Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-12T09:25:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Danúsia Arantes Ferreira.pdf: 11101700 bytes, checksum: 31f194f258e45b32949a820dedbfd1f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-12T09:25:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Danúsia Arantes Ferreira.pdf: 11101700 bytes, checksum: 31f194f258e45b32949a820dedbfd1f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-05 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The purpose of this dissertation is to discuss, in a scientific and methodological way, the theme of interdisciplinarity in the context of public social policies, highlighting the Methodology of Interdisciplinary Action - MAI, as a practice of governance. The themes, global climate changes, water crises and renewable energies are at the center of the proposed reflections, in a scenario of challenges and ample opportunities that reveal the research problem of the present study: how to propose a Social Public Policy whose conception and practice are based on the epistemology of interdisciplinarity? In this way, the general objective is inclined to analyze a Social Public Policy conceived and implemented. The specific objectives include: defining the strategic actions that make up the structuring axes of the Interdisciplinary Intervention Project; which proposes the integration and interaction between the actors of the quadruple propeller state-company-organized civil society; generate and disseminate information related to the Interdisciplinary Intervention Project - Goiás Solar Program. The methodology used is exploratory and descriptive, with qualitative analysis. The method used was the bibliographic research and the documentary research, followed by a field research, applying as technique the action research with which the researcher has the proposal to intervene. Thus, the results obtained and discussions allowed to observe that there is a real possibility of undertaking a Social Public Policy based on the epistemology of interdisciplinarity integrating concept and practice of intersectoral alliances, quadruple propeller and network governance. As well as confirming that the conception adopted and the Methodology of Interdisciplinary Action - MAI, create the ambience for the initiatives, innovative actions and induce new interdisciplinary knowledge and, also, sediments the network governance that promotes the integration and interaction between the actors involved, allows the development of the innovation ecosystem in the context of the State Renewable Energy Management Policy - Interdisciplinary Intervention Project called: Goiás Solar Program / A presente tese de doutoramento tem por finalidade discutir de forma científica e metodológica, a temática da interdisciplinaridade no contexto das políticas públicas sociais, dando destaque para a Metodologia da Ação Interdisciplinar (MAI), como prática de governança. As temáticas, mudanças climáticas globais, crises hídricas e energias renováveis estão na centralidade das reflexões propostas, num cenário de desafios e amplas oportunidades que revelam o problema de pesquisa do presente estudo: como propor uma Política Pública Social, cuja concepção e prática estejam embasadas na epistemologia da interdisciplinaridade? Dessa forma, o objetivo geral se inclina a analisar a “Políticas Públicas Sociais” proposta e implantada no contexto das mudanças climáticas e de gestão de energias renováveis. Já os objetivos específicos preveem: definir as ações estratégias que compõe os eixos estruturantes do Projeto Interdisciplinar de Intervenção, que propõe a integração e interação entre os atores que compõe as esferas: estado-empresa-sociedade civil organizada; gerar e difundir informações relacionadas ao projeto interdisciplinar de intervenção – Programa Goiás Solar; propor política pública social, tendo como ação integradora o Projeto Interdisciplinar de Intervenção. A metodologia empregada é de caráter exploratório e descritivo, com análise qualitativa. O método utilizado foi a pesquisa bibliográfica e a pesquisa documental, seguida de uma pesquisa de campo, aplicando como técnica a pesquisa-ação com a qual o pesquisador tem a proposta de intervir. Assim, os resultados obtidos e discussões permitiram observar que existe a real possibilidade de empreender uma Política Pública Social embasada na epistemologia da interdisciplinaridade, integrar conceito e prática de alianças intersetoriais, hélice quádrupla e governança em rede, assim como, confirmar que a concepção adotada e a Metodologia da Ação Interdisciplinar (MAI) criam a ambiência para as iniciativas, ações inovadoras e indutoras de novos conhecimentos interdisciplinares e, também, sedimenta a governança em rede que promove a integração e interação entre os atores envolvidos, permite o desenvolvimento do ecossistema de inovação no contexto da Política Estadual de Gestão de Energias Renováveis – Projeto Interdisciplinar de Intervenção denominado: Programa Goiás Solar

The objective of this research is to build a decision model for a comprehensive assessment of solar photovoltaic technologies using multiple perspectives. These perspectives include: social, technological, economic, environmental, and political (STEEP) with each perspective consisting of multiple criteria. Hierarchical decision modeling and expert judgment quantification are used to provide the relative ranking of the perspectives and criteria. Such modeling is effective in addressing technology evaluations with competing and contrasting perspectives and criteria where both quantitative and qualitative measurements are represented. The model is then operationalized by constructing desirability functions for each criterion. The combined results provide an overall numerical score for each technology under consideration as well as criteria desirability gaps. This model is useful for assessing photovoltaic technologies from varying worldviews such as the electric utility worldview, the photovoltaic manufacturer's worldview, or the national policy worldview. This model can also provide guidance to decision makers and practitioners on areas of improvement for a selected technology. The research utilizes the electric utility worldview as a case study.

The needs to the sustainable development of electricity, energy efficiency improvement, and environment pollution reduction have favored the development of distributed generation (DG). But the problems come with increasing DG penetration in distribution networks. This thesis presents the Solar Energy Grid Integration System (SEGIS) Stage III project done by Portland General Electric (PGE), Advanced Energy, Sandia National Lab on a PGE selected distribution feeder. The feeder has six monitored commercial solar PV systems connected. The total power output from the PV systems has the potential to reach 30% of the feeder load. The author analyzes the performance of the solar feeder on both generation and voltage effects. As a project report, it introduced a new islanding detection done by other team members to give an islanding solution of future high penetration distribution networks. At last, the author describes micro-grid and grid support concepts in a SEGIS concept paper with some examples.

<p> Integrating solar energy into the electric vehicle (EV) market alleviates the demand for</p> <p>fossil fuels used to generate the electricity used to power these vehicles. Integrated solar panels</p> <p>provide a new method of power generation for an electric vehicle, but researchers must consider</p> <p>new dependent variables such as drag in the figure of vehicle efficiency. For the solar array to be</p> <p>deemed a viable option for power generation, the solar array must generate enough energy to</p> <p>overcome the added weight and aerodynamic drag forces the solar system introduces. The thesis</p> <p>explores the application of photovoltaic modules for power generation in an EV system.</p> <p>Researchers installed an off-the-shelf solar module on the roof of an EV and investigated the</p> <p>system to explore the efficiency tradeoffs. The research sought to identify an optimized solar</p> <p>panel configuration for minimized drag based on maximized panel surface irradiance, cooling,</p> <p>and array output voltage parameters. The study utilized computational fluid dynamics modeling,</p> <p>wind tunnel testing, and full-scale track testing to analyze the system. The results of this study</p> <p>provide an optimized configuration for a Renogy RNG-100D atop a Chevrolet Bolt. The system</p> <p>was considered optimal at a tilt angle of zero degrees when in motion. The performance benefits</p> <p>due to the increased angle of the solar panel tilt were deemed insufficient in overcoming the</p> <p>aerodynamic drag forces introduced into the system while in motion.</p>

<p>  </p> <p>  </p> <p>Concentrator photovoltaics have demonstrated greater solar energy production efficiency than previous solar electric technologies.  However, recent research reveals that heat management is a significant difficulty in CPV systems, and if left unaddressed, it can have a severe influence on system efficiency and lifetime. Traditional CPV cooling relies on active methods such as forced air convection, or liquid cooling, which might lead to an extremely large parasitic power use. In addition, the moving parts of a cooling system result in a shorter lifespan and higher maintenance expenses. </p> <p><br></p> <p>CPV systems can boost their efficiency and lifespan by adopting passive cooling solutions. This work employed radiative cooling and natural convection to construct an efficient and cost-effective cooling system. The excess heat of a solar cell can be dispersed into space via electromagnetic waves via radiative cooling. Due to the fact that the radiative cooling power is related to the difference between the fourth powers of the solar cell and the ambient temperature, much greater cooling powers can be obtained at higher temperatures. Heat pipes were installed to act as a heat pump by transferring excessive heat from solar cells within a system to the exterior, where it can be dissipated via natural air cooling and thermal radiation. Experiments conducted in this study demonstrate that a temperature reduction of 21 ◦C was accomplished through radiative cooling and natural convection, resulting in an increase of 64 mV, or 17% in the open-circuit voltage of a GaSb solar cell.</p>

In this thesis, the structural, optical and electrical properties of crystalline silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) are examined for application to silicon based tandem cells. The approach has been to concentrate on all silicon devices by taking advantage of quantum confinement in low-dimensional Si. RF magnetron co-sputtering provided the capability of creating superlattice structures in conjunction with high temperature annealing, to form Si nanocrystals in an oxide matrix. Structural techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), micro-Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIM) were employed to gather structural information about the SiQD/SiO2 SLs. The result combine presents that the packing density of Si QDs, correlated to the oxygen content of the silicon rich oxide layer can be control independently. The effect of Si nanocrystallite density on Raman scattering is investigated. The preliminary results present that a decrease in the oxygen content (x) results in an increased sharpness of the Strokes-mode peak of nanocrystalline Si, attributed to an increase in the proportion of crystalline Si because of the increased number of SiQDs. However the influence of the surface region on the crystallite core intensity scattering becomes dominant, when SiQD size diameter is very small (less than 3 nm). The present work shows that a decrease in x-content leading to an increase of the SiQD concentration, initially results in the enhancement of the lateral conductivity in the SiQD superlattice material. In this work, the Al contacting scheme, using a prolonged heat treatment technique at elevated temperature less than the eutectic point of Al and Si (577C) has been successfully applied to making Ohmic contacts on both SiQD SLs in oxide and nitride matrices. Activation energy (Ea) of SiQDs, extracted from a linear Arrhenius plot is investigated in the present work in order to expand the understanding of engineering electrical injection in laterally active paths. It is found that a lower barrier height of dielectric matrix influences to the lateral electron transport of the SiQDs in such dielectric matrix. PL results confirm that the band gap of surface oxidized SiQDs widens due to quantum confinement. The present results reveal that the strong peak (Q-peak) due to quantum confinement is more effective in the emission with increasing SiQD concentration. The surface oxide is believed to play an important role in the reduction of SiQD luminescence due to a trapped exiciton. It is concluded that SiQDs surface oxide accompanied by a SiO2 matrix may not provide a good passivation in very small SiQD size. However the energy band gap and conductivity of the SiQDs are tunablity, in the optimum range of SiQD size and concentration. This observation may be important for future nanoelectronics applications.

In this thesis, the structural, optical and electrical properties of crystalline silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) are examined for application to silicon based tandem cells. The approach has been to concentrate on all silicon devices by taking advantage of quantum confinement in low-dimensional Si. RF magnetron co-sputtering provided the capability of creating superlattice structures in conjunction with high temperature annealing, to form Si nanocrystals in an oxide matrix. Structural techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), micro-Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIM) were employed to gather structural information about the SiQD/SiO2 SLs. The result combine presents that the packing density of Si QDs, correlated to the oxygen content of the silicon rich oxide layer can be control independently. The effect of Si nanocrystallite density on Raman scattering is investigated. The preliminary results present that a decrease in the oxygen content (x) results in an increased sharpness of the Strokes-mode peak of nanocrystalline Si, attributed to an increase in the proportion of crystalline Si because of the increased number of SiQDs. However the influence of the surface region on the crystallite core intensity scattering becomes dominant, when SiQD size diameter is very small (less than 3 nm). The present work shows that a decrease in x-content leading to an increase of the SiQD concentration, initially results in the enhancement of the lateral conductivity in the SiQD superlattice material. In this work, the Al contacting scheme, using a prolonged heat treatment technique at elevated temperature less than the eutectic point of Al and Si (577C) has been successfully applied to making Ohmic contacts on both SiQD SLs in oxide and nitride matrices. Activation energy (Ea) of SiQDs, extracted from a linear Arrhenius plot is investigated in the present work in order to expand the understanding of engineering electrical injection in laterally active paths. It is found that a lower barrier height of dielectric matrix influences to the lateral electron transport of the SiQDs in such dielectric matrix. PL results confirm that the band gap of surface oxidized SiQDs widens due to quantum confinement. The present results reveal that the strong peak (Q-peak) due to quantum confinement is more effective in the emission with increasing SiQD concentration. The surface oxide is believed to play an important role in the reduction of SiQD luminescence due to a trapped exiciton. It is concluded that SiQDs surface oxide accompanied by a SiO2 matrix may not provide a good passivation in very small SiQD size. However the energy band gap and conductivity of the SiQDs are tunablity, in the optimum range of SiQD size and concentration. This observation may be important for future nanoelectronics applications.

Dissertation (DTech(Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012 / The confluence of the limited resources of fossil fuels (e.g. coal, oil and natural gas), environmental degradations leading to climate change, security of supplies and fossil fuels high costs have demanded a tremendous efforts on humanity to seek for a sustainable and unlimited natural energy sources. Amongst these renewable energy sources stands out solar energy because of its ubiquitousness. Solar energy is converted to DC electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic (PV) power systems installed in commercial and industrial buildings are a good example of distributed power generation. Here the energy consumption and production match and thus electricity taken from the grid during daytime peak hours can be reduced. This is beneficial as the transmission losses in the grid are avoided and also transmission need is reduced. The cost effectiveness of a solar energy system has hindered its wide adoption and deployment in terms of the initial capital cost even though it has a zero energy cost and very minimal operating and maintenance costs. Different governments have instituted many financial incentives for fast adoption of PV systems for both residential and commercial applications. However, all these incentives are not sustainable in the longer term forecast. For PV system to attain grid parity requires more than unsustainable approach of many governments providing time limited subsidies. The technical solution to the problem is to reduce the overall system cost through technical innovations. One such method is the adoption of transformerless inverter technology as the grid interface system. Transformerless inverter topology provides galvanic isolation through innovative inverter topology and switching strategies that eliminates problems created by not employing the service of transformer.

Neste trabalho é proposto o desenvolvimento de um novo microinversor de estágio único para aplicação em sistemas fotovoltaicos. A topologia apresentada é baseada na combinação do conversor Cuk com uma estrutura de indutores chaveados para obtenção de um maior ganho estático e um circuito inversor em ponte completa conectado à rede. A estrutura de indutores chaveados apresentada nesse trabalho reduz esforços de tensão e corrente nas chaves semicondutoras. Com o objetivo de facilitar o controle, a etapa CC do microinversor opera em modo de condução descontínua (DCM). Para injetar corrente senoidal com baixa distorção harmônica à rede, é aplicado às chaves semicondutoras da etapa CC uma modulação por largura de pulso senoidal (SPWM). As chaves semicondutoras do circuito inversor em ponte completa são comandadas na frequência da rede, reduzindo perdas por chaveamento. Por se tratar de uma topologia inédita, são apresentados os modos de operação e a análise matemática do conversor CC-CC Cuk com alto ganho estático. Posteriormente, são realizadas a análise teórica e a estratégia de controle do microinversor proposto. Os resultados experimentais são expostos para discutir o funcionamento da topologia proposta, através de simulações e da implementação de um protótipo de 180 W. / The development of a novel single stage microinverter is proposed. The presented topology is based on the combination of the Cuk converter with a switched inductor structure to obtain a higher static gain, and a full-bridge inverter circuit. The presented switched inductor structure reduces voltage and current stresses on the power switches. In order of simplify the control, the stage CC of the microinverter operate in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). To inject sinusoidal current with low harmonic distortion to the grid, a sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) is applied in the power switches. The switches of the full-bridge invertes are commanded in low frequency, in order to reduce switching losses. Operation modes and math analysis of the novel CC-CC converter are presented. Moreover, the math analysis and control strategy of proposed microinverter topology are exposed. Furthermore, experimental results are performed to analyze the proposed topology operation, by software simulations and implementation of a 180 W prototype.

CAPES / A preocupação em alcançar o desenvolvimento sustentável está cada vez mais presente na construção civil, sendo este o setor que mais contribui com os maiores níveis de emissões de gases de efeito estufa, devido ao grande consumo de energia e recursos naturais. Adicionalmente, os edifícios despendem de uma grande quantidade energética para aplicações cotidianas e em muitos países, as fontes são provenientes de fontes não-renováveis, causando dependência de combustíveis fósseis e consequentemente elevação nos índices de emissões de CO2. Portanto, as “transições de sustentabilidade” mediante a aplicação de novos sistemas de energia renováveis, os quais apresentam emissões reduzidas, como por exemplo, a energia solar fotovoltaica, viabilizam essa mudança. Essa fonte de energia está cada vez mais presente na matriz energética mundial, seja pela aplicação de usinas fotovoltaicas de grande porte ou por meio de usinas geradoras de mini e microgeração incorporada às edificações, atuando como geração distribuída inserida no meio urbano. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem por objetivo contribuir com redução da demanda, com a eficiência energética e a quantificação das emissões de CO2 equivalente que podem ser evitadas com a energia gerada, por meio da utilização da energia fotovoltaica na UTFPR – câmpus Curitiba. A metodologia consiste na análise dos parâmetros de irradiação local horizontal e inclinada coletados por meio do portal do INMET, do Atlas Brasileiro de Energia Solar e do Piranômetro da UTFPR para aplicação do software Radiasol. Por sua vez, efetuouse o estudo do perfil de cargas da instituição, a fim de identificar os momentos de maiores consumo e demanda por energia elétrica, através da seleção de dias típicos elencados no decorrer do ano. A análise das coberturas possibilitou o levantamento de áreas disponíveis e análise de sombreamento, e através dos dados gerados pelos Sistemas Fotovoltaicos Conectados à Rede existentes foram elaborados cenários, objetivando a contribuição energética do câmpus. Por fim, foram calculados os níveis de penetração energéticos, bem como o fator efetivo de capacidade de carga, quantificando o aumento da capacidade disponível da rede elétrica atribuída à geração fotovoltaica e as respectivas emissões evitadas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a UTFPR - câmpus Curitiba apresenta um vasto potencial para a geração de energia fotovoltaica, sendo que a instituição poderia alocar um sistema com potência instalada total de 3,25 MW, e gerar um total anual de energia de 4,37 GWh. Com relação ao nível de penetração energético total calculado, obteve-se 489,97%, o que significa a ocorrência de injeção do excedente de energia fotogerada no sistema elétrico. Pode-se concluir que além da possibilidade de redução de custos com energia elétrica, existiria uma redução significativa nas emissões de GEE’s referentes ao cálculo de CO2 podendo evitar a emissão de 284,43 tCO2 ao ano. / The concern of achieving sustainable development is increasingly present in civil construction, which is the sector that shows the highest levels of greenhouse gas emissions due to its high consumption of energy and natural resources. Buildings use a large amount of energy in their day-to-day use, and in many countries this energy comes from non-renewable sources, causing dependence on fossil fuels and consequently increasing CO2 emissions."Sustainable transitions" make change possible through the application of new renewable energy systems, which present reduced emissions, e.g. solar photovoltaic energy. This energy source is increasingly present in the global energy matrix, both in large-scale photovoltaic plants and smalland micro-generation incorporated into buildings, acting as distributed generation in urban environments. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to a reduction in demand, with energy efficiency and to the quantification of equivalent CO2 emissions that could be avoided with energy generated through the use of photovoltaic energy at UTFPR’s Curitiba campus. The methodology consists of the analysis of horizontal and inclined local irradiation parameters collected through the INMET portal, the Brazilian Solar Energy Atlas and the piranometer at UTFPR, and in the application of the software Radiasol. The study of the load profile of the institution was carried out in order to identify periods of greater consumption and demand for electric energy, through the selection of typical days during the year. The analysis of the coverages allowed the survey of available areas and a shading analysis. Through the data generated by the existing grid-connected photovoltaic system, scenarios were elaborated to model the energy contribution of the three campus. Finally, the energy penetration levels and the effectiveness factor of the load capacity were calculated quantifying the increase of the available capacity of the electricity grid, attributed to the photovoltaic generation, as well as the respective emissions avoided. The results show that the Curitiba campus of UTFPR have a vast potential for the generation of photovoltaic energy, and the institution could allocate a system with a total installed power of 3.25 MW, generating an annual total of 4.37 GWh of energy. The calculated total energy penetration level of 489.97% was obtained, which implies the injection of a surplus of photo-generated energy into the electric system. It can be concluded that besides the possibility of reducing electricity costs, there would be a significant reduction in GHG emissions calculated at 284.43 tCO2 per year.