The aim of this master project is to design café and roastery building in Brno - Líšeň. There are three parts, documentation for building permission, conception of HVAC documentation and facility management study. The building has three floors: basement with storage and utility rooms, ground floor with a café, coffee shop and roastery and first floor with a barista training room, offices and a roof garden with a terrace. Outside, there is an outdoor seating, children’s playground and a parking lot for customers and staff. The vertical loadbearing structures are designed from ceramic blocks and permanent formwork. The horizontal loadbearing structures are designed as cast-in-place reinforced concrete slabs and beams. There are three staircases in the building, one is designed from steel and the other two from cast-in-place reinforced concrete. The building is insulated with expanded polystyrene panels. The foundations are cast-in-place concrete strips. There are solar panels situated on the flat roof over the first floor. The building has mechanical ventilation with heat recovery. There is an underground tank for collecting rainwater that is used for toilet flushing and watering the garden. For heating and DHW there are two gas boilers, for cooling there is a VRV system.

The increasing demand for energy, depletion of fossil fuels, rising global warming, and greenhouse gas emissions have stimulated the need for widespread development and adoption of renewable energy sources (RES) worldwide. Among these sources, solar energy has emerged as a major contender to meet the growing demand. It offers adaptable applications and provides an alternative to traditional energy sources. A brand-new application of solar panels is agrivoltaics. Agrivoltaics consists in installing solar panels above farming lands such as crops. The combination of solar energy production and farming on the same lands increases the overall yield of the land and brings several other opportunities. However, agrivoltaics is also very challenging. An improper installation of solar panels above crops may result in a dramatic drop of the farming yield. Thus, it is of major importance to understand how to maximize the solar energy production without harming the plants or decrease the farming yield. This master’s thesis focuses on the impact of agrivoltaic systems on the micro-climate close to the crop. The goal is to link the modified physical phenomena within an agrivoltaic system and their impact on the crops. The methodology is based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The idea is to realize high fidelity simulations of the different physical phenomena and their coupling, and compare them to experimental data. Flow simulations coupled with radiative models and a surface model are realized in this perspective. The master’s thesis is divided in three parts. 1. Based on experimental data collected during three years at the EDF lab les Renardières, determine which physical phenomena impact the most the crop and what are the key parameters to study the growth of the plants. 2. Validate with experimental data from the atmospheric laboratory the SIRTA (Site Instrumental de Recherche par Télédétection Atmosphérique) of the engineering school Polytechnique, the radiative models and the surface model of the CFD software. 3. Study the impact of an agrivoltaic system on the identified physical phenomena with a simple geometry composed of one pitch of solar panel. The data study shows clearly that the plant temperature, the groundwater, and the radiation play crucial roles in the growth of the plant. A lack of radiation or groundwater will limit the growth of the crops. In addition, extreme temperatures can harm the crops. Consequently, this research project will firstly focus on capturing the impact of the solar panels on these three key parameters. Simulations are using a coupling of a 1D radiative model which is computationally fast and that can therefore be applied on a very large domain to compute the absorption of the atmospheric layers and the clouds, and a 3D radiative model which is able to capture the impact of an obstacle such as a solar panel. This coupling is validated for the shortwave radiation and the longwave radiation. Finally, full U-RANS simulations with the radiative models, the surface model and the - turbulence model are realized. The impact of the panels on the radiation field, the soil temperature, the specific humidity and on other fields such as the wind speed is well captured.

[pt] O objetivo desta pesquisa de mestrado é comparar o desempenho de três modelos de simulação numérica (Duffie e Beckman, King et al. e Masters) sobre a capacidade de conversão fotovoltaica obtida em painéis, tomando o modelo de King et al. como base de referência já que este foi validado à luz de dados experimentais com grau de concordância (exatidão) entre 2,4 por cento a 5,4 por cento. As simulações fazem uso de dados oficiais (dados horários e dados médios mensais de radiação solar incidente, temperatura ambiente, velocidade de vento) disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia do Brasil e de dados técnicos de desempenho do fabricante de painéis fotovoltaicos. A motivação para desenvolvimento do trabalho resulta da percepção da importância da energia solar fotovoltaica como estratégia de sua inclusão e diversificação da matriz energética brasileira. A metodologia proposta consiste em: (i) comparar o desempenho dos três modelos estudados e (ii) aplicar a metodologia de cálculo para avaliar o desempenho na conversão fotovoltaica nas condições solarimétricas favoráveis de onze cidades brasileiras, assim criando uma escala que possa ser utilizada para estabelecer um benchmark nacional. Os resultados revelaram que o modelo Duffie e Beckman reproduz os resultados de conversão fotovoltaica obtido pelo modelo King et al. com grau de concordância 2,4 por cento, enquanto a concordância com o modelo Masters ultrapassa a faixa de exatidão (7,4 por cento). Como conclusão, o uso de dados meteorológicos médios mensais mostraram-se eficazes para estimar a energia elétrica que resulta do processo de conversão fotovoltaica em substituição aos dados horários nem sempre disponíveis. / [en] The goal of this MSc. dissertation is to compare the performance of three classical models of numerical simulation (Duffie and Beckman, King et al. and Masters) to generate electricity from the photovoltaic conversion obtained in panels, taking the model of King et al. as a baseline since it was validated vis-àvis experimental data within 2.4 percent to 5.4 percent. The simulations make use of official data (solar hourly and monthly data of solar incident radiation, temperature, wind speed) provided by the National Institute of Meteorology of Brazil and of performance data provided by the manufacturer of the photovoltaic panel. The motivation for development of the work resulted from the perception of the importance of photovoltaic energy as a strategy for diversification of the Brazilian energy matrix. The proposed methodology (i) compares the performance of the three models studied and (ii) applies it for assessing the performance of the photovoltaic conversion in eleven Brazilian cities that exhibit favourable conditions for photovoltaic conversion, thus creating a scale that can be used to establish a national benchmark. The results revealed that the Duffie and Beckman model reproduces the results of the photovoltaic conversion model obtained by King et al. degree within 2.4 percent, while the agreement with the model of Masters over range accuracy (7.4 percent). In conclusion, the use of monthly averaged meteorological data proved to be effective for estimating the energy that results from the process of photovoltaic conversion when hourly data is not available.

O aprimoramento de técnicas e dispositivos aplicados à conversão de energia provenientes de fontes alternativas de energia, no contexto da geração distribuída, possui um papel importante para o estabelecimento definitivo de um novo paradigma de despacho e consumo de energia elétrica. Neste contexto, esta tese de doutorado aborda uma proposta de gerenciamento de energia e controle de uma microrede com célula a combustível e painel fotovoltaico como fontes primárias, operando juntamente com elementos armazenadores. Nesta proposta, destaca-se o uso de duas principais técnicas: droop k-sharing e Maximum Power Point Tracking with Saturation Technique (MPPT-ST). A técnica droop k-sharing permite associar uma dinâmica preestabelecida à célula a combustível, de forma que as baterias absorvam o espectro complementar. Adicionalmente, o uso da variável k-sharing com a adição da técnica droop permite o compartilhamento de potência entre as duas fontes sem a necessidade de comunicação entre elas. Já a técnica MPPT-ST, permite a operação de painéis fotovoltaicos no Maximum Power Point (MPP) e fora do MPP utilizando um saturador dinâmico. Por fim, propõe-se uma técnica para o acoplamento dos modelos dinâmicos dos conversores CC-CC por meio do equacionamento da tensão do barramento Corrente Contínua (CC) em espaços de estados, tornando possível analisar a estabilidade da microrede com o método indireto de Lyapunov. Para validar as técnicas propostas, são apresentados resultados de simulação e experimentais. / The improvement of techniques and devices applied to the energy conversion of alternative energy sources, in the distributed generation context, has an important role for the definitive establishment of the new paradigm of energy delivery and consumption. In this context, this PhD thesis addresses a proposal of an energy management strategy for microgrids with fuel cells and photovoltaic panels as primary sources, operating with storage devices. In the proposed control scheme, it is possible to highlight two control techniques: droop k-sharing and MPPT-ST. With the droop k-sharing technique, it is possible to design a specific dynamic behavior for the Fuel Cell, while the battery absorbs the complementary (high frequency) spectrum. Additionally, the use of the k-sharing variable with droop technique makes it possible to share the energy between the two sources without the need of a high-speed communication link. On the other hand, with the MPPT-ST technique, the photovoltaic modules can be operated in the MPP or off-MPP by using a simple dynamic anti-windup strategy. For the stability analysis using the Lyapunov Indirect Method, it is proposed a state space technique to couple the DC-DC converters models using the DC-link capacitor. Finally, to evaluate the proposed theoretical algorithm and analysis, simulations and experimental results are presented.

Dans le contexte énergétique actuel, la conception de panneaux photovoltaïques efficaces représente une des solutions pour pallier à la pénurie prochaine des énergies fossiles. Cependant, les phénomènes de dégradation de l’encapsulant, un des matériaux passifs du panneau, sont une des origines de la baisse de rendement des modules. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a été de concevoir, caractériser et évaluer les différentes propriétés de nouveaux encapsulants hybrides organique-inorganique contenant des ressources renouvelables. Ainsi, trois matériaux ont été élaborés à partir d’alcool polyvinylique (PVA), de résines terpéniques et de charges minérales (silice ou argile (Bentonite)). Un premier matériau comprenant PVA, résine et silicates, dans lequel composantes organique et inorganique sont liées par des liaisons covalentes fortes (hybride de classe II), a conduit à des stabilités thermiques et photochimiques, et des propriétés optiques et barrières à la vapeur d’eau et à l’oxygène, similaires à celles des encapsulants actuels.L’introduction de nanoparticules de silice dans un mélange PVA/résine via des liaisons faibles a ensuite fourni un matériau hybride de classe I aux propriétés barrières à la vapeur d’eau satisfaisantes mais avec des transparences optiques insuffisantes pour une utilisation comme encapsulant, du fait de l’agrégation des nanoparticules. Enfin, malgré une transparence optique devant être encore optimisée, un matériau hybride de classe I constitué de PVA, de résine et de Bentonite a conduit à de bonnes propriétés thermiques, photochimiques, barrières à la vapeur d’eau et surtout d’excellentes propriétés barrières à l’oxygène, ce qui ouvre de nouvelles perspectives (emballage alimentaire…). / In the current energetic context, the design of efficient solar photovoltaic panels represents one of the solutions to overcome the coming fossil fuels shortage. However, degradation phenomena of the encapsulant, one of the passive materials of the panel, have been evidenced as one of the reasons of the performance decrease. The aim of this PhD research work was to design, characterize and assess the different properties of more environment-friendly new hybrid organic-inorganic encapsulants. In this way, three materials have been developed using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), terpenic resins and mineral fillers (silica or clay(Bentonite)). A first material including PVA, resin and silicates, in which both organic and inorganic networksare linked through strong covalent bonds (class II hybrid material), led to thermal and photochemical stabilities, and water vapor and oxygen barriers properties similar to those of commercial encapsulants.Dispersion of silica nanoparticles into PVA/terpenic resin mixture through weak bond then provided a class Ihybrid material showing rather good water vapor barrier properties but optical transmittance too low to beused as an encapsulant, due to the aggregation of the nanoparticles. Finally, despite an optical transparency that should be optimized, a class I hybrid material made of PVA, resin and Bentonite showed promisingbehavior with good thermal, photochemical and water barrier properties and remarkable oxygen barrier properties, which opens up new prospects in the field of food packaging.

Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η προσομοίωση και κατακευή ηλεκτρονικού μετατροπέα ισχύος για τη σύνδεση με το ηλεκτρικό δίκτυο του υβριδικού συστήματος της ανεμογεννήτριας και των φωτοβολταϊκών πλαισίων που είναι εγκατεστημένα στο εργαστηρίο Ε.Η.Μ.Ε. / This study is about simulation and constraction of a grid connected converter which connects a photovoltaic panel and a wind turbine into the electric grid.

Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι μέσα από την πειραματική διαδικασία και την επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων να μελετηθούν τα φωτοβολταϊκά πλαίσια τεχνολογίας λεπτών φιλμ (Thin Films Photovoltaics-TFPV) που υπάρχουν διαθέσιμα στο εργαστήριο Ασύρματης Τηλεπικοινωνίας του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών στο Τμήμα Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών και να εξαχθούν συμπεράσματα που θα οδηγήσουν στην κατανόηση της λειτουργίας τους. Η ανάλυσή τους θα διευκρινίσει την λειτουργία τους και σε πραγματικές εφαρμογές. Επιπλέον θα γίνει προσπάθεια πειραματικής εξομοίωσης συνθηκών δοκιμής στους 25οC υπό ηλιακή ακτινοβολία 1000 W/m2 τονίζοντας ότι οι κατασκευαστικές πληροφορίες σε αυτές τις συνθήκες είναι ενδεικτικές και δεν εκφράζουν την συμπεριφορά των πλαισίων σε πραγματικές συνθήκες λειτουργίας. Επίσης θα παρουσιαστεί η επίδραση της τοπικής σκίασης και της αύξησης της προσπίπτουσας ακτινοβολίας σε μέρος ή και σε ολόκληρο το πλαίσιο που προκαλείται από ανάκλαση με τη βοήθεια κατόπτρου. Ειδικότερα παρουσιάζεται η κατάσταση της ενεργειακής πραγματικότητας σήμερα, οι προβληματισμοί για το περιβάλλον, η στροφή στις Ανανεώσιμες Πηγές Ενέργειας και η σημαντικότητα της ενσωμάτωσης φωτοβολταϊκών στα κτήρια. Επίσης παρουσιάζεται η θεωρία της ηλιακής ενέργειας και των φωτοβολταϊκών συστημάτων με τα πλεονεκτήματα και μειονεκτήματά τους. Στην συνέχεια γίνεται αναφορά στη συνδεσιμότητα των φωτοβολταϊκών με την ΔΕΗ και στις ενεργειακές ανάγκες που μπορούν να καλύψουν σε μια κτηριακή εγκατάσταση. Αναλύονται τεχνικές λεπτομέρειες και χαρακτηριστικά μεγέθη των φωτοβολταϊκών στοιχείων καθώς και η εξέλιξη της φωτοβολταϊκής τεχνολογίας ξεκινώντας από το πυρίτιο και καταλήγοντας στα Λεπτά Φιλμ και σε ακόμα νεότερες τεχνολογίες. Στη συνέχεια γίνεται ανάλυση της τεχνολογίας των λεπτών φιλμ προσανατολισμένη στην ενσωμάτωση τους σαν δομικά υλικά σε κατασκευές (BIPV-Building Integrated Photovoltaics).Στην πειραματική διαδικασία επεξηγείται η λογική που ακολουθήθηκε, η πειραματική διάταξη και τα όργανα που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν. Μελετώνται επίσης οι φωτοβολταϊκές παράμετροι και αναλύονται τα πειραματικά δεδομένα. Η ανάλυση γίνεται ως προς την ακτινοβολία, την θερμοκρασία και την εποχή του έτους. Τέλος, τα αποτελέσματα της ανάλυσης, (μέσο ένος προγράμματος στην γλώσσα προγραμματισμού C++), δημιουργούν μια βάση δεδομένων προσπελάσιμη από τον χρήστη για την πρόβλεψη και εξομοίωση των πειραματικών αποτελεσμάτων σε οποιοδήποτε συνδυασμό θερμοκρασίας και ακτινοβολίας. / The purpose of this diploma thesis is to study thin film photovoltaic panels that are available in the wireless communication laboratory in the University of Patras in the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Through the experimental process and processing its results our goal was to extract the conclusions that would lead us to a better understanding of their function. Their analysis will determine their usability in real outdoor PV systems. A simulation of the standard test conditions that are set in 250C temperature and 1000 W/m2 radiation is made, pointing out that this information is unable to indicate the actual function of the panels in outdoor conditions. The effects of partial shadowing and increased radiation with mirror system are also presented. More specifically, the energy reality, thoughts about the environment, the global turn towards the renewable energy sources and the significance of photovoltaic integration in buildings (BIPV- Building Integrated Photovoltaics) are mentioned. The theory of solar energy and photovoltaic technology including its advantages and disadvantages is analyzed. Grid-connected PV systems, their contribution in energy production in buildings and the potential of wide application of BIPV is presented. The advantages of thin film as BIPV materials are also mentioned. The experimental parameters, the logics followed in the set up process and the instruments used are part of the complete analysis of thin film parameters in relation to radiation, temperature and time of the year that the measurements occurred. Finally with a C++, a simulation program was created to predict the behavior of the thin film panels in outdoor conditions.

[pt] O presente trabalho trata da implementação de um sistema integrado de fornecimento de energia elétrica a sistemas isolados da rede de distribuição através de célula a combustível, combustível renovável (etanol) e painéis fotovoltaicos. Apresenta como objetivo a construção de um simulador para a otimização do sistema integrado de fornecimento de energia elétrica. O sistema consiste em um reformador de hidrogênio que utiliza etanol para a reforma do hidrogênio, uma célula a combustível do tipo PEM, painéis fotovoltaicos, banco de baterias de chumbo, inversor de corrente, compressor de hidrogênio. O sistema foi dimensionado para atender um consumidor SIGFI 45. A partir da implementação do sistema foram realizados diferentes tipos de ensaios a fim de caracterizar o funcionamento de cada um dos equipamentos separadamente. Conhecendo o funcionamento de cada equipamento foi possível simular o funcionamento deles em diferentes condições de operação. Posteriormente foi implementado um simulador em VBA desse sistema e os resultados obtidos experimentalmente foram comparados com os simulados para a validação desse simulador. Com o simulador validado foi possível simular diversos casos de operação com o intuito de otimizar o funcionamento desse sistema. / [en] This current work deals with the implementation of an integrated electrical power supply system with isolated fuel cell distribution networks: renewable fuel (ethanol) and photovoltaic panels. This thesis presents the objective of constructing a simulator in order to optimize the integrated electrical power supply system. The system consists of a hydrogen reformer that uses ethanol to produce hydrogen, a PEM fuel cell, photovoltaic panels, lead battery bank, current inverter, hydrogen compressor. The system has been sized to meet SIGFI 45 consumer. During the implementation and application of the system, different types of tests were carried out in order to characterize the behavior of each component separately. Knowing the function of each component within the system, it was possible to simulate their behavior in different operating conditions. Later, a VBA simulator of this system was created and then implemented. The results produced by the simulator were compared with those carried out experimentally to validate the accuracy of this simulation. With the validation of the simulator it was possible to simulate several operational cases in order to optimize the function of this system.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T17:38:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas Lapolli Brighenti.pdf: 3144485 bytes, checksum: ef4bec6685acef1329cfcdfd36c9e40e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The goal of this work is to present an alternative solution for processing the energy obtained in the photovoltaic cogeneration. The standards associate with the connection of inverters with the distribution grid for this application allow the use of non-isolated systems, such as line commutated inverters, associated to an autotransformer with differential connections forming a non-isolated multipulse converter. Therefore the energy delivered to the grid have low current harmonic distortion, besides a system high efficient, extremely robust, able to process great quantity of power at a lower cost than the high frequency commutated converters. It is possible to control the average voltage in connection with photovoltaic panels through the firing angle of the SCRs. This way, it is possible to do the maximum power point tracking without any additional converter for this purpose. The objective of this converter is to use in isolated and desert locations to large sized installation without frequent maintenance. The elements of the converter are already naturally robust and consolidated technologies, assuring a high reliability to the system and reduced costs. The results of a reduced scale prototype with maximum power of 2.3 kVA are presented. One of the main characteristics is the high efficiency even at low power. One of the main factors of this high efficiency and low cost is the use of the autotransformer, that processes only 22% of the total power provided by the photovoltaic panels. / Este trabalho tem o objetivo de apresentar uma solução alternativa para o processamento da energia obtida na cogeração fotovoltaica. As normas referentes à conexão de inversores para esta aplicação com a rede de distribuição permitem o uso de sistemas não isolados, sendo assim, é resgatado o uso de inversores não autônomos, associando-os a um autotransformador com conexões diferenciais formando assim um conversor multipulsos não isolado. Desta forma, a energia entregue à rede possui baixa distorção harmônica na corrente, além de ser um sistema com alta eficiência, extremamente robusto e capaz de processar grande quantidade de potência a um custo inferior aos conversores comutados em alta frequência. É possível controlar a tensão média em que os painéis fotovoltaicos são conectados através do ângulo de disparo dos tiristores, desta forma é possível fazer o rastreamento do ponto de máxima potência sem a necessidade de um conversor dedicado a isto. O objetivo deste conversor é usá-lo em locais ermos e desérticos para fazer uma instalação de grande porte sem a necessidade de manutenção frequente. Os elementos que compõe o conversor já são naturalmente robustos e de tecnologias bem consolidadas, garantindo uma alta confiabilidade ao sistema e custo reduzido. São apresentados os resultados de um protótipo em escala reduzida com potência máxima de 2,3 kVA, sendo que uma das características principais deste conversor é a alta eficiência mesmo para baixas potências. Um dos fatores primordiais para obter esta alta eficiência e baixo custo é a utilização do autotransformador que processa apenas 22% da potência total fornecida pelos painéis.

This thesis deals with the increased efficiency of photovoltaic panels (PVs) through cooling the cells by geothermal energy and water heating. Initially, a photovoltaic modeling is made proposing an equation to obtain the maximum power point considering the variations of solar radiation and cell temperature. Initially, it is proposed a PV modeling for obtaining the maximum power point (MPP) as a function of solar radiation and temperature of the cells by the PV 5-parameter model. Thus, the determination of the PV MPP, which depends only on the internal parameters, can be made with greater precision. Water circulation by a pipe that passes through the thermal reservoir is used to cool the PV. This is complemented by cooling hoses buried underground to exchange geothermal avoiding the saturation of the heat exchange between PV and water circulation, increasing the PV efficiency. After studies on the constitution of the soil, the technical characteristics of the tubes for circulating water, hydraulic pump and heat exchanger installed after PV, economic analysis and a set of two PVs were mounted with and without the heat exchangers to verify the gains in power and performance. The experiments were made with two PVs operating in MPP, proving that the MPP and the performance increase with decreasing temperature as the modeling performed. During the experiments, the underground temperature varied slightly, avoiding the heat exchange saturation. The main contributions include the PV modeling to obtain the MPP with a single iteration, the use of geothermal energy without heat pump and residential heat load reduction by use of heated water circulation in PVs. / Esta dissertação trata do aumento da eficiência de painéis fotovoltaicos (PVs) através do esfriamento das células por energia geotérmica e aquecimento de água. Inicialmente, é proposto um equacionamento para obtenção do ponto de máxima potência (MPP) de PVs em função da radiação solar e da temperatura das células, considerando o modelo PV de cinco parâmetros. Assim, a determinação do MPP, que depende somente dos parâmetros internos, pode ser feita com maior precisão. Para esfriar o PV, utilizou-se a circulação de água numa canalização que passa por reservatório térmico. Este esfriamento é complementado por mangueiras enterradas no subsolo para troca de energia geotérmica evitando a saturação da troca de calor entre PV e água de circulação, aumentando a eficiência do PV. Após estudos sobre a constituição do solo, características técnicas dos tubos para a circulação de água, bomba hidráulica e trocadores de calor instalados atrás do PV, foi feita a análise econômica e montagem de um sistema com dois PVs, sendo um deles em conjunto com os trocadores de calor e outro sem para verificar os ganhos de potência e rendimento. Experimentos foram realizados com os dois PVs operando em MPP, onde se comprova que o MPP e o rendimento aumentam com a diminuição da temperatura conforme a modelagem realizada. Durante os experimentos, o subsolo sofreu pouca variação térmica de modo a evitar a saturação da troca de calor. Dentre as principais contribuições destacam-se a modelagem para obtenção do MPP de PVs com uma única iteração, viabilização do uso de energia geotérmica sem bombeamento de calor e redução de carga térmica residencial pelo aproveitamento da água aquecida no PV.