pyramidalis). As mudas foram plantadas em vasos plásticos com volume de 8 L contendo solo do tipo NEOSSOLO QUARTIZARÊNICO textura arenosa, sob condições de casa de vegetação. Para o experimento em que se avaliou os componentes de biomassa, o delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdividida, sendo os níveis de salinidade (0,75; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 8,0 dS m-1) na parcela principal e idade de corte (21, 28, 35, 42 e 49 dias) na subparcela, com cinco repetições e para o experimento que se avaliou as trocas gasosas, crescimento e produção, o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, composto por cinco idades de corte (21, 28, 35, 42 e 49 dias) e cinco doses crescentes de água salina (0,75, 2,0 , 4,0, 6,0 e 8,0 dS/m), com cinco repetições. Após o corte de uniformização, 56 dias posterior ao plantio, iniciou-se a aplicação dos tratamentos. Ao atingir a idade de corte determinada, as plantas foram cortadas e em seguida o material coletado foi fracionado em folhas, colmos e material morto. Determinou-se a massa seca de forragem total, massa seca de forragem morta, massa seca de forragem viva, massa seca de lâmina verde, massa seca de colmo verde, relação material vivo/material morto e relação folha/colmo. Foram realizadas quatro medições da taxa fotossintética líquida, taxa de transpiração e condutância estomática. Para cada idade foi determinada a área foliar específica, razão de peso foliar e razão de área foliar. Verificou-se a tolerância ao estresse salino em cada corte. Não houve interação entre os fatores estudados. A salinidade reduziu a massa seca de forragem total, massa seca de farragem verde, massa seca de lâmina verde e a massa seca de colmo verde. Não se verificou efeito da salinidade sobre a massa seca de forragem morta, relação material vivo/material morto e relação folha/colmo. A salinidade alterou a partição de matéria seca, diminuindo a percentagem de colmos e aumentando a percentagem de folhas na massa seca de forragem total. O aumento da idade de corte ocasionou aumentos na massa seca de forragem total, forragem morta, forragem viva, colmos verdes e folhas verdes. A partir da idade de corte de 28 dias a massa seca de forragem morta teve incremento bastante acentuado. O aumento na massa seca de colmos acentuou-se a partir dos 35 dias. O prolongamento da idade de corte provocou um declínio nas relações material vivo/material morto e folha/colmo. A salinidade afetou as taxas fotossintética e de transpiração, mas não afetou a condutância estomática. As variações climáticas ocorridas nos diferentes dias em que foram feitas as medições de trocas gasosas, provocaram diferenças na taxa fotossintética, taxa de transpiração e condutância estomática. A salinidade não causou variações na área foliar específica, razão de peso foliar e razão de área foliar, no entanto estas três variáveis decresceram com o aumento da idade. A tolerância ao estresse salino diminuiu com o avanço da idade. Esta espécie mostrou-se moderadamente tolerante ao maior nível de salinidade e no maior tempo de exposição ao estresse. O capim canarana pode ser irrigado com água de condutividade elétrica de até 2,0 dS/m. O corte do capim canarana deve ser feito aos 21 dias

In the context of expected climate changes is more and more important to study how will species of present ecosystems react to this changes. Thus this study is focused on reactions of two main forest tree species of Central Europe ? Norway spruce (Piacea abies L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) ? to water stress, higher quantity of N in soil, combination of theese stress factors and heat stress. The effects of stress were monitored on maximal photochemical efficiency of PS II (Fv / Fm) and on contents of photosynthetic pigments. It was found that Norway spruce is more resistant to all mentioned stress factors than European beech.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-19T19:05:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese Rebeca Rivas 2016.pdf: 1582628 bytes, checksum: 8d454ed55a6236c15d5debaa8f636e54 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T19:05:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese Rebeca Rivas 2016.pdf: 1582628 bytes, checksum: 8d454ed55a6236c15d5debaa8f636e54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-23 / CAPES / Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) é nativa de áreas áridas e semiáridas. Essa espécie sempre verde e de metabolismo fotossintético C3, é um excelente modelo de estudo para a compreensão da tolerância aos fatores abióticos. A seca é o estresse abiótico que mais influencia no crescimento, no desenvolvimento e na produtividade das espécies vegetais. O presente estudo visa avaliar sob aspectos ecofisiológicos, anatômicos e bioquímicos duas populações de C. procera, durante as estações seca e chuvosa de 2012 e 2013, em condições ambientais diferentes: uma no semiárido e outra no litoral; bem como avaliar plantas jovens de C. procera sob déficit hídrico em condições de casa-de-vegetação. Foram avaliadas as trocas gasosas, quantificação de solutos do metabolismo primário, atividade de enzimas do sistema antioxidativo, análise de atributos anatômicos foliar. Calotropis procera mesmo exposta a ambientes contrastantes apresentou alta taxa fotossintética mesmo na estação seca sob déficit de pressão de vapor (DPV) e densidade de fluxo de fótons fotossintéticos (DFFF) elevados. Também foi observado aumento de pigmentos fotossintéticos, acúmulo de açúcares e aumento na atividade de enzimas do ciclo antioxidativo em ambas as localidades no período seco. Contudo, os ajustes anatômicos foram contrastantes, enquanto no semiárido houve aumento na espessura do mesofilo no período seco, no litoral houve aumento na espessura da cutícula e aumento na densidade de tricomas. As plantas jovens de C. procera alcançaram o máximo estresse após 10 dias de suspensão de rega, quando a condutância estomática (gs) chegou a zero. Para minimizar a perda d’água C. procera reduziu a gs, número de folhas, aumentou na espessura da cutícula e na densidade estomática. O aumento da fotorrespiração, da respiração mitocondrial do dia (Rd), do quenching não fotoquímico (NPQ), dos carotenóides, carboidratos solúveis totais (CST), aminoácidos livres totais (ALT), prolina e aumento na atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD) garantiram a fotoproteção ao aparato fotoquímico. Com base nos resultados obtidos, C. procera apresenta alta performance fotossintética mesmo sob seca. O metabolismo bioquímico primário apresenta ajustes diferentes nas diferentes condições estudadas. Entretanto, C. procera no litoral e em casa de vegetação sob seca apresentaram estratégias semelhantes quanto aos atributos anatômicos. O conjunto de dados nos faz entender como uma espécie C3, sempre verde apresenta um metabolismo fotossintético intenso sob seca, divergindo da maioria das plantas de metabolismo C3. / Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) is native from arid and semiarid areas. This species evergreen, and C3 photosynthetic metabolism is an excellent study model for the understanding of the tolerance to abiotic factors. Drought is the most abiotic stress harmful the growth, development and productivity of plant species. This study aims to evaluate in ecophysiological, anatomical and biochemical aspects of two populations of C. procera, during the dry and rainy seasons of 2012 and 2013 in different environments: one in semiarid and another on the seacoast; and evaluate young plants of C. procera under drought at greenhouse conditions. We evaluated the gas exchange, solute quantification of the primary metabolism, enzyme activity of the antioxidant system, analysis of leaf anatomical. Calotropis procera even exposed to contrasting environments showed high photosynthetic rate even the dry season under high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). In addiction was observed increase in photosynthetic pigments, accumulation of sugars and increase in antioxidant enzyme activity in both locations during the dry season. However, the anatomical adjustments were contrasting, while in the semiarid region was observed increase in mesophyll thickness in the dry season, on the seacoast was observed increase in cuticle thickness and increase in trichomes density. Young plants of C. procera reached the maximum stress after 10 days withhold water, when stomatal conductance (gs) reached zero. To minimize water loss, C. procera reduced gs, leaf number, increased cuticle thickness and stomata density. The increase in photorespiration, mitochondrial day respiration (Rd) of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), carotenoids, soluble carbohydrates, free amino acids, proline and increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity garantee the photoprotection to the photochemical apparatus. Based on the results obtained, C. procera present high photosynthetic performance even under drought. The primary biochemical metabolism has different settings under different conditions. However, C. procera on the seacoast and in greenhouse under drought showed similar strategies regarding the anatomical attributes. The data set help us understand how C3 species, evergreen, present an intense photosynthetic metabolism under drought, diverging of the most C3 plants.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da salinidade da Ãgua de irrigaÃÃo e de diferentes idades de corte sobre os componentes de biomassa, trocas gasosas, crescimento e produÃÃo de do capim-canarana (Echinochloa pyramidalis). As mudas foram plantadas em vasos plÃsticos com volume de 8 L contendo solo do tipo NEOSSOLO QUARTIZARÃNICO textura arenosa, sob condiÃÃes de casa de vegetaÃÃo. Para o experimento em que se avaliou os componentes de biomassa, o delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdividida, sendo os nÃveis de salinidade (0,75; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 8,0 dS m-1) na parcela principal e idade de corte (21, 28, 35, 42 e 49 dias) na subparcela, com cinco repetiÃÃes e para o experimento que se avaliou as trocas gasosas, crescimento e produÃÃo, o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, composto por cinco idades de corte (21, 28, 35, 42 e 49 dias) e cinco doses crescentes de Ãgua salina (0,75, 2,0 , 4,0, 6,0 e 8,0 dS/m), com cinco repetiÃÃes. ApÃs o corte de uniformizaÃÃo, 56 dias posterior ao plantio, iniciou-se a aplicaÃÃo dos tratamentos. Ao atingir a idade de corte determinada, as plantas foram cortadas e em seguida o material coletado foi fracionado em folhas, colmos e material morto. Determinou-se a massa seca de forragem total, massa seca de forragem morta, massa seca de forragem viva, massa seca de lÃmina verde, massa seca de colmo verde, relaÃÃo material vivo/material morto e relaÃÃo folha/colmo. Foram realizadas quatro mediÃÃes da taxa fotossintÃtica lÃquida, taxa de transpiraÃÃo e condutÃncia estomÃtica. Para cada idade foi determinada a Ãrea foliar especÃfica, razÃo de peso foliar e razÃo de Ãrea foliar. Verificou-se a tolerÃncia ao estresse salino em cada corte. NÃo houve interaÃÃo entre os fatores estudados. A salinidade reduziu a massa seca de forragem total, massa seca de farragem verde, massa seca de lÃmina verde e a massa seca de colmo verde. NÃo se verificou efeito da salinidade sobre a massa seca de forragem morta, relaÃÃo material vivo/material morto e relaÃÃo folha/colmo. A salinidade alterou a partiÃÃo de matÃria seca, diminuindo a percentagem de colmos e aumentando a percentagem de folhas na massa seca de forragem total. O aumento da idade de corte ocasionou aumentos na massa seca de forragem total, forragem morta, forragem viva, colmos verdes e folhas verdes. A partir da idade de corte de 28 dias a massa seca de forragem morta teve incremento bastante acentuado. O aumento na massa seca de colmos acentuou-se a partir dos 35 dias. O prolongamento da idade de corte provocou um declÃnio nas relaÃÃes material vivo/material morto e folha/colmo. A salinidade afetou as taxas fotossintÃtica e de transpiraÃÃo, mas nÃo afetou a condutÃncia estomÃtica. As variaÃÃes climÃticas ocorridas nos diferentes dias em que foram feitas as mediÃÃes de trocas gasosas, provocaram diferenÃas na taxa fotossintÃtica, taxa de transpiraÃÃo e condutÃncia estomÃtica. A salinidade nÃo causou variaÃÃes na Ãrea foliar especÃfica, razÃo de peso foliar e razÃo de Ãrea foliar, no entanto estas trÃs variÃveis decresceram com o aumento da idade. A tolerÃncia ao estresse salino diminuiu com o avanÃo da idade. Esta espÃcie mostrou-se moderadamente tolerante ao maior nÃvel de salinidade e no maior tempo de exposiÃÃo ao estresse. O capim canarana pode ser irrigado com Ãgua de condutividade elÃtrica de atà 2,0 dS/m. O corte do capim canarana deve ser feito aos 21 dias / This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of saline irrigation water and different cut times on the components of biomass, gas exchange, growth and yield of canarana grass (Echinochloa pyramidalis). The seedlings were planted in plastic pots with a volume of 8 L containing soil type QUARTZARENIC NEOSOL sandy texture, under conditions of a greenhouse. For the experiment in which we evaluated the components of biomass, the experimental design was completely casualized sub divided plots, the salinity levels (0.75, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m-1) in the main plots and harvest age (21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days) in the plot, with five replicates and the experiment was evaluated gas exchange, growth and production, randomized design, in a 5 x 5, consists of cutting ages (21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days) and five doses saline water (0.75, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS/m) with five replications. After the cut for uniformity, 56 days after the planting began the treatments. Upon reaching the age cutoff determined, the plants were cut and then the material collected was fractionated into leaves, stems and dead material. It was determined the mass of dry total forrage, dry matter of forage dead, dry mass of live forrage, dry matter of green blade, dry mass of green stem, material relationship alive matter/dead material and leaf/stem. Salinity affected the photosynthetic rates and transpiration rates, but did not affect stomatal conductance. There was tolerance to salt stress in each section. There was no interaction between the factors studied. Salinity reduced the dry mass of total herbage, dry forrage of green, dry blade green and dry mass of stem green. There was no effect of salinity on dry mass of dead forrage, live material for dead plant material and leaf/stem. The salinity changed the partition of dry matter, reducing the percentage of stems and increasing the proportion of leaves in the dry mass of total forrage. The increase of the cut caused increases in dry mass of total forrage, dead forrage, live forrage, green stems and green leaves. From the cutting age of 28 days of dry forrage dead had increased quite markedly. The increase in dry weight of stems was accentuated after 35 days. The extension of the cut caused a decline in relations material living dead plant material and leaf/stem. Salinity affected the photosynthetic rates and transpiration, but did not affect stomatal conductance. Climatic variations in the different days on which the measurements were made of gas exchange, caused differences in photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Climatic variations in the different days on which the measurements were made of gas exchange, caused differences in photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Salinity did not cause variations in specific leaf area, leaf weight and leaf area ratio, but these three variables decreased with increasing age. The tolerance to salt stress decreased with advancing age. This species was moderately tolerant to higher salinity level and longer exposure to stress. The canarana grass can be irrigated with water electrical conductivity of up to 2.0 dS/m. Cutting canarana grass should be done at 21 days

Um novo conceito agro tecnológico em cultivo protegido foi a utilização de malhas coloridas, que permitem combinar a proteção física com a seleção de determinadas faixas do espectro da radiação solar para promover respostas fisiológicas desejadas reguladas pela luz. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de malhas coloridas, azul, vermelha e preta (controle), no desenvolvimento de duas espécies de helicônias cultivadas em vaso: Heliconia H-01 e Helicônia ortrotricha Eclipse Total. Foram analisadas, para ambas as espécies, características agronômicas como altura e número de folhas finais da planta, quantidade de brotos; quantidade de estômatos por milímetro quadrado e análise espectral de folhas. A Helicônia H-01 não apresentou diferença significativa em relação ao número de folhas finais nos três tratamentos, porém as plantas cultivadas sob telado azul e vermelho apresentaram maiores alturas em relação ao controle. O telado azul apresentou maior número de brotos totais, mas não diferiu estatisticamente do controle no número de brotos lançados durante o tempo, sendo que o telado vermelho apresentou plantas com menor número de brotos. A maior quantidade de estômatos por mm2 foi encontrada nas plantas do telado vermelho, onde azul e controle não diferiram entre si. A análise de reflectância mostrou diferenças significativas na região visível, faixa de absorção da luz incidente pelos pigmentos fotossintetizantes. A H. ortrotricha não apresentou diferença significativa em relação ao número final de folhas, mas no telado azul apresentou a maior altura, seguido do vermelho e depois do controle. Não houve diferença significativa na quantidade de brotos lançado ao longo do tempo, mas o telado vermelho apresentou maior quantidade de brotos finais. Os tratamentos não apresentaram diferença significativa na quantidade de estômatos por mm2. Houve diferença significativa na curva espectral das folhas, principalmente na região do visível. / A new agro technology concept in greenhouse was the use of colored shade nets, which allow to combine the physical protection with the selection of spectral wavelengths of solar radiation to promote physiological responses regulated by light. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of colored shade nets, blue, red and black, in the development of two species of heliconias grown in pots: Heliconia H-01 and Heliconia ortrotricha Total Eclipse. The agronomic characteristics were studied for both species as plants height and number of leaves at the end of the experiment; number of shoots; number of stomata per square millimeter and spectral reflectance of leaves. There were no differences on the number of leaves between the treatments, but blue and red nets exhibited higher plants. Plants of blue net showed a greater number of shoots, and there were not statistically different from black net in the number of shoots during the study, and the red net plants showed fewer shoots than the other colored shade nets. The greater number of stomata per square millimeter was found in plants grown in red net, and blue and black nets did not showed significant differences. The spectral reflectance of H. H01 leaves showed significant differences in the absorption of visible wavelengths by the photosynthetic pigments. H. ortrotricha showed no significant difference on the number of leaves, but the plants of the blue net were highest and black net the lowest. There was no significant difference on the number of new shoots during the study, but the red net exhibited a greater number of shoots in the end of the study. All the treatments showed no significant difference in the number of stomata per square millimeter. There were significant differences in the spectral reflectance of leaves, mainly in the visible wavelengths.

As the demand for farmed shrimp continues to grow worldwide, the use of probiotics to address the sustainability of aquaculture fisheries has gained much attention. Emerging diseases in shrimp aquaculture, such as acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), have devastating economic impacts in countries that largely depend on this activity. The relevance of this research lies on the fact that it explores the potential of using probiotics to mitigate the negative effects of AHPND in shrimp aquaculture. The scope of these studies includes survival of probiotic microbes in typical aquaculture water conditions, the effectiveness of probiotics in vitro and in vivo against the pathogenic strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus that causes AHPND, and the effects of probiotics on the bacterial community composition in aquaculture water and gastrointestinal tract of shrimp after an induced AHPND infection. The microorganisms chosen as probiotics for this research include a lactic acid bacterium, a yeast and a photosynthetic bacterium. Informal feedback from shrimp farmers in Thailand and Vietnam revealed positive results against AHPND when using a commercially available probiotic containing multiple species of microorganisms from these probiotic groups. This research was divided into four studies. The first study (Chapter 2) evaluated the growth of the three different probiotic microbes in two different salinity conditions commonly found in intensive shrimp production systems to determine whether they could be further considered as potential candidates. The hypothesis was that the NaCl concentrations of the media may not have an effect on acid production, growth and cell morphology of the microorganisms being evaluated due to their metabolic mechanisms of adaptation to differences in osmotic pressure. The probiotic microbes were cultured in nutrient media enriched with 1 and 2% NaCl. Microbial survival, acidity and cell morphology between treatments were compared using enumeration by serial dilutions and plating, pH measurements and scanning electron microscopy imaging, respectively. The results showed that salinity levels up to 2% NaCl did not affect the growth of lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Photosynthetic bacteria grown in media with 1% NaCl showed a 24-hour delay in comparison to the control and a prolonged lag phase that lasted 48 hours when the media contained 2% NaCl. Therefore, the hypothesis was partially supported. Based on these results, all three probiotic microbes demonstrated to be suitable for application in aquaculture ponds with up to 2% salinity. The second study (chapter 3) aimed at determining the inhibitory effects of eight different formulations of probiotic solutions against the pathogenic strain of V. parahaemolyticus in vitro. The hypothesis of this study was that probiotic solutions containing whole microbial cultures of multiple microbial types including lactic acid bacteria may have a greater inactivation of the pathogen. The probiotic formulations consisted of individual cultures, combinations of the three probiotic microbes, and a commercially available probiotic formulation. The inhibitory effects were evaluated following a disk diffusion test on solid media by comparing diameters of zones of inhibition, and a challenge test in liquid media by comparing pathogen survival after exposure to probiotic solutions. Findings revealed inhibition zones with greater diameters in disks treated with whole microbial cultures (min: 7.83 mm, max: 11.33 mm) versus disks treated with only supernatants (min: 7.00 mm, max: 8.50 mm). Results from the challenge in liquid media tests showed greater inactivation of the pathogen after 48 h (6.56±0.07 to 5.43±0.03 log10 reduction) when treated with lactic acid bacteria alone and in combination with other microbial types. From these results, the hypothesis was supported and it was concluded that probiotic solutions including a lactic acid bacterium, the combination of lactic acid bacterium and photosynthetic bacterium and the combination of lactic acid bacterium, yeast and photosynthetic bacterium may be used to effectively inhibit AHPND in shrimp aquaculture. The third study (chapter 4) explored the effects of probiotic solutions on live shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) pretreated with probiotics for 7 days prior to challenging them with the pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strain causing AHPND. The hypothesis of this study was that higher shrimp survival and weight gains would be observed when shrimps are exposed to probiotics solutions with multiple microbial types in the water and feed. Water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen, temperature, acidity, salinity and total ammonia nitrogen), difference in shrimp weight increase and shrimp survival were compared between probiotic treatments and controls. Treatments included: (1) a lactic acid bacterium alone (Pro.Sol1), (2) a lactic acid bacterium and a photosynthetic bacterium (Pro.Sol2), (3) the combination of a lactic acid bacterium, a yeast, and a photosynthetic bacterium (Pro.Sol3), and (4) a commercial probiotic (Com.Pro) and the results showed shrimp survival of 11.7, 26.7, 36.7 and 73.3%, respectively. Also, treatments Pro.Sol3 and Com.Pro resulted in higher weight gains (19.7 and 31.2%, respectively) versus the negative control (11.2%). Moreover, onset of the disease was delayed in all treatments as follows: 12 h with Pro.Sol1, 20 h with Pro.Sol2, 22 h with Pro.Sol3, and 26 h with Com.Pro. From these results, the hypothesis was supported and it was concluded that probiotics have the potential to effectively mitigate the effects of AHPND in the shrimp aquaculture. Finally, the fourth study (chapter 5) evaluated the effects of probiotics on the bacterial diversity of the gastrointestinal tract of shrimp as well as variation of bacterial and fungal diversity in the water before and after challenging shrimp with the pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strain causing AHPND. The hypothesis of this study was that probiotic solutions with multiple microbial types may be able to maintain the microbial composition of the shrimp GI tract and aquaculture water preventing an increase in relative abundance of the family Vibrionaceae. Next generation sequencing was conducted using an Illumina MiSeq™ and primers specific for bacterial V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene. The results obtained from the GI tract of shrimp revealed that the relative abundance of the family Vibrionaceae significantly increased in treatments with high mortalities, whereas treatments with higher survivals showed no significant difference in relative abundance of Vibrionaceae family members (P>0.05) in comparison to the negative control. The Shannon diversity index values (abundance and evenness) of the bacterial communities revealed that the treatment with the highest survival had the highest Shannon index value (4.69±0.133) whereas the treatment with lowest survival had the lowest Shannon index value (0.17±0.004). The results obtained from water samples did not show a higher abundance of the family Vibrionaceae, and diversity was maintained after infection (Shannon index 4.64±0.58). Regarding fungal diversity in water samples, Shannon index values revealed no significant changes before (3.627±0.37) and after infection (3.664±0.18) except for Pro.Sol3 (2.859±0.56) and Com.Pro (1.795±0.50), which included yeast in their formulation. Thus, the hypothesis of this study was partially supported since the results revealed that while all probiotics maintained the diversity of microbial composition in the water, only those probiotic solutions with various microbial types in the formulation maintained the diversity of the microbial composition in the GI tract of shrimp providing protection against AHPND.

Understanding the mechanism of photosynthetic seasonality in Amazonian evergreen forests is critical for its formulation in global climate and carbon cycle models. However, the control of the unexpected photosynthetic seasonality is highly uncertain. Here we use eddy-covariance data across a network of Amazonian research sites and a novel evapotranspiration (E) and two-leaf-photosynthesis-coupled model to investigate links between photosynthetic seasonality and climate factors on monthly scales. It reproduces the GPP seasonality (R-2=0.45-0.69) with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.67-1.25gCm(-2)d(-1) and a Bias of -0.03-1.04gCm(-2)d(-1) for four evergreen forest sites. We find that the proportion of diffuse and direct sunlight governs the photosynthetic seasonality via their interaction with sunlit and shaded leaves, supported by a proof that canopy light use efficiency (LUE) has a strong linear relationship with the fraction of diffuse sunlight for Amazonian evergreen forests. In the transition from dry season to rainy season, incident total radiation (Q) decreased while LUE and diffuse fraction increased, which produced the large seasonal increase (similar to 34%) in GPP of evergreen forests. We conclude that diffuse radiation is an important environmental driver of the photosynthetic seasonality in tropical Amazon forests yet depending on light utilization by sunlit and shaded leaves. Besides, the GPP model simulates the precipitation-dominated GPP seasonality (R-2=0.40-0.69) at pasture and savanna sites. These findings present an improved physiological method to relate light components with GPP in tropical Amazon. Plain Language Summary Understanding the mechanism of photosynthetic seasonality in Amazonian evergreen forests is critical for its formulation in global climate and carbon cycle models. However, the control of the unexpected photosynthetic seasonality is highly uncertain. Here we use eddy-covariance data across a network of Amazonian research sites and a novel evapotranspiration (E) and two-leaf-photosynthesis-coupled model to investigate links between photosynthetic seasonality and climate factors on monthly scales. It reproduces the GPP seasonality (R2= 0.45-0.69) for four evergreen forest sites. We find that the proportion of diffuse and direct sunlight governs the photosynthetic seasonality via their interaction with sunlit and shaded leaves, supported by a proof that canopy light-use efficiency (LUE) has a strong linear relationship with the fraction of diffuse sunlight for Amazonian evergreen forests. We conclude that diffuse radiation is an important environmental driver of the photosynthetic seasonality in tropical Amazon forests yet depending on light utilization by sunlit and shaded leaves. Besides, the GPP model simulates the precipitation-dominated GPP seasonality (R2= 0.40 similar to 0.69) at pasture and savanna sites. These findings present an improved physiological method to relate light components with GPP in Amazon.