Champlain Sea Clay (also known as Leda Clay) is a sensitive marine clay that was deposited within the limits of the Champlain Sea transgression during the final retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet. Upon isostatic rebound, the watersheds incised deep river valleys throughout the Ottawa region. These sensitive clay river banks have been shown to be highly susceptible to large retrogressive landslides. A cone penetration testing and hydrogeological program was developed in this thesis to characterize a retrogressive landslide along a creek valley consisting mainly of Champlain Sea Clay. As Champlain Sea Clay has been commonly shown to consist of banded layers, a 2 cm2 piezocone, and 5 cm2, 10 cm2 and 15 cm2 CPTu cones were used to demonstrate that the slightly larger 5 cm2 penetrometer was the most practical size for investigating landslides in Champlain Sea Clay. In doing so, the 5 cm2 cone was capable of high resolution stratigraphic profiling, locating remoulded layers for slip surface detection and characterizing the Champlain Sea Clay landslide near Ottawa. Due to the significant effects of the pore pressure distribution on slope stability and retrogressive behavior, a long term hydrogeological program was initiated which defined the ground water regime and real-time pore pressure data during a retrogressive landslide event. The seasonal change in the ground water regime from rapid snowmelt has shown to be a significant hydrogeological influence on triggering a retrogressive landslide along Mud Creek. With regular monitoring over multiple seasons, the seasonal pore pressure changes can be used to further understand the long term development of retrogressive landslides in Champlain Sea Clay. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2013-09-27 14:13:40.196

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de um colúvio localizado na rodovia RS-115 entre o km 23+300 e o km 23+600 no município de Três Coroas, RS. Esse colúvio consiste de um depósito de encosta, formado por pacotes de materiais pouco coesos, originários da alteração de dois tipos distintos de litologias: rochas vulcânicas da Formação Serra Geral e os arenitos da Formação Botucatu, que também constituem seu substrato. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é a definição da geometria do movimento, da poropressão existente em diversas profundidades e dos parâmetros de resistência dos materiais do colúvio para o entendimento dos movimentos verificados. Para isso foram realizadas (a) leituras de inclinômetros para a caracterização da profundidade dos movimentos, (b) uma campanha complementar de investigação geotécnica com cinco sondagens mistas para reconhecimento, (c) a instalação de piezômetros nas perfurações realizadas, (d) coleta de amostras dos materiais do colúvio e (e) ensaios de laboratório nas amostras de solo. Durante a campanha de investigação complementar foi constatada a existência de uma camada argilosa bastante plástica localizada junto à base do colúvio, no contato deste com o substrato, coincidente com a zona onde foram observados os maiores deslocamentos horizontais. A amostra obtida desta camada foi submetida a um ensaio ring shear para determinação do ângulo de resistência residual, tendo como resultado o valor de 10,5º. Análises de microscopia eletrônica e de difração por raios-X do material ensaiado mostraram a presença do argilomineral montmorilonita, responsável pelo aspecto e comportamento de alta plasticidade e baixa resistência residual. Os dados de piezometria obtidos indicaram que os níveis freáticos verificados na massa coluvionar são regidos por aquíferos regionais que afloram junto ao pé dos derrames basálticos situados a montante da encosta, tendo as precipitações locais apenas um papel coadjuvante na definição desses níveis. Com os resultados obtidos foram realizadas retroanálises utilizando o software Slope/W e foi elaborada uma proposta de estabilização do colúvio através da implantação de um sistema de drenagem profunda. / This work presents a study of a colluvium deposit located at the RS-115 highway between km 23 +300 and km 23 +600 in Três Coroas, RS. The colluvial deposit is formed by low cohesive materials originated by the wheathering of two lithologies: volcanic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation and sandstones of the Botucatu Formation, which also constitute its substrate. The main objectives of this research are to define the geometry of the landslide, the porepressure acting at various depths and shear strength parameters of the materials in order to understand the observed movements. For that, the following actions were taken (a) inclinometer readings to characterize the movement depth, (b) an additional campaign of geotechnical investigation with five boreholes, (c) the installation of piezometers in the boreholes, (d) collection of soils samples and (e) laboratory tests on the samples. During the investigation campaign it was found the existence of a very plastic clay layer in the contact with the substrate at the base of the colluvium and coincident with the zone where the largest horizontal displacements were observed. A sample of this layer was subjected to a ring shear test to determine the residual angle of friction, resulting in the value of 10.5 degrees. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction of the material tested showed the presence of montmorillonite clay, responsible for the soil aspect and behavior of high plasticity and low residual strength. The piezometric data obtained indicated that the groundwater levels observed in the mass colluvium are governed by regional aquifers that outcrop underneath the basalt flows which are just upstream of the slope, and the local rainfall has only a small role in these levels. Back-analysis of the slide were carried out with these results using the software Slope/W and a proposal was made to stabilize the colluvium through the implementation of a deep drainage system.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de um colúvio localizado na rodovia RS-115 entre o km 23+300 e o km 23+600 no município de Três Coroas, RS. Esse colúvio consiste de um depósito de encosta, formado por pacotes de materiais pouco coesos, originários da alteração de dois tipos distintos de litologias: rochas vulcânicas da Formação Serra Geral e os arenitos da Formação Botucatu, que também constituem seu substrato. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é a definição da geometria do movimento, da poropressão existente em diversas profundidades e dos parâmetros de resistência dos materiais do colúvio para o entendimento dos movimentos verificados. Para isso foram realizadas (a) leituras de inclinômetros para a caracterização da profundidade dos movimentos, (b) uma campanha complementar de investigação geotécnica com cinco sondagens mistas para reconhecimento, (c) a instalação de piezômetros nas perfurações realizadas, (d) coleta de amostras dos materiais do colúvio e (e) ensaios de laboratório nas amostras de solo. Durante a campanha de investigação complementar foi constatada a existência de uma camada argilosa bastante plástica localizada junto à base do colúvio, no contato deste com o substrato, coincidente com a zona onde foram observados os maiores deslocamentos horizontais. A amostra obtida desta camada foi submetida a um ensaio ring shear para determinação do ângulo de resistência residual, tendo como resultado o valor de 10,5º. Análises de microscopia eletrônica e de difração por raios-X do material ensaiado mostraram a presença do argilomineral montmorilonita, responsável pelo aspecto e comportamento de alta plasticidade e baixa resistência residual. Os dados de piezometria obtidos indicaram que os níveis freáticos verificados na massa coluvionar são regidos por aquíferos regionais que afloram junto ao pé dos derrames basálticos situados a montante da encosta, tendo as precipitações locais apenas um papel coadjuvante na definição desses níveis. Com os resultados obtidos foram realizadas retroanálises utilizando o software Slope/W e foi elaborada uma proposta de estabilização do colúvio através da implantação de um sistema de drenagem profunda. / This work presents a study of a colluvium deposit located at the RS-115 highway between km 23 +300 and km 23 +600 in Três Coroas, RS. The colluvial deposit is formed by low cohesive materials originated by the wheathering of two lithologies: volcanic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation and sandstones of the Botucatu Formation, which also constitute its substrate. The main objectives of this research are to define the geometry of the landslide, the porepressure acting at various depths and shear strength parameters of the materials in order to understand the observed movements. For that, the following actions were taken (a) inclinometer readings to characterize the movement depth, (b) an additional campaign of geotechnical investigation with five boreholes, (c) the installation of piezometers in the boreholes, (d) collection of soils samples and (e) laboratory tests on the samples. During the investigation campaign it was found the existence of a very plastic clay layer in the contact with the substrate at the base of the colluvium and coincident with the zone where the largest horizontal displacements were observed. A sample of this layer was subjected to a ring shear test to determine the residual angle of friction, resulting in the value of 10.5 degrees. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction of the material tested showed the presence of montmorillonite clay, responsible for the soil aspect and behavior of high plasticity and low residual strength. The piezometric data obtained indicated that the groundwater levels observed in the mass colluvium are governed by regional aquifers that outcrop underneath the basalt flows which are just upstream of the slope, and the local rainfall has only a small role in these levels. Back-analysis of the slide were carried out with these results using the software Slope/W and a proposal was made to stabilize the colluvium through the implementation of a deep drainage system.

Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de um colúvio localizado na rodovia RS-115 entre o km 23+300 e o km 23+600 no município de Três Coroas, RS. Esse colúvio consiste de um depósito de encosta, formado por pacotes de materiais pouco coesos, originários da alteração de dois tipos distintos de litologias: rochas vulcânicas da Formação Serra Geral e os arenitos da Formação Botucatu, que também constituem seu substrato. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é a definição da geometria do movimento, da poropressão existente em diversas profundidades e dos parâmetros de resistência dos materiais do colúvio para o entendimento dos movimentos verificados. Para isso foram realizadas (a) leituras de inclinômetros para a caracterização da profundidade dos movimentos, (b) uma campanha complementar de investigação geotécnica com cinco sondagens mistas para reconhecimento, (c) a instalação de piezômetros nas perfurações realizadas, (d) coleta de amostras dos materiais do colúvio e (e) ensaios de laboratório nas amostras de solo. Durante a campanha de investigação complementar foi constatada a existência de uma camada argilosa bastante plástica localizada junto à base do colúvio, no contato deste com o substrato, coincidente com a zona onde foram observados os maiores deslocamentos horizontais. A amostra obtida desta camada foi submetida a um ensaio ring shear para determinação do ângulo de resistência residual, tendo como resultado o valor de 10,5º. Análises de microscopia eletrônica e de difração por raios-X do material ensaiado mostraram a presença do argilomineral montmorilonita, responsável pelo aspecto e comportamento de alta plasticidade e baixa resistência residual. Os dados de piezometria obtidos indicaram que os níveis freáticos verificados na massa coluvionar são regidos por aquíferos regionais que afloram junto ao pé dos derrames basálticos situados a montante da encosta, tendo as precipitações locais apenas um papel coadjuvante na definição desses níveis. Com os resultados obtidos foram realizadas retroanálises utilizando o software Slope/W e foi elaborada uma proposta de estabilização do colúvio através da implantação de um sistema de drenagem profunda. / This work presents a study of a colluvium deposit located at the RS-115 highway between km 23 +300 and km 23 +600 in Três Coroas, RS. The colluvial deposit is formed by low cohesive materials originated by the wheathering of two lithologies: volcanic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation and sandstones of the Botucatu Formation, which also constitute its substrate. The main objectives of this research are to define the geometry of the landslide, the porepressure acting at various depths and shear strength parameters of the materials in order to understand the observed movements. For that, the following actions were taken (a) inclinometer readings to characterize the movement depth, (b) an additional campaign of geotechnical investigation with five boreholes, (c) the installation of piezometers in the boreholes, (d) collection of soils samples and (e) laboratory tests on the samples. During the investigation campaign it was found the existence of a very plastic clay layer in the contact with the substrate at the base of the colluvium and coincident with the zone where the largest horizontal displacements were observed. A sample of this layer was subjected to a ring shear test to determine the residual angle of friction, resulting in the value of 10.5 degrees. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction of the material tested showed the presence of montmorillonite clay, responsible for the soil aspect and behavior of high plasticity and low residual strength. The piezometric data obtained indicated that the groundwater levels observed in the mass colluvium are governed by regional aquifers that outcrop underneath the basalt flows which are just upstream of the slope, and the local rainfall has only a small role in these levels. Back-analysis of the slide were carried out with these results using the software Slope/W and a proposal was made to stabilize the colluvium through the implementation of a deep drainage system.

Dynamically recrystallized quartz microstructures preserved in contact aureoles allow for stress and strain rate estimates associated with penetrative deformation of rocks surrounding pluton margins. Microstructural analysis of the Harkless quartzites surrounding the western margin of Papoose Flat pluton indicates that recrystallization occurred by grain boundary migration with mean recrystallized grain size ranging from 86-225 µm. The application of three calibrated piezometers results in differential stress estimates between ~11 and ~29 MPa. Published wet-quartzite dislocation creep flow laws combined with deformation temperature, water fugacity, and differential stress estimates infer strain rates that range from 1.2 x 10⁻¹⁴ s⁻¹ to 2.3 x 10⁻¹² s⁻¹. In order to analyze 3D subsurface fault geometry along map-pattern curves (salients and recesses), a structure contour map of the Moine thrust, extending from the North Coast southwards to the Dundonnel area, was constructed from 1:50,000 scale British Geological Survey (BGS) maps by correlating between elevation control points constrained by the intersection of the fault trace with topographic contours. The structure contour map indicates significant lateral variation in fault geometry along the Moine thrust, with recesses associated with antiformal corrugations in the subsurface and salients characterized by planar geometries or broad synformal corrugations. Additionally, structure contour maps constructed on the Glencoul thrust, as depicted by original BGS maps confirms that the thrust segments to the NE and SW of Loch Glencoul are part of the same structure, rather than different structures separated by a lateral ramp as shown on more recent BGS maps. / Master of Science

L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’évaluer le degré de contamination des différents compartiments du site de la décharge d’Étueffont à savoir : les lixiviats, les sédiments, l’eau souterraine, les poissons, les insectes et les microorganismes de la décharge d’Étueffont. Ce travail de recherche est structuré en neuf chapitres.Après une première partie (Part I) consacrée à une étude bibliographique, le deuxième chapitre (Part II) présente le site d’étude, c’est-à-dire l’installation de stockage de déchets non dangereux(ISDND) d’Étueffont. La troisième partie (Part III) est consacrée à l’analyse de la qualité des lixiviats dans les lagunes, les unités de stockage des déchets « Nouveau casier », « Sous casier », « Ancienne décharge », les ruisseaux du gros Pré et Mont Bonnet. La quatrième partie (Part IV) intitulée « Contamination métallique des sédiments du site de la décharge d’Étueffont », aborde l’étude de la variation spatiotemporelle des éléments traces métalliques au niveau des lixiviats et des sédiments dans les quatre lagunes du site de la décharge d’Étueffont. Afin de déterminer le degré de contamination métallique des lixiviats et des sédiments, nous avons procédé à un suivi de certains éléments localisés en amont, au milieu et en aval de chaque lagune avec un pas d’échantillonnage trimestriel entre octobre 2013 et avril 2016. La cinquième partie (Part V), complémentaire du chapitre précédent, définit plus précisément la distribution spatiale du panache à travers l’analyse de la qualité de l’eau souterraine au moyen de piézomètres. La sixième partie (Part VI) concerne les effets des métaux lourds sur les échanges gazeux et la fluorescence des chlorophylles chez (Typha latifolia). Le septième chapitre (Part VII) est consacré à l’étude des microorganismes de la décharge d’Etueffont : apport de la cytométrie en flux. Dans le huitième chapitre (Part VIII), nous aborderons l’étude de la bioaccumulation des éléments traces métalliques dans le Chironome Chironomus riparius. La dernière partie (Part IX) intitulée « Étude de la bioaccumulation des éléments traces métalliques au niveau des différents organes du gardon Rutilus rutilus», aborde l’étude de la bioaccumulation des éléments traces métalliques au niveau de différents organes (muscle, foie, arêtes et branchies). / The objective of this thesis work is to estimate the contamination level in the various compartments of the Étueffont discharge site namely: leachates, sediments, groundwater, fishes and insects. The microorganisms (< 10 µm) of the Étueffont discharge of were investigated at the single cell level by flow cytometry. This research work is structured in nine chapters.The first part (Part I), is dedicated to a literature review. Part II presents the study site, the storage of non-hazardous waste (ISDND) at Étueffont. Part III is dedicated to the analysis of leachate quality in lagoons, NC, SC, AD, MB and GP. Part IV addresses "Metal Sediment Contamination of Étueffont discharge site" It concerns the study of spatial and temporal variation of trace metals in leachate and sediment in the four lagoons landfill site of Étueffont. To determine the metal contamination level in leachate and sediment, we conducted follow-elements located upstream, middle and downstream in each lagoon with quarterly sampling between October 2013 and April 2016. Part V complements the previous chapter, by specifically defining the spatial distribution of the plume through the quality analysis of the piezometer groundwater. Part VI addresses the heavy metals impacts on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in (Typha latifolia). Part VII is dedicated to the microorganisms (<10 µm) investigation in the Étueffont discharge: by using flow cytometry. In the (Part VIII), we addressed the study of bioaccumulation of trace metallic elements (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd and Pb) in insect Chironomus riparius. Part IX entitled "Study bioaccumulation of trace metals in the various organs of roach Rutilus rutilus" concerns bioaccumulation of trace metals in different organs (muscle, liver, bones and gills) of this fish.

Concrete buttress dams are relatively light structures and less demandingon foundations; because of that, they may have problems with upliftforces and horizontal joints in the area of the dam´s foundation maypresent a failure mode through sliding. The Storfinnforsen dam, thelargest concrete dam in Sweden, had its foundation studied recently andthe discovery of sub-horizontal joints in the bedrock led to the necessityof having the safety of the dam foundation to sliding assessed.The safety is dependent on the pore pressure, which can vary throughtime. The implementation of an alarm system to monitor and assess thevalues of the pore pressure is necessary to improve the dam´s operation.In this thesis, a new system on how to define alarm limits for measuredpore pressures is suggested.The proposed alarm system will monitor the pore pressure of the joint,calculate the safety factor against sliding, compare it to the alarm limits ofthe system (adopted from RIDAS) and present countermeasures to theproblem.The analysis and implementation of the alarm system on monolith 42 ofStorfinnforsen showed that it does not comply with the Swedishguidelines with respect to sliding stability, but the measured porepressures are low enough to allow the creation of an alarm system thatwill monitor the pore pressure continuously. Furthermore, thecharacteristics of the local geology exclude any quick development of porepressure allowing countermeasures to be applied.However, further research on the definition of alarm limits for this kindof problem is needed. / Lamelldammar av betong är relativt lätta konstruktioner med mindrepåkänningar på grunden jämfört med konventionellagravitationsdammar. Till följd av detta är de också känsliga för upptryck.I kombination med förekomsten av sub-horisontella sprickplan iberggrunden kan detta utgöra en risk för glidning. Vid Storfinnforsensbetongdamm, vilken är Sveriges största lamelldamm, har undersökningarav berggrunden genomförts. I samband med dessa undersökningaridentifierades sub-horisontella sprickplan i berggrunden ochmonoliternas glidstabilitet har därför analyserats med avseende påglidning. Dränage har även borrats och portrycksmätare installerats föratt övervaka portrycket i berggrunden.Portrycket, och därmed dammens säkerhet mot glidning, kan emellertidvariera över tid. Det är därför nödvändigt att utveckla och implementeraett alarmsystem för att övervaka portrycket och säkerställa dammenssäkerhet. I följande examensarbete har ett nytt system utvecklats för attdefiniera alarmgränser för uppmätta portryck. I det föreslagnaalarmsystemet övervakas portrycket över sprickplanen, säkerhetsfaktornmot glidning beräknas och jämförs mot gränser baserade på acceptablasäkerhetsfaktorer från RIDAS. Om uppmätta portryck överstigeralarmgränserna implementeras fördefinierade åtgärder.I detta arbete implementerades alarmsystemet på monolit 42 iStorfinnforsens lamelldamm. Resultaten från en inledandestabilitetsanalys visade att säkerhetsfaktorn mot glidning inte uppfyllerställda krav enligt RIDAS riktlinjer. De uppmätta portrycken äremellertid tillräckligt låga för att möjliggöra användningen av ettalarmsystem som övervakar portrycken kontinuerligt och därmedsäkerställer att säkerheten mot glidning uppfylls. Om portrycken skulleöverstigas ges förslag på möjliga åtgärder som kan genomföras för attsänka portrycken. Vidare indikerar de lokala geologiska förhållandena attVsnabba höjningar av portrycken till följd av exempelvis urspolning avfyllnadsmaterial från sprickplan är osannolika, vilket möjliggörimplementering av de fördefinierade åtgärderna om portrycket skullestiga. Vidare forskning rekommenderas emellertid på hur snabbtportrycken kan stiga till följd av olika scenarier såsom nedbrytning avinjekteringsridåer.