Climate change is a global phenomenon that strongly affect cities and urban areas. Due to the intensive industrial activities and global population growth leading to more fossil energy demands for the last century, the global warming effect appeared to have been significantly exacerbated. To overcome the issues related to the increase of greenhouse emissions amplifying the global warming, multiple initiatives and engagements have appeared for the last 10 years in order to reduce our global energy demands and reduce the dependency to fossil energy and engage a transition to renewable energy. One way to achieve these objectives is to engage a technological and societal shift in the building industry by reducing energy demands and increasing local energy productions based on renewable energy or, at least, carbon neutral systems. In order to qualify these new types of construction, the concept of positive energy district (PED) has arisen through multiple initiative around the world. This thesis aims to assess the possibility to meet the PED requirements for the new Jakobsgardarna district extension project proposed by Sweco in Borlange, Sweden. This project is based on 144 buildings composed of schools, residentials, retails shop, and offices spread on an 80 ha of land. The Building Energy Modelling (BEM) has been performed on IDA ICE to assess the energy demands and energy production of the entire district following multiple scenarios. These simulations have been performed with either a district heating system or a heat pump as base system. Then, the models have been extended with photovoltaic (PV) panel in multiple configurations in order to find the bes tsolution to meet the PED requirements. First results of the baseline configuration (district heating) shows that the yearly energy demand was around 14,227 MWh which represent almost 69 kWh/m2, mainly dominated up to 75% by the heating demands including domestic hot water (DHW). Moreover, an uncomfortable situation has been met in almost all residential building during summer with temperature reaching up to 31°C. The second configuration considering a heat pump with bore holes in replacement of the district heating shows an overall yearly energy demands of 9,738 MWh representing 47.2kWh/m2 per heated area. This results in a 67% reduction of the energy demands in comparison with the base case. This is due to the high coefficient of performance (COP=4) of the heat pump compared to the district heating system’s (COP=1). In this configuration the heating demands still corresponds to 70% of the overall energy demands. The addition of PV panels compensated the entire electrical needs of the district when combined with district heating and even allowed to reach the positive energy requirements when combined with heat pumps with bore holes. The latter case generates up to 20% of electrical energy in excess of what it produced, even while considering solar panels at a15° of tilt angle in a region where the optimal inclination is defined at 45°. According to the preliminary results obtained in this study, positive energy requirements could be met by the combination of heat pump and PV panels according to our assumptions. This work could then be used to further refine the district design and propose suggestions to improve both the thermal modeling of the district and the design rules for architects and local stakeholders.

[pt] Neste trabalho é realizada a simulação de um sistema híbrido de geração de energia para pequenas comunidades, através de um simulador do sistema integrado de fornecimento de energia elétrica para consumidores sem acesso à rede de distribuição de energia elétrica desenvolvido para este fim. O simulador foi desenvolvido em Excel e Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). O sistema inicial consiste basicamente de uma unidade de células a combustível, baterias, um reformador de etanol para produção de hidrogênio, compressor, cilindros de armazenamento e painéis fotovoltaicos. A simulação foi desenvolvida aumentando-se gradativamente a quantidade dos componentes do sistema para atender à demanda de vários consumidores SIGFI45, até o limite do sistema, visando a diminuição do custo total de instalação por kWh para cada consumidor. Posteriormente foram avaliadas as características de cada equipamento (reformador de hidrogênio, célula a combustível do tipo PEM, painéis fotovoltaicos, banco de baterias de chumbo-ácido, inversor de frequência, compressor de hidrogênio) e a ampliação do sistema para atender a mais usuários. Foram analisados diferentes cenários, de acordo com o aumento do número de usuários do sistema e a demanda de energia resultante. Como resultado, a simulação do sistema ampliado atendeu a um maior número de consumidores, satisfazendo a demanda de pequenas comunidades com um custo menor para a produção de energia do que no caso com o sistema inicial. / [en] In this current work it is realized the simulation of a hybrid energy generation system for small communities, through a simulation program of the integrated system of energy supply for offgrid costumers developed for this purpose. The simulator was developed in Excel and Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). The starting system consists of a unit of fuel cells, lead-acid batteries, ethanol reformer to produce hydrogen, compressor, storage cylinders and photovoltaic panels. The simulation was developed adding a new component when it was necessary to supply the demand of more than one customer SIGFI45, up to the limit of the system, aiming at reducing the installation cost per kWh for each consumer. Subsequently, the characteristics of each equipment (hydrogen reformer, PEM fuel cell, photovoltaic panels, battery bank, inverter, hydrogen compressor) were evaluated and the system was expanded to supply more users. Different scenarios were analyzed in accordance with the increase in the number of users of the system and the resulting energy demand. As a result, the optimization of the system has supplied a greater number of customers and it can supply energy for small communities with a lower cost for energy production than the original system.

This paper presents the study and development of a topology of nonisolated converter operating at high frequency, which is suitable for the integration of battery banks, photovoltaic panels, and a high voltage dc link in a single conversion stage. The topology is based on the bidirectional version of the three-state switching cell and is recommended for battery charging, while a 200V dc link can be obtained in a single conversion stage using photovoltaic (PV) panels. The presented converter is able to supply a 200V dc link using a battery bank and a PV array and, depending on the solar irradiance level, it is also possible to charge the batteries by using a single conversion stage. Moreover, all the switches of the converter are able to operate under zero voltage switching (ZVS) condition over a wide operation range. The experimental results are obtained from a 500W laboratory prototype, which has been developed and tested in three situations: energy flow from the battery bank to the load, energy flow from the PV panel to the load; and energy flow from the panel to the battery bank, achieving the efficiency of 94,18%, 96,09% e 94,67% respectively. The high gain afforded by this topology and the excellent performance obtained in all operations mode, shows as a solution where the requirement of increasing the voltage to 200V or 400V from low input voltage energy sources, typically 12V, 24V or 48V, provided by batteries, solar panels or others sources of energy, for Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS), or a DC link, for example. / Este trabalho tem por escopo apresentar o estudo e desenvolvimento de um conversor CC-CC nÃo isolado de trÃs portas, adequado à integraÃÃo em um Ãnico estÃgio de conversÃo: um banco de baterias, um conjunto de painÃis fotovoltaicos e o link CC. A topologia proposta apresenta um conversor boost de alto ganho baseado na versÃo bidirecional da cÃlula de comutaÃÃo de trÃs estados na qual se tem integrado um banco de baterias e um conjunto de painÃis fotovoltaicos com capacidade para gerar um barramento CC de 200V em um Ãnico estÃgio de processamento. A caracterÃstica bidirecional da topologia permite aos painÃis fotovoltaicos carregar as bateiras e alimentar a carga dependendo da incidÃncia solar. No caso de ausÃncia de sol, o banco de baterias supre a carga. Outra importante caracterÃstica deste conversor à a comutaÃÃo suave em modo ZVS para todas as chaves. Foi desenvolvido um protÃtipo experimental com potÃncia nominal de 500W de forma a validar todo o embasamento teÃrico e de simulaÃÃo apresentados. O conversor desenvolvido foi submetido a trÃs condiÃÃes: o fluxo de energia da bateria para a carga, do painel fotovoltaico para a carga e do painel para o banco de baterias, sendo obtido o rendimento de 94,18%, 96,09% e 94,67% respectivamente para cada condiÃÃo. AlÃm disso, as formas de ondas experimentais e de simulaÃÃo para cada condiÃÃo e o comparativo de rendimento de topologias, tambÃm sÃo apresentados. O alto ganho e o rendimento alcanÃado nesta topologia, a torna uma forte soluÃÃo quando hà necessidade de elevar a tensÃo a partir de baterias ou painÃis fotovoltaicos, quando os valores fornecidos por estes geralmente sÃo de 12V, 24V ou 48V. Ressalte-se que este trabalho contribui cientificamente na Ãrea da eletrÃnica de potÃncia, mais especificamente, no que concerne ao estudo e desenvolvimento de novas topologias de conversores CC-CC nÃo isolados de trÃs portas para aplicaÃÃes em energias renovÃveis.

My diploma thesis focuses in its theoretical part on the analysis of photovoltaic cells, panels, their properties and defects . Further there are described materials from which the cells and panels are produced today but also there are mentioned materials which could affect the near future. There are also state the methods of measurement of photovoltaic cells . The practical part analyzes selected photovoltaic panels, determines the level of degradation by measurement and calculation with using the intensity of solar radiation. All results are entred into graphs and tables.

The aim of the thesis was to design an energy efficient system that uses a waste heat from the operation of distillery and helps to reach energetically active status (in conjunction with the newly designed photovoltaic panels, controlled ventilation with heat recovery and with proper design and material solution) to the newly created housing units. The need of heating is covered by using of waste heat and in the mode of economical (energy saving) operation of households, the photovoltaic panels on the surface produce more electricity than the households consume themselves.

This thesis deal with alternative sources of electric energy in case the besieged immovable. Thesis describes the possible solutions for alternative source of electricity and determines their technical and financial demands. In this work we were calculated energy requirement for the selected object and included specific proposals for alternative energy sources. Part of this thesis is to compare the various options, assessing financial performance and returns.

The main aim of the thesis was to create design documentation, energyefficient terraced house in the village of Moravian Knínice. The proposed building will be located in the vacant space between buildings. Layout of the building is limited by the size of building lots located in hillside surrounding buildings, and orientation to the cardinal. The thesis deals with the layout, building and construction, buildings, so that it effectively uses renewable energy and efficiently work with them.

The aim of my master's project is to design a new building of a Special education centre with nearly zero energy consumption. The project consists of three main parts. The building is designed with a green flat roof with a load-bearing part formed by prestressed ceiling panels. The load-bearing wall masonry consists of ceramic blocks with stone wool insulation panels with longitudinal fibres. The building is divided into two main parts connected by a connecting entrance hall. First department is used mainly for therapy rooms and the other department for the offices of special pedagogical staff. The building also contains photovoltaic panels, air-handling units with heat recovery and a rainwater storage reservoir with the possibility of using rainwater for flushing. The next part of the master's project deals with the assessment of the life cycle of the structure (LCA), where the subject of assessment are various types of floor structures.

The diploma thesis processes project documentation for the construction of a hotel building with a restaurant facility, which is situated on the outskirts of the western undeveloped part of the regional town Jihlava. The building has three floors and is covered by flat roofs. The hotel meets the conditions of a four-star (****) economic standard. It is designed with 24 accommodation units with a capacity of total 52 persons (4 persons with reduced mobility on the 3rd floor) and restaurant service for 92 guests, social facilities and kitchens. The apartments and guest rooms are located on the 2nd and 3rd floor. On the ground floor there is a representative space of the hotel composed of the entrance hall with reception , space for hotel management, space for technical facilities of the building and restaurant with its own kitchen. The building meets the requirements for zero-energy buildings with a combination of a high-quality construction solution with thermal insulation of building and other technological solutions such as photovoltaic power plants or deep boreholes for stepping pump heating The overall character of the building is emphasized by its architectural design in the light of modern lining of the ventilated facade using cement-fiber boards, whose two-color articulation emphasizes both simplicity and shape function of the building. This solution is combined with large glazed areas that give the building a feeling of spaciousness and evocative cleanliness.

The aim of this master thesis is to design a low-energy building for civic amenities, specifically the design of a recreational wellness centre. The building has an L-shaped floor plan with a flat roof and is designed with two above ground and one underground floor. The ground floor will serve as a wellness centre with a swimming pool and saunas. Massages and solariums are proposed on the 2nd floor. Technical facilities are located in the basement. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the architectural and structural design. Structurally, the building is divided into two parts. The part of the administrative facilities and the massage rooms consists of a construction of the character of a transverse wall system made of cut brick blocks and insulated with ETICS. The internal masonry is designed in ceramic ground bricks. Ceiling structures are in the form of continuous reinforced concrete slab. The building is based on footings and waist foundations. The roof of the building is single-skin flat with a gravel. The wellness part is made up of a monolithic diaphragm skeleton with high slenderness columns. The horizontal load-bearing structure in this case again consists of a continuous monolithic reinforced concrete slab. The second part of the thesis deals mainly with the environmental engineering of the buildings. The building will be heated by a pellet boiler and will also use energy from photovoltaic panels. Ventilation in the building is provided by air handling units with heat recovery. The third part of the thesis deals with the assessment of solar gains in the indoor environment of the pool hall. Three variants are proposed with multi-criteria evaluation and the optimal option is selected. The thesis is mainly elaborated in Archicad, Deksoft, MS Excel and Word software.