The aim of the study was to evaluate the nutritional value and functional properties of several bovine whey proteins concentrate (WPC35 and WPC80), hydrolysate (WPH) and isolate (WPI), casein was used as control. Physicochemical (chemical composition, essential and non-essential aminoacids, minerals) and biological assays were performed to assess the biological quality of proteins and their metabolic responses. After determination of essential and non-essential amino acids, it was found that all protein sources meet the recommendations of FAO/WHO (2007), with the exception of WPC35, probably due to its reduced protein content. The determination of macro and microelements revealed that proteins from bovine milk can be considered not only a source of essential and non-essential amino acids, but also minerals (Ca, Mg and K). Iodine concentration was about one order of magnitude greater for whey proteins and sodium was found in large quantities in these proteins, which can reach 70% and 59% of DRIs, respectively. The biological assay allowed the monitoring of weight gain, food consumption, feed efficiency ratio (FER) and protein intake of animals, evaluate the quality and the metabolic response of protein sources, and the integrity of certain organs and the morphology of the small intestine animals. These studies revealed that all protein sources are of high nutritional value (except WPC35), but larger beneficial biological effects were observed for WPC80, WPH and WPI. Because of the bitter taste of WPH, microencapsulation was made by spray-drying, which significantly improved the taste of panel test (Triangular Test). Considering the presented results, it is concluded that the WPH offers favorable characteristics for use with ingredient in foods for special purposes and that the microencapsulation process yields a significant improvement in flavor, expanding the possibilities for development of foods purposes added hydrolysed proteins, such as infant formula. Some commercial formulations for infants were evaluated with respect to mineral content indicating that the amount of Ca, K and Zn found were considered out of standard of Brazilian law, while the Cu, Mn and Zn levels were very different from those described in label. / O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o valor nutricional e propriedades funcionais das proteínas do soro de leite bovino concentrado proteico (WPC35 e WPC80), hidrolisado proteico (WPH) e isolado proteico (WPI), além de uma proteína do leite bovino, a caseína, utilizada como controle. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios físico-químicos (composição centesimal, aminoácidos essenciais e não-essenciais, minerais) e biológicos para avaliar a qualidade proteica e a resposta metabólica das fontes proteicas. Após determinação de aminoácidos essenciais e não-essenciais, foi verificado que todas as fontes proteicas atendem as recomendações estabelecidas pela FAO/WHO (2007), com exceção do WPC35 provavelmente em função do teor reduzido de proteínas. A determinação de macro e microelementos revelaram que as proteínas do leite bovino podem ser consideradas não apenas uma fonte de aminoácidos essenciais e não-essenciais, mas também de minerais (Ca, Mg e K). Para iodo a concentração foi cerca de uma ordem de magnitude superior para as proteínas do soro do leite e sódio foi encontrado em grande quantidade nas proteínas do soro do leite, podendo atingir até 70% e 59% das DRIs, respectivamente. O ensaio biológico permitiu acompanhar o ganho de peso, consumo alimentar, quociente de eficácia alimentar (QEA) e proteína ingerida dos animais, avaliar a qualidade proteica e a resposta metabólica das fontes proteicas, além da integridade de alguns órgãos e histomorfometria do intestino delgado dos animais. Estes estudos revelaram que todas as fontes proteicas são de alto valor nutricional (com exceção do WPC35), mas que maiores efeitos biológicos benéficos foram observados para WPC80, WPH e WPI. Devido ao sabor amargo do WPH, foi feita a microencapsulação por spray-drying, que melhorou de forma significativa o sabor na análise sensorial (Teste Triangular). Considerando-se os resultados apresentados, conclui-se que, o WPH contempla características favoráveis para ser utilizado com ingrediente em alimentos para fins especiais e que o processo de microencapsulação proporcionou uma melhoria significativa no sabor, ampliando as possibilidades de desenvolvimento de alimentos adicionados de proteínas hidrolisadas, tais como fórmulas infantis. Algumas formulações comerciais para lactentes foram avaliadas com relação ao teor de minerais indicando que a quantidade de Ca, K e Zn encontradas foram consideradas fora dos padrões da legislação brasileira, enquanto que os teores de Cu, Mn e Zn determinados foram muito diferentes daqueles descritos no rótulo.

Objective knowledge about quantity, composition and physicochemical characteristics of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the Czech Republic will form the basis for decision- making when considering processing facilities or regional waste management systems. As the country continues to streamline its legislation to the European Union's solid waste mandates, the results of these studies were employed by the Czech Ministry of Environment to optimise the national waste management strategy. This doctoral thesis focuses on the composition of MSW, primarily the mixed MSW from three types of households in the Czech Republic (urban, mixed and rural) differentiated by their heating methods and possibility of waste disposal. The respective experimental work and data-collection took place in years 2008 and 2009. Methodology used in the analyses is based on the sieve analysis of mixed MSW within predetermined grain size fraction and on the final manual sorting of the waste by material categories. The physicochemical characteristics were measured according to the standard analysis methods. The composition of mixed MSW in urban and mixed households are similar. Some of the biggest differences were found in the quantities of certain subsample categories, especially fine fraction (matter smaller than 8 mm), between...

Les diodes organiques électroluminescentes (OLEDs), dans lesquelles l’émission de couleur provient de la fluorescence de molécules organiques, représentent une évolution de la technologie des diodes électroluminescentes (LED) classiques. Les OLEDs phosphorescentes (PhOLEDs) permettre d’atteindre des rendements plus élevée que les OLEDs, en utilisant comme couche émissive un couple « matériau organique/dopant phosphorescent ». Ce travail porte sur la synthèse et l'étude de nouvelles molécules à haut état triplet, pour des applications comme matrices hôtes dans des PhOLEDs bleues. Après une introduction à ce domaine novateur, la synthèse de nouveaux semi-conducteurs organiques dérivés de l’architecture 2π-1spiro et l’analyse détaillée des propriétés physico-chimiques sont présentées. Les performances de PhOLEDs bleues utilisant ces nouvelles matrices sont alors décrites et montrent l’intérêt du design de ces nouvelles molécules hôtes. / Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) in which light is emitted from fluorescence pathway of an organic molecule, represent an evolution of the light emitting diode (LED) technology. Phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs) which combine in the emitting layer an “organic host doped with a guest phosphor”, may reach theoretically higher performances than OLEDs. This work is focused on the synthesis and the study of new organic compounds with high triplet state energy, which will be used as host material in blue PhOLEDs. After an introduction of this important field of organic electronics, the synthesis of new organic semi-conductors based on the 2π-1spiro architecture and the detailed analysis of their physicochemical properties through a structure/properties relationship study are presented. The performances of blue PhOLEDs using these matrices are then described and show the great interest of the new host designs.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi medir experimentalmente a solubilidade do óleo de café verde em dióxido de carbono supercrítico em condições preestabelecidas de pressão (P) e temperatura (T), e a partir dos dados experimentais estabelecer ajustes em modelos termodinâmicos que empregam a equação de estado (EDE) de Peng-Robinson com a regra de mistura clássica de van der Waals para predição do equilíbrio de fases. Foi obtido óleo a partir de grãos de café verde (Coffea arabica), cultivar (cv.) Catuaí Amarelo moído (dm de 0,8409 mm) usando CO2 supercrítico, nas condições de 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 °C e nas pressões de 300 e 350 bar. A solubilidade foi medida pelos métodos dinâmico e estático nas mesmas condições. Foi determinado o perfil de ácidos graxos por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG/EM) e, a partir destes resultados, a composição em triacilgliceróis (TAGs) foi estimada. Foram determinadas as propriedades físico-químicas dos TAGs pelo método de contribuição de grupos. Nas condições de P e T estudadas, os maiores rendimentos do óleo de grãos de café verde, 7,58% e 7,60%, foram obtidos nas condições de 70 °C e 300 bar e 80 °C e 350 bar, respectivamente. Normalmente o rendimento do óleo aumentou com o aumento da temperatura, com exceção das condições de 80 °C e 300 bar e 70 °C e 350 bar. O aumento do rendimento com a temperatura reflete nos dados experimentais da solubilidade (0,0099 a 0,026 g/gCO2) que aumentou com a temperatura a 300 e 350 bar para o método estático e para o método dinâmico a 350 bar (0,0058 a 0,0065 g/gCO2). Um comportamento distinto ocorreu com a medida de solubilidade pelo método dinâmico a 300 bar. Neste caso a solubilidade diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura. Para a maioria das condições de P e T estudadas, o comportamento da solubilidade foi semelhante em função destas variáveis, o mesmo para os métodos estático e dinâmico, no entanto com ordens de grandezas distintas. As condições de extração não influenciaram na composição dos ácidos graxos no óleo nem na predição dos TAGs presentes. Os TAGs apresentaram variações entre número de carbonos (C50 a C58). As propriedades físico-químicas dos seis principais TAGs presentes no óleo de grãos de café verde (PSL, PLL, PLP, PLO, PLA e POP), temperatura do ponto de ebulição normal (Tb), temperatura crítica (Tc), pressão crítica (Pc) e fator acêntrico (ω) foram estimadas por métodos de contribuição de grupos. Estas variáveis são dados de entrada para a predição do equilíbrio de fases entre o óleo de grãos de café verde, representado pela mistura dos seis TAGs em maior concentração neste óleo, e o CO2 supercrítico. Os valores de Tb dos TAGs variaram de 821,52 a 844,50 K, os valores de Tc de 909,12 a 930,02 K, os valores de Pc de 5,0115 a 4,7221 bar e o ω de 1,5704 a 1,7452. Os dados de propriedades físicas e da solubilidade convertida em fração molar foram usados para predizer os parâmetros de interação binária da regra de mistura clássica de van der Waals entre cada TAG e o CO2 supercrítico, já que estes parâmetros também são dados de entrada para a modelagem termodinâmica que emprega a EDE de Peng-Robinson. No entanto, o programa não rodou, não sendo possível este cálculo, nem tão pouco a predição do equilíbrio de fases. Os dados experimentais da solubilidade do óleo de grãos de café verde em CO2 supercrítico determinados pelos métodos estático e dinâmico indicou que àqueles determinados pelo método estático são mais precisos e confiáveis. / The objective of this study was to experimentally measure the solubility of green coffee oil in supercritical carbon dioxide under predetermined pressure (P) and temperature (T) conditions and, from the experimental data, establish thermodynamic models that use the Peng-Robinson equation of state (EOS) and the classic mixing rule of van der Waals to predict phase equilibrium. The oil was obtained from ground green coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.) cultivar (cv.) Yellow Catuaí (dm of 0.8409 mm) using supercritical CO2 under temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C and pressures of 300 and 350 bar. The solubility was measured by dynamic and static methods under the same conditions. The fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and, from these results, the composition of triacylglycerols (TAGs) was estimated. Physicochemical properties of TAGs were determined by the group contribution method. In the studied conditions of P and T, higher yields of green coffee beans oil, 7.58% and 7.60%, were obtained at 70 °C and 300 bar and 80 °C and 350 bar, respectively. Normally, the oil yield increased with increasing temperatures, except for the conditions of 80 °C and 300 bar and 70 °C and 350 bar. The increase of yield with temperature reflects in the experimental solubility data (from 0.0099 to 0.026 g/g CO2), which, also increased with T at 300 and 350 bar for the static method and, for the dynamic method, at 350 bar (from 0.0058 to 0.0065 g/g CO2). A different behavior occurred with the solubility measured by dynamic method at 300 bar. In this case, the solubility decreased with increasing temperature. For most of the P and T conditions studied, the solubility behavior was similar in function of these variables, the same for static and dynamic methods, but with different magnitude orders. The extraction conditions did not affect the composition of fatty acids in the oil and nor the TAGs prediction. The TAGs showed variations between carbon numbers (from C50 to C58). The physicochemical properties of the six major TAGs present in green coffee bean oil (PSL, PLL, PLP, PLO, PLA and POP), boiling temperature (Tb), critical temperature (Tc), critical pressure (Pc) and acentric factor (ω) were estimated by group contribution methods. These are input variables for the prediction for the phase equilibrium between the green coffee oil, represented by the mixture of the six TAGs in higher concentration in this oil, and supercritical CO2. The Tb values of TAG ranged from 821.52 to 844.50 K, Tc values from 909.12 to 930.02 K, Pc values from 5.0115 to 4.7221 bar and ω from 1, 5704 to 1.7452. The data of physical properties and solubility converted to mole fraction were used to predict the binary interaction parameters of the classic mixing rule of van der Waals between each TAG and supercritical CO2, since these are also input parameters for the thermodynamic modeling that use Peng-Robinson EOS. However, the program did not run and this calculation was not possible, nor the prediction for the phase equilibrium. The experimental data on the solubility of the green coffee beans oil in supercritical CO2 determined by static and dynamic methods indicated that those determined by the static method are more accurate and reliable.

Stárnutí teplonosných kapalin na organické bázi je dlouhodobým problémem, který je znám od počátku jejich používání. První část této disertační práce je tak věnována případové studii funkčního experimentálního systému, který byl jako nový naplněn teplonosnou kapalinou na bázi propan-1,2-diol a pozorován po období 7 let. Pro analýzu stárnutí kapaliny v tomto systému byly sledovány základní provozní vlastnosti kapaliny jako jsou hustota, viskozita, teplota tuhnutí, pH a obsah kovů. Skrze tyto vlastnosti tak bylo sledováno stárnutí kapaliny nepřímo. Přímé sledování stárnutí bylo posléze provedeno analýzou degradačních produktů, jako jsou organické kyseliny a změny ve složení směsi pomocí izotachoforézy a hmotnostní spektrometrie. Pro srovnání byly taktéž analyzovány vybrané vzorky z několik dalších systémů plněných identickou kapalinou s prokazatelně pokročilou formou degradace. V druhé části práce jsou představeny základní fyzikálně-chemické vlastnosti směsí propan-1,3-diolu s vodou a jejich analytické hodnocení a matematické modelování pro universální použití jakožto nového základu pro nemrznoucí teplonosné kapaliny. Na základě dostupných informací je pak hodnocena použitelnost této směsi. Výhoda propan-1,3-diolu je spatřována především ve výrobě z obnovitelných zdrojů a v některých fyzikálních a chemických vlastnostech, které dle dosavadních poznatků předčívají doposud používané glykolové směsi.

Fort McMurray has experienced significant environmental disruptions, raising concerns about chemical releases that affect the environment, particularly berries. This thesis explores the relationship between environmental factors and the nutritional quality of pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.F.) and common blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx) fruits and soil in Fort McMurray (reclaimed and natural lands). Samples were collected in August 2022 and analyzed for chemicals and quality variables. The results revealed concentration variations among samples, with hydrocarbons higher in reclaimed areas and blueberries than others and soil surpassing those in fruits. Copper and iron in fruits exceeded regulatory limits. A strong association between soil chemicals and alkylated hydrocarbons in fruits explained most differences. Soil trace elements and properties were primary environmental drivers, while hydrocarbons were secondary influencers, evident mainly in reclaimed berry environments. Antioxidant-focused nutritional quality in reclaimed berries was predominantly influenced by these key drivers in soil, requiring consistent monitoring.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / Access to safe drinking water is a major problem globally and it mostly affects people living in low-income countries. The lack of potable water leads to the use of raw water from surface or ground water sources for drinking and other household purposes. A water filtration unit was designed and constructed using fabric, gravel and sand, which were wet-packaged into a 20 L bucket. The efficiency of the filter unit to improve the bio-physicochemical properties of contaminated water was tested using surface waters from rivers in the Sekhukhune area. Physico-chemical parameters tested included turbidity, colour, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness and pH. Turbidity and colour were the most improved characteristics, where turbidity improved by 69% and colour by 80%. Other parameters such as total hardness, TSS and TDS were non-significantly reduced following treatment with the filtration unit. The amount of soluble solids in raw water was well within allowable limits by WHO standards. Microbiological tests included heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform and faecal coliform counts. The bacterial load was too numerous to count for the untreated water, however, after treatment with the filtration unit, heterotrophic bacterial load decreased to 15 x 10103 CFU/ml, total coliforms to 14 x 10 2 CFU/100ml and faecal coliforms to 11 x 10 2 CFU/100ml. Further treatment with UV sterilization unit resulted in undetectable amount of bacteria. The unit designed in this study can be beneficial in those rural communities were clean water is not available, it is easy to construct and simple to operate and most importantly it reduced contaminants in surface water. The UV unit incorporated in this study is not cost effective, therefore, other household treatment options such as chlorination and boiling which are easily accessible to most communities can be used to further eliminate remaining microorganisms after filtration. The effective shortest boiling time and minimum dosage of Na(OCl2) have been previously tested in our laboratory and total elimination of bacteria was achieved within 2 minutes of rolling boil and after 30 minutes following addition of 5ml/20L of liquid chlorine.

No description available.

No / The electrophoretic mobilities of three beta-blocker drug practolol, timolol and propranolol, have been measured in electrolyte systems with mixed binary and ternary water-methanol-ethanol solvents with acetic acid/sodium acetate as buffer using capillary electrophoresis. The highest mobilities for the analytes studied have been observed in pure aqueous. the lowest values in ethanolic buffers The measured electrophoretic mobilities have been used to evaluate the accuracy of a mathematical model based on a mixture response surface method that expresses the mobility as a function of the solvent composition. Mean percentage error (MPE) has been computed considering experimental and calculated mobilities as an accuracy criterion. The obtained MPE for practolol, timolol and propranolol in the binary mixtures are between 0.9 and 2.6%, in the ternary water-methanol-ethanol solvent system the MPE was about 2.7%. The MPE values resulting from the proposed equation lie within the experimental relative standard deviation values and can he considered as an acceptable error.

Durant les cultures cellulaires en bioréacteur, la physiologie des micro-organismes et les paramètres physico-chimiques (alimentations en gaz et en substrat, agitation, température, pH, pression) interagissent très fortement. La spécificité des bioréactions microbiennes, en relation avec les couplages irréductibles entre les transferts de chaleur, de matière et de quantité de mouvement, réside dans la complexité (milieu triphasique) et la dynamique (bioréaction autocatalysé) de ces systèmes. L’objectif de ce travail est de progresser dans la compréhension et le contrôle dynamique des intéractions entre les aspects biologiques et les aspects physiques à différentes échelles (macro, micro et moléculaire) pour conduire la réaction biologique vers l’objectif défini (production de biomasse, de métabolites intra ou extra cellulaires, …) et l’optimiser. Les cellules (concentration, forme, dimension, physiologie, …) affectent fortement les propriétés physico-chimiques des moûts et par conséquent, les performances des bioprocédés (vitesses spécifiques, rendements, productivité). Le comportement rhéologique particulier du moût est souvent utilisé pour comprendre l’impact de la biomasse microbienne sur le rendement et les performances du bioprocédé.Dans ce travail, des cultures axéniques, définies comme des cultures pures de microorganismes unicellulaires procaryote et eucaryote, sont considérées. Notre approche s’appuie sur des mesures physiques et physico-chimiques en ligne et hors ligne réalisées sur un bioréacteur instrumenté, mesures qui sont mises en place de façon à respecter les conditions imposées par les contraintes biologiques propres aux microorganismes et à la stratégie de culture choisie. Des cultures d’Escherichia coli et d’Yarrowia. lipolytica, à taux de croissance controlé par l’apport de substrat, ont été réalisées dans une gamme de concentration allant de 0.1 à 100 g l-1. Le bilan qui peut être dressé pour ce travail, tant sur les aspects scientifiques que technologiques, est le suivant :- conception et réalisation d’un outil d’investigation original construit sur la base d’un bioréacteur (20 l) et pourvu d’une boucle de recirculation instrumentée pour la mesure,- identification hydrodynamique (courbes de frottement) de conduites calibrées permettant la viscosimétrie en ligne durant une culture cellulaire, - conception, développement et validation d’un code, LoCoPREL, permettant simultanément le contrôle de la culture cellulaire suivant une stratégie définie, la gestion de séquences de débit dans la boucle de dérivation et l’acquisition des données issues de l’instrumentation spécifique employée,- comparaison des mesures réalisées en ligne à débit constant ou selon des séquences de débit,- mise en évidence du comportement non newtonien des moûts et d’écarts entre les mesures en ligne et hors ligne,- analyse des mesures physiques réalisées en ligne et hors ligne, en lien avec les performances de la culture / During cell cultures in bioreactors, micro-organism physiology closely interacts with physico-chemical parameters such as gas and feed flowrates, mixing, temperature, pH, pressure. The specificity of microbial bioreactions in relation with irreductible couplings between heat and mass transfers and fluid mechanics, led into complex (three-phase medium) and dynamic (auto-biocatalytics reaction) systems. Our scientific approach aims to investigate, understand and control dynamic interactions between physical and biological systems at different scales (macro, micro and molecular) for molecules, strains and/or bioprocess innovation. Cells (concentration, shape, dimension, physiology…) strongly affect physico-chemical properties of broth. Then the modification of these characteristics interacts with bioprocess performances (specific rates, yields…) with an improvement or, more frequently, a decrease of yields. Among these properties, rheological behaviour is a strategy widely used to understand the impact of cells and the derivation of bioprocess performances.In this manuscript, axenic cultures, defined as cultures of a pure and unicellular Prokaryote and Eukaryote microorganisms in bioreactors, are considered. Our approach is based on physical and physico-chemical on-line and off-line measurements in respect with accurate and stringent conditions imposed by cell culture strategy. Escherichia coli and Yarrowia lipolytica cultures were investigated with a control of growth rate by carbon feed in the range from 0.1 up to 100 g l-1. Our scientific and technical actions and results led:- to design and realize an original pilot based on a bioreactor (20 l) with a derivation loop including a specific on-line rheometric device as well as additional physical and biological measurements,- to identify, from a hydrodynamic standpoint, the generalized friction curves of calibrated ducts enabling on-line viscosimetry during cell cultures,- to conceive and validate a homemade software, named LoCoPREL, enabling simultaneously to control cell cultures under defined strategy and to manage flow sequences within the derivation loop,- to discuss and compare on-line physical measurements under constant flow rate and various sequence strategy related to investigated shear-rates,- to highlight about the non-newtonian rheological behaviour of broths and the gap between on-line and off-line measurements,- to analyse on-line and off-line physical measurements in the light of biological performances during fed-batch cultures (mass balance, specific rate, yield).