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Characterization of RPGR Variants and Their Role in Inherited Retinal DegenerationWright, Rachel 2011 August 1900 (has links)
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) refers to a group of inherited retinal dystrophies resulting from progressive photoreceptor degeneration and accumulation of intra-retinal pigment-like deposits. X-linked forms of RP are frequently caused by mutations in the retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) gene. The RPGR transcript undergoes complex alternative splicing to express both constitutive (RPGR^ex1-19) and RPGR^ORF15 variants. Although RPGR is thought to play a role in ciliary function, little is known about the physiological significance of expressing two distinct groups of variants. This study compares Rpgr^ex1-19 and Rpgr^ORF15 expression in developing photoreceptors using immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry, assesses ciliary affinity in adult photoreceptors by protein fractionation, examines Rpgr function in transgenic mouse models and identifies a novel Rpgr^ORF15 binding partner using a yeast two-hybrid screen.
Our data reveal that Rpgr expression undergoes dynamic temporal regulation during retinal development and indicates variability in ciliary localization of Rpgr variants in adult photoreceptors. Utilization of distinct Rpgr variants during stages of photoreceptor development suggests independent roles. Further examination of Rpgr function using transgenic mouse models over-expressing either the Rpgr^ex1-19 or Rpgr^ORF15 variant reveals that despite normal ciliary localization, an excess of RPGR^ex1-19 results in atypical accumulation of Rpgr in photoreceptor outer segments, abnormal photoreceptor morphology and severe retinal degeneration. The data indicate that the constitutive variant cannot substitute for Rpgr function in photoreceptors and suggest that proper maintenance of the Rpgr isoform ratio is critical to photoreceptor viability.
Using mouse retinal cDNA in a yeast two-hybrid screen with the C-terminus of the Rpgr^ORF15 variant, we identified a novel variant of whirlin as an interacting partner. Mutations in whirlin result in Usher syndrome, a disorder characterized by hearing loss and RP. RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis were used to confirm the presence of selected candidate partners in the retina and interaction was confirmed by pull-down assays and co-immunoprecipitation from retinal homogenate. Immunohistochemistry showed co-localization of RPGR and whirlin within photoreceptors and identified isoform specific localization of whirlin. These findings indicate that whirlin binds Rpgr^ORF15 and that this novel isoform may be required for photoreceptor function, thus providing a potential mechanism for the RP phenotype observed in Usher syndrome.
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Mellan Hopp och FörtvivlanHansson, Fredrik, Campos, Kim January 2007 (has links)
Detta är en studie om hur det är att studera på Högskolan i Halmstad när man har någon form av funktionsnedsättning. Vi har i denna studie tittat på hur deras funktionsnedsättning har påverkat deras liv allt ifrån när de fick sina diagnoser tills det att de började studera. Vi har även velat få fram hur deras funktionsnedsättning har påverkat deras studier i den bemärkelse att dem har fått stöd och olika hjälpmedel för att klara av dessa. I denna studie så har vi också tagit reda på hur mycket tid och energi som studenterna får lägga ner på sitt skolarbete, men också hur allt detta har påverkat deras sociala tillvaro i och utanför skolan. Vi har även försökt ta fasta på vad studenterna upplever som problematiskt under sin studietid, och tittat på om deras funktionsnedsättning varit en orsakande faktor i detta.
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INVESTIGATION INTO THE REGULATION OF INOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE (IMPDH)Elaine Thomas Unknown Date (has links)
Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) catalyses the key step in de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis at the branch point of GTP and ATP production. Mammals have two ubiquitous, catalytically indistinguishable isoforms, IMPDH type I and type II, and these are considered functionally interchangeable. Each contains a Bateman domain known to serve as energy-sensing / allosteric regulatory modules in a range of unrelated proteins. Mutations in the Bateman domain of type I, which do not affect catalytic activity, cause the retina-degenerative disease, retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The central hypothesis of this thesis is that IMPDH is regulated. In particular, that regulation occurs in an isoform specific manner and that mutations causal to RP affect enzyme regulation. Here we have visualised, including in real-time, the redistribution or clustering of IMPDH into linear macrostructures in a time-dependent manner which appeared to be intimately associated with changes in intracellular nucleotide levels. Data presented suggest the significance of IMPDH clustering is unlikely to be associated with substrate channelling, via interaction with other proteins in the de novo biosynthesis pathway, or enhanced protein stability. Although both isoforms responded similarly to fluctuations in intracellular nucleotide levels, type I had a higher propensity to spontaneously cluster into macrostructures compared to type II. This propensity to cluster was found to be conferred by the N-terminal 244 amino acids, which includes the Bateman domain, using a series of type I / type II chimera proteins. A comparative and novel approach revealed isoform-specific purine nucleotide binding characteristics. Type I bound ATP and type II bound AMP, via a mechanism involving the Bateman domain, resulting in conformational changes in IMPDH. This nucleotide binding was not associated with allosteric activation of IMPDH catalytic activity. The RP-causing mutation, R224P, abolished ATP binding and this correlated with an altered propensity to cluster. Collectively these data (i) show IMPDH distribution is regulated by the intracellular environment (ii) demonstrate that the IMPDH isoforms are modulated in a differential manner by AMP and ATP by a mechanism involving the Bateman domain, (iii) indicate communication between the Bateman domain and the active site and (iv) demonstrate that a RP-causing mutation compromises such regulation. From a broader perspective, this work raises the possibility that the nucleotide sensing properties of the Bateman domain in IMPDH serve to regulate IMPDH and co-ordinate nucleotide homeostasis, thereby giving rise to cellular plasticity in an isoform-specific manner to meet the requirements of the cellular environment.
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Verwantschap en erfelijkheid bij doofstomheid en retinitis pigmentosa ...Wilde, Pieter Adrianus de. January 1919 (has links)
Proefschrift - Amsterdam. / "Geraadpleegde literatuur": p. [90]-91.
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Mastocitose na infância : estudo anátomo-patológico e imuno-histoquímicoFernandes, Evodie Ines January 2002 (has links)
Introdução A mastocitose abrange um grupo heterogêneo de condições crônicas caracterizado pela proliferação excessiva de mastócitos nos tecidos. Os sinais e sintomas clínicos são decorrentes da distribuição anatômica dos mastócitos e do efeito funcional dos mediadores produzidos e liberados por estas células. Na infância, a doença é considerada uma condição benigna na maioria dos casos, cujo comprometimento característico é o cutâneo. As mais freqüentes manifestações na pele são os mastocitomas e a urticária pigmentosa. Lesões cutâneas bolhosas podem manifestar-se e acompanhar todas as formas de mastocitose e quando esta apresentação é a predominante, é denominada de mastocitose bolhosa. O diagnóstico de mastocitose é suspeitado clinicamente e confirmado pela histologia. A demonstração do aumento do número de mastócitos nas lesões cutâneas características se constitui no principal critério diagnóstico. Contudo, este método tem dificuldades técnicas que impedem a adequada reprodutibilidade dos achados, dificultando a elucidação de casos duvidosos e retardando seu tratamento. Considerando as propriedades imunológicas e a importância clínica dos mastócitos reveste-se de maior importância compreender o papel destas células nas doenças, sendo indispensável identificá-las e enumerá-las com acurácia nos tecidos. Objetivos Quantificar o número de mastócitos marcados com anticorpo monoclonal antitriptase, através de técnica imuno-histoquímica e análise de imagem, em biópsias cutâneas de crianças, com diagnóstico clínico de mastocitose. Descrever os achados histológicos; quantificar o número de mastócitos marcados com o anticorpo antitriptase entre as diferentes expressões clínicas da mastocitose cutânea; comparar o número de mastócitos entre os casos de mastocitose cutânea e mastocitose associada à sintomas sistêmicos e correlacionar as contagens de mastócitos entre os dois diferentes métodos (coloração por Giemsa com contagem manual e marcação com anticorpo antitriptase e análise digital). Material e Método Foram incluídas no estudo biópsias cutâneas de crianças de 0 a 14 anos, com diagnóstico clínico e histológico de mastocitose. Os casos foram classificados de acordo com a apresentação clínica cutânea em mastocitoma, urticária pigmentosa ou mastocitose bolhosa e assinalada a presença de sintomas sistêmicos associados. Os fragmentos de pele fixados em formalina e emblocados em parafina foram cortados e utilizados para diagnóstico histopatológico convencional, corados com hematoxilina-eosina e Giemsa, e para análise imuno-histoquímica com estreptavidina peroxidase marcados com anticorpo antitriptase. A densidade de mastócitos (número de células por área) foi realizada por um único observador na técnica histológica e através de um sistema de análise de imagem de vídeo no método imuno-histoquímico. Resultados Foram avaliados 33 casos de mastocitose, sendo 21 do sexo masculino. Dez casos (30,3%) apresentavam mastocitoma, 21 (63,6%) urticária pigmentosa e 2 (6,1%) mastocitose bolhosa. Todos os casos da amostra foram classificados como tendo mastocitose incipiente e em 6 (18,8%) pacientes pôde ser identificada a associação com sintomas sistêmicos. Prurido foi o sintoma mais freqüente, sendo relatado em 21 casos. Em 21 dos 33 casos foi identificada a infiltração de mastócitos na derme havendo predominância pela região perivascular (p=0,001, teste exato de Fisher). Não houve diferenças significativas entre a presença de infiltrado mastocitário e as várias formas cutâneas de mastocitose ou a mastocitose sistêmica. A presença de eosinófilos foi identificada em 15 casos (45,5%) e em 10 casos associadamente ao infiltrado perivascular de mastócitos. A densidade de mastócitos na técnica histológica, incluindo-se todos os casos, foi 50,00 células/mm2. Não houve diferença significativa das contagens entre os pacientes com mastocitoma e aqueles com urticária pigmentosa, assim como entre os pacientes com e sem sintomas sistêmicos associados aos cutâneos. A densidade de mastócitos encontrada com a técnica imuno-histoquímica e contagem por análise de imagem foi 158,85 células/mm2. Não houve diferença significativa das contagens entre os pacientes com mastocitoma e aqueles com urticária pigmentosa, assim como entre aqueles com e sem sintomas sistêmicos. Comparando-se a contagem dos mastócitos por área (densidade) entre a histologia e a imuno-histoquímica houve uma diferença significativa (p=0,0001 teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon). A média da diferença entre as contagens foi 199,98 células/mm2 (±365,31 DP). Também não houve semelhança, entre os dois métodos, nos grupos mastocitoma e urticária pigmentosa (p=0,005 e p=0,01, respectivamente, teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon). Puderam ser identificados 518% a mais de mastócitos com a técnica imunohistoquímica quando comparada com a histológica. Conclusões O presente estudo permite concluir que: 1) a localização preferencial da infiltração de mastócitos é dérmica e perivascular, não sendo possível identificar diferenças histológicas entre casos de urticária pigmentosa e mastocitoma; 2) o número de mastócitos marcados com o anticorpo monoclonal antitriptase e contados com análise digital de imagem, em biópsia de pele de crianças com diagnóstico clínico de mastocitose, foi 159 células por milímetro quadrado; 3) a densidade de mastócitos, foi semelhante entre os casos de urticária pigmentosa e mastocitoma e entre os casos com e sem sintomas sistêmicos associados nas duas diferentes técnicas empregadas; 4) o número de mastócitos por milímetro quadrado com a técnica imuno-histoquímica e a contagem através de análise de imagem foi significativamente maior quando comparada com a coloração através de Giemsa e a contagem manual, com uma diferença média entre os dois métodos de 200 células por milímetro quadrado; 5) a densidade de mastócitos com a técnica imunohistoquímica foi significativamente maior tanto nos casos com urticária pigmentosa quanto nos com mastocitoma, quando comparada com a técnica empregada rotineiramente e 6) com a técnica imuno-histoquímica e a contagem através de análise de imagem foi possível identificar 518% a mais de mastócitos quando comparada com a técnica histológica. / Introduction Mastocytosis includes a heterogeneous group of chronic conditions characterized by increased proliferation of mast cells in the tissues. The clinical signs and symptoms result from the anatomic distribution of mast cells and from the functional effect of mediators produced and discharged by these cells. In childhood, the disease is considered a benign condition, in the majority of the cases, whose characteristic implication is cutaneous. The most frequent manifestations in the skin are mastocytomas and urticaria pigmentosa. Bullous cutaneous lesions may be manifested and accompany all kinds of mastocytosis and when this presentation is predominant, it is named bullous mastocytosis. The diagnosis of mastocytosis is clinically suspected and confirmed by histology. The demonstration of increased number of mast cells in proper cutaneous lesions is the main diagnostic criterion. Although, this method has technical problems that impede the adequate reproduction of the findings, complicating the elucidation of doubtful cases and delaying the treatment. Considering the immunological properties and the clinical significance of mast cells becomes of great relevance to understand the role of these cells in the diseases, being absolutely necessary to identify and enumerate them with accuracy in the tissues. Aims To count the number of marked mast cells with anti-tryptase monoclonal antibody, by immunohistochemical technique and image analysis in cutaneous biopsies of children with clinical diagnosis of mastocytosis. To describe the histological findings; to count the number of marked mast cells with anti-tryptase antibody among the different clinical expressions of cutaneous mastocytosis; to compare the number of mast cells among the cases of cutaneous mastocytosis and systemic mastocytosis and to correlate the counting of mast cells between both different methods (stained by Giemsa with handy counting and marked with anti-tryptase antibody and digital analysis). Material and Methods Cutaneous biopsies of children from 0 to 14 years old were included in the study, with clinical and histological diagnosis of mastocytosis. The cases were classified according to the clinical presentation in mastocytoma, urticaria pigmentosa or bullous mastocytosis and distinguished the presence of associated systemic symptoms. The blocks of formalin fixed and paraffin embedded fragments of skin were cut and utilized for conventional histopathologic diagnosis, stained with hematoxylin eosin and Giemsa. Similar sections were processed for immunohistochemical analysis with streptavidin peroxidase marked with anti-tryptase antibody. The evaluation of the density of mast cells (number of cells by area) was performed by only one observer in the histological technique and by a video image analysis system in the immunohistochemical method. Results Thirty-three cases of mastocytosis were appraised, 21 of them belonging to the masculine sex. Ten cases (30,3%) presented mastocytoma, 21 (63,6%) urticaria pigmentosa and 2 (6,1%) bullous mastocytosis. All patients of the sample were classified as having indolent mastocytosis and in 6 (18,8%) of them the association with systemic symptoms could be identified. Pruritus was the most frequent symptom, being related in 21 cases. In 21 of the 33 cases dermal infiltration of mast cells was identified predominating in the perivascular region (p=0,00l, exact test of Fisher). There were no significant differences regarding to the presence of infiltrated mast cells in the diverse cutaneous forms of mastocytosis or the systemic mastocytosis. The presence of eosinophils was identified in 15 cases (45,5%) and in 10 of them associated to the perivascular infiltrated of mast cells. The density of mast cells in the histological technique, including all cases, was 50,00 cells/mm2. There was no significant difference in the counting of cells, taking into account patients with mastocytoma in comparison with those with urticaria pigmentosa; the same happened when patients with or without systemic symptoms associated to cutaneous manifestations were considered. The density of mast cells found with the immunohistochemical technique and the counting by the analysis of image was 158,85 cells/mm2. There was no significant difference in the counting between the patients with mastocytoma and those with urticaria pigmentosa, and also between those ones with or without systemic symptoms. Comparing the counting of mast cells by area (density) between the regular histology and the immunohistochemistry there was a significant difference (p=0;0001, nonparametric test of Wilcoxon). The mean of the difference among the countings was 199,98 cells/mm2 (±365,31 SD). Also, there was not resemblance between both methods in the mastocytoma and the urticaria pigmentosa groups (p=0,005 and p=0,01, respectively, nonparametric test of Wilcoxon). With the immunohistochemical technique, an increase of 518% in the number of mast cells could be demonstrated when compared with the histological method. Conclusions The present study allows to conclude that: 1) the preferential location of the infiltration of mast cells is dermic and perivascular, not being possible to identify histological differences between the cases of urticaria pigmentosa and mastocytoma; 2) the number of anti-tryptase monoclonal antibody marked mast cells and counted by digital image analysis in skin biopsies of children with clinical diagnosis of mastocytosis, was 159 cells by square millimeter; 3) the density of mast cells was similar in cases of urticaria pigmentosa and mastocytoma and also in those with and without associated systemic symptoms in both distincts techniques; 4) the number of mast cells, by square millimeter, marked by immunohistochemical technique and counted by image analysis was significantly greater than the number obtained by Giemsa staining and handy counting, with an average difference of 200 cells by square millimeter between both methods; 5) the density of mast cells marked by immunohistochemical technique was significantly greater in both, urticaria pigmentosa and mastocytoma cases, when compared with the regular histopathological technique, and 6) the use of the immunohistochemical technique and the digital image analysis counting allowed the detection of 518% more mast cells than the histological method.
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Mastocitose na infância : estudo anátomo-patológico e imuno-histoquímicoFernandes, Evodie Ines January 2002 (has links)
Introdução A mastocitose abrange um grupo heterogêneo de condições crônicas caracterizado pela proliferação excessiva de mastócitos nos tecidos. Os sinais e sintomas clínicos são decorrentes da distribuição anatômica dos mastócitos e do efeito funcional dos mediadores produzidos e liberados por estas células. Na infância, a doença é considerada uma condição benigna na maioria dos casos, cujo comprometimento característico é o cutâneo. As mais freqüentes manifestações na pele são os mastocitomas e a urticária pigmentosa. Lesões cutâneas bolhosas podem manifestar-se e acompanhar todas as formas de mastocitose e quando esta apresentação é a predominante, é denominada de mastocitose bolhosa. O diagnóstico de mastocitose é suspeitado clinicamente e confirmado pela histologia. A demonstração do aumento do número de mastócitos nas lesões cutâneas características se constitui no principal critério diagnóstico. Contudo, este método tem dificuldades técnicas que impedem a adequada reprodutibilidade dos achados, dificultando a elucidação de casos duvidosos e retardando seu tratamento. Considerando as propriedades imunológicas e a importância clínica dos mastócitos reveste-se de maior importância compreender o papel destas células nas doenças, sendo indispensável identificá-las e enumerá-las com acurácia nos tecidos. Objetivos Quantificar o número de mastócitos marcados com anticorpo monoclonal antitriptase, através de técnica imuno-histoquímica e análise de imagem, em biópsias cutâneas de crianças, com diagnóstico clínico de mastocitose. Descrever os achados histológicos; quantificar o número de mastócitos marcados com o anticorpo antitriptase entre as diferentes expressões clínicas da mastocitose cutânea; comparar o número de mastócitos entre os casos de mastocitose cutânea e mastocitose associada à sintomas sistêmicos e correlacionar as contagens de mastócitos entre os dois diferentes métodos (coloração por Giemsa com contagem manual e marcação com anticorpo antitriptase e análise digital). Material e Método Foram incluídas no estudo biópsias cutâneas de crianças de 0 a 14 anos, com diagnóstico clínico e histológico de mastocitose. Os casos foram classificados de acordo com a apresentação clínica cutânea em mastocitoma, urticária pigmentosa ou mastocitose bolhosa e assinalada a presença de sintomas sistêmicos associados. Os fragmentos de pele fixados em formalina e emblocados em parafina foram cortados e utilizados para diagnóstico histopatológico convencional, corados com hematoxilina-eosina e Giemsa, e para análise imuno-histoquímica com estreptavidina peroxidase marcados com anticorpo antitriptase. A densidade de mastócitos (número de células por área) foi realizada por um único observador na técnica histológica e através de um sistema de análise de imagem de vídeo no método imuno-histoquímico. Resultados Foram avaliados 33 casos de mastocitose, sendo 21 do sexo masculino. Dez casos (30,3%) apresentavam mastocitoma, 21 (63,6%) urticária pigmentosa e 2 (6,1%) mastocitose bolhosa. Todos os casos da amostra foram classificados como tendo mastocitose incipiente e em 6 (18,8%) pacientes pôde ser identificada a associação com sintomas sistêmicos. Prurido foi o sintoma mais freqüente, sendo relatado em 21 casos. Em 21 dos 33 casos foi identificada a infiltração de mastócitos na derme havendo predominância pela região perivascular (p=0,001, teste exato de Fisher). Não houve diferenças significativas entre a presença de infiltrado mastocitário e as várias formas cutâneas de mastocitose ou a mastocitose sistêmica. A presença de eosinófilos foi identificada em 15 casos (45,5%) e em 10 casos associadamente ao infiltrado perivascular de mastócitos. A densidade de mastócitos na técnica histológica, incluindo-se todos os casos, foi 50,00 células/mm2. Não houve diferença significativa das contagens entre os pacientes com mastocitoma e aqueles com urticária pigmentosa, assim como entre os pacientes com e sem sintomas sistêmicos associados aos cutâneos. A densidade de mastócitos encontrada com a técnica imuno-histoquímica e contagem por análise de imagem foi 158,85 células/mm2. Não houve diferença significativa das contagens entre os pacientes com mastocitoma e aqueles com urticária pigmentosa, assim como entre aqueles com e sem sintomas sistêmicos. Comparando-se a contagem dos mastócitos por área (densidade) entre a histologia e a imuno-histoquímica houve uma diferença significativa (p=0,0001 teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon). A média da diferença entre as contagens foi 199,98 células/mm2 (±365,31 DP). Também não houve semelhança, entre os dois métodos, nos grupos mastocitoma e urticária pigmentosa (p=0,005 e p=0,01, respectivamente, teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon). Puderam ser identificados 518% a mais de mastócitos com a técnica imunohistoquímica quando comparada com a histológica. Conclusões O presente estudo permite concluir que: 1) a localização preferencial da infiltração de mastócitos é dérmica e perivascular, não sendo possível identificar diferenças histológicas entre casos de urticária pigmentosa e mastocitoma; 2) o número de mastócitos marcados com o anticorpo monoclonal antitriptase e contados com análise digital de imagem, em biópsia de pele de crianças com diagnóstico clínico de mastocitose, foi 159 células por milímetro quadrado; 3) a densidade de mastócitos, foi semelhante entre os casos de urticária pigmentosa e mastocitoma e entre os casos com e sem sintomas sistêmicos associados nas duas diferentes técnicas empregadas; 4) o número de mastócitos por milímetro quadrado com a técnica imuno-histoquímica e a contagem através de análise de imagem foi significativamente maior quando comparada com a coloração através de Giemsa e a contagem manual, com uma diferença média entre os dois métodos de 200 células por milímetro quadrado; 5) a densidade de mastócitos com a técnica imunohistoquímica foi significativamente maior tanto nos casos com urticária pigmentosa quanto nos com mastocitoma, quando comparada com a técnica empregada rotineiramente e 6) com a técnica imuno-histoquímica e a contagem através de análise de imagem foi possível identificar 518% a mais de mastócitos quando comparada com a técnica histológica. / Introduction Mastocytosis includes a heterogeneous group of chronic conditions characterized by increased proliferation of mast cells in the tissues. The clinical signs and symptoms result from the anatomic distribution of mast cells and from the functional effect of mediators produced and discharged by these cells. In childhood, the disease is considered a benign condition, in the majority of the cases, whose characteristic implication is cutaneous. The most frequent manifestations in the skin are mastocytomas and urticaria pigmentosa. Bullous cutaneous lesions may be manifested and accompany all kinds of mastocytosis and when this presentation is predominant, it is named bullous mastocytosis. The diagnosis of mastocytosis is clinically suspected and confirmed by histology. The demonstration of increased number of mast cells in proper cutaneous lesions is the main diagnostic criterion. Although, this method has technical problems that impede the adequate reproduction of the findings, complicating the elucidation of doubtful cases and delaying the treatment. Considering the immunological properties and the clinical significance of mast cells becomes of great relevance to understand the role of these cells in the diseases, being absolutely necessary to identify and enumerate them with accuracy in the tissues. Aims To count the number of marked mast cells with anti-tryptase monoclonal antibody, by immunohistochemical technique and image analysis in cutaneous biopsies of children with clinical diagnosis of mastocytosis. To describe the histological findings; to count the number of marked mast cells with anti-tryptase antibody among the different clinical expressions of cutaneous mastocytosis; to compare the number of mast cells among the cases of cutaneous mastocytosis and systemic mastocytosis and to correlate the counting of mast cells between both different methods (stained by Giemsa with handy counting and marked with anti-tryptase antibody and digital analysis). Material and Methods Cutaneous biopsies of children from 0 to 14 years old were included in the study, with clinical and histological diagnosis of mastocytosis. The cases were classified according to the clinical presentation in mastocytoma, urticaria pigmentosa or bullous mastocytosis and distinguished the presence of associated systemic symptoms. The blocks of formalin fixed and paraffin embedded fragments of skin were cut and utilized for conventional histopathologic diagnosis, stained with hematoxylin eosin and Giemsa. Similar sections were processed for immunohistochemical analysis with streptavidin peroxidase marked with anti-tryptase antibody. The evaluation of the density of mast cells (number of cells by area) was performed by only one observer in the histological technique and by a video image analysis system in the immunohistochemical method. Results Thirty-three cases of mastocytosis were appraised, 21 of them belonging to the masculine sex. Ten cases (30,3%) presented mastocytoma, 21 (63,6%) urticaria pigmentosa and 2 (6,1%) bullous mastocytosis. All patients of the sample were classified as having indolent mastocytosis and in 6 (18,8%) of them the association with systemic symptoms could be identified. Pruritus was the most frequent symptom, being related in 21 cases. In 21 of the 33 cases dermal infiltration of mast cells was identified predominating in the perivascular region (p=0,00l, exact test of Fisher). There were no significant differences regarding to the presence of infiltrated mast cells in the diverse cutaneous forms of mastocytosis or the systemic mastocytosis. The presence of eosinophils was identified in 15 cases (45,5%) and in 10 of them associated to the perivascular infiltrated of mast cells. The density of mast cells in the histological technique, including all cases, was 50,00 cells/mm2. There was no significant difference in the counting of cells, taking into account patients with mastocytoma in comparison with those with urticaria pigmentosa; the same happened when patients with or without systemic symptoms associated to cutaneous manifestations were considered. The density of mast cells found with the immunohistochemical technique and the counting by the analysis of image was 158,85 cells/mm2. There was no significant difference in the counting between the patients with mastocytoma and those with urticaria pigmentosa, and also between those ones with or without systemic symptoms. Comparing the counting of mast cells by area (density) between the regular histology and the immunohistochemistry there was a significant difference (p=0;0001, nonparametric test of Wilcoxon). The mean of the difference among the countings was 199,98 cells/mm2 (±365,31 SD). Also, there was not resemblance between both methods in the mastocytoma and the urticaria pigmentosa groups (p=0,005 and p=0,01, respectively, nonparametric test of Wilcoxon). With the immunohistochemical technique, an increase of 518% in the number of mast cells could be demonstrated when compared with the histological method. Conclusions The present study allows to conclude that: 1) the preferential location of the infiltration of mast cells is dermic and perivascular, not being possible to identify histological differences between the cases of urticaria pigmentosa and mastocytoma; 2) the number of anti-tryptase monoclonal antibody marked mast cells and counted by digital image analysis in skin biopsies of children with clinical diagnosis of mastocytosis, was 159 cells by square millimeter; 3) the density of mast cells was similar in cases of urticaria pigmentosa and mastocytoma and also in those with and without associated systemic symptoms in both distincts techniques; 4) the number of mast cells, by square millimeter, marked by immunohistochemical technique and counted by image analysis was significantly greater than the number obtained by Giemsa staining and handy counting, with an average difference of 200 cells by square millimeter between both methods; 5) the density of mast cells marked by immunohistochemical technique was significantly greater in both, urticaria pigmentosa and mastocytoma cases, when compared with the regular histopathological technique, and 6) the use of the immunohistochemical technique and the digital image analysis counting allowed the detection of 518% more mast cells than the histological method.
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Mastocitose na infância : estudo anátomo-patológico e imuno-histoquímicoFernandes, Evodie Ines January 2002 (has links)
Introdução A mastocitose abrange um grupo heterogêneo de condições crônicas caracterizado pela proliferação excessiva de mastócitos nos tecidos. Os sinais e sintomas clínicos são decorrentes da distribuição anatômica dos mastócitos e do efeito funcional dos mediadores produzidos e liberados por estas células. Na infância, a doença é considerada uma condição benigna na maioria dos casos, cujo comprometimento característico é o cutâneo. As mais freqüentes manifestações na pele são os mastocitomas e a urticária pigmentosa. Lesões cutâneas bolhosas podem manifestar-se e acompanhar todas as formas de mastocitose e quando esta apresentação é a predominante, é denominada de mastocitose bolhosa. O diagnóstico de mastocitose é suspeitado clinicamente e confirmado pela histologia. A demonstração do aumento do número de mastócitos nas lesões cutâneas características se constitui no principal critério diagnóstico. Contudo, este método tem dificuldades técnicas que impedem a adequada reprodutibilidade dos achados, dificultando a elucidação de casos duvidosos e retardando seu tratamento. Considerando as propriedades imunológicas e a importância clínica dos mastócitos reveste-se de maior importância compreender o papel destas células nas doenças, sendo indispensável identificá-las e enumerá-las com acurácia nos tecidos. Objetivos Quantificar o número de mastócitos marcados com anticorpo monoclonal antitriptase, através de técnica imuno-histoquímica e análise de imagem, em biópsias cutâneas de crianças, com diagnóstico clínico de mastocitose. Descrever os achados histológicos; quantificar o número de mastócitos marcados com o anticorpo antitriptase entre as diferentes expressões clínicas da mastocitose cutânea; comparar o número de mastócitos entre os casos de mastocitose cutânea e mastocitose associada à sintomas sistêmicos e correlacionar as contagens de mastócitos entre os dois diferentes métodos (coloração por Giemsa com contagem manual e marcação com anticorpo antitriptase e análise digital). Material e Método Foram incluídas no estudo biópsias cutâneas de crianças de 0 a 14 anos, com diagnóstico clínico e histológico de mastocitose. Os casos foram classificados de acordo com a apresentação clínica cutânea em mastocitoma, urticária pigmentosa ou mastocitose bolhosa e assinalada a presença de sintomas sistêmicos associados. Os fragmentos de pele fixados em formalina e emblocados em parafina foram cortados e utilizados para diagnóstico histopatológico convencional, corados com hematoxilina-eosina e Giemsa, e para análise imuno-histoquímica com estreptavidina peroxidase marcados com anticorpo antitriptase. A densidade de mastócitos (número de células por área) foi realizada por um único observador na técnica histológica e através de um sistema de análise de imagem de vídeo no método imuno-histoquímico. Resultados Foram avaliados 33 casos de mastocitose, sendo 21 do sexo masculino. Dez casos (30,3%) apresentavam mastocitoma, 21 (63,6%) urticária pigmentosa e 2 (6,1%) mastocitose bolhosa. Todos os casos da amostra foram classificados como tendo mastocitose incipiente e em 6 (18,8%) pacientes pôde ser identificada a associação com sintomas sistêmicos. Prurido foi o sintoma mais freqüente, sendo relatado em 21 casos. Em 21 dos 33 casos foi identificada a infiltração de mastócitos na derme havendo predominância pela região perivascular (p=0,001, teste exato de Fisher). Não houve diferenças significativas entre a presença de infiltrado mastocitário e as várias formas cutâneas de mastocitose ou a mastocitose sistêmica. A presença de eosinófilos foi identificada em 15 casos (45,5%) e em 10 casos associadamente ao infiltrado perivascular de mastócitos. A densidade de mastócitos na técnica histológica, incluindo-se todos os casos, foi 50,00 células/mm2. Não houve diferença significativa das contagens entre os pacientes com mastocitoma e aqueles com urticária pigmentosa, assim como entre os pacientes com e sem sintomas sistêmicos associados aos cutâneos. A densidade de mastócitos encontrada com a técnica imuno-histoquímica e contagem por análise de imagem foi 158,85 células/mm2. Não houve diferença significativa das contagens entre os pacientes com mastocitoma e aqueles com urticária pigmentosa, assim como entre aqueles com e sem sintomas sistêmicos. Comparando-se a contagem dos mastócitos por área (densidade) entre a histologia e a imuno-histoquímica houve uma diferença significativa (p=0,0001 teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon). A média da diferença entre as contagens foi 199,98 células/mm2 (±365,31 DP). Também não houve semelhança, entre os dois métodos, nos grupos mastocitoma e urticária pigmentosa (p=0,005 e p=0,01, respectivamente, teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon). Puderam ser identificados 518% a mais de mastócitos com a técnica imunohistoquímica quando comparada com a histológica. Conclusões O presente estudo permite concluir que: 1) a localização preferencial da infiltração de mastócitos é dérmica e perivascular, não sendo possível identificar diferenças histológicas entre casos de urticária pigmentosa e mastocitoma; 2) o número de mastócitos marcados com o anticorpo monoclonal antitriptase e contados com análise digital de imagem, em biópsia de pele de crianças com diagnóstico clínico de mastocitose, foi 159 células por milímetro quadrado; 3) a densidade de mastócitos, foi semelhante entre os casos de urticária pigmentosa e mastocitoma e entre os casos com e sem sintomas sistêmicos associados nas duas diferentes técnicas empregadas; 4) o número de mastócitos por milímetro quadrado com a técnica imuno-histoquímica e a contagem através de análise de imagem foi significativamente maior quando comparada com a coloração através de Giemsa e a contagem manual, com uma diferença média entre os dois métodos de 200 células por milímetro quadrado; 5) a densidade de mastócitos com a técnica imunohistoquímica foi significativamente maior tanto nos casos com urticária pigmentosa quanto nos com mastocitoma, quando comparada com a técnica empregada rotineiramente e 6) com a técnica imuno-histoquímica e a contagem através de análise de imagem foi possível identificar 518% a mais de mastócitos quando comparada com a técnica histológica. / Introduction Mastocytosis includes a heterogeneous group of chronic conditions characterized by increased proliferation of mast cells in the tissues. The clinical signs and symptoms result from the anatomic distribution of mast cells and from the functional effect of mediators produced and discharged by these cells. In childhood, the disease is considered a benign condition, in the majority of the cases, whose characteristic implication is cutaneous. The most frequent manifestations in the skin are mastocytomas and urticaria pigmentosa. Bullous cutaneous lesions may be manifested and accompany all kinds of mastocytosis and when this presentation is predominant, it is named bullous mastocytosis. The diagnosis of mastocytosis is clinically suspected and confirmed by histology. The demonstration of increased number of mast cells in proper cutaneous lesions is the main diagnostic criterion. Although, this method has technical problems that impede the adequate reproduction of the findings, complicating the elucidation of doubtful cases and delaying the treatment. Considering the immunological properties and the clinical significance of mast cells becomes of great relevance to understand the role of these cells in the diseases, being absolutely necessary to identify and enumerate them with accuracy in the tissues. Aims To count the number of marked mast cells with anti-tryptase monoclonal antibody, by immunohistochemical technique and image analysis in cutaneous biopsies of children with clinical diagnosis of mastocytosis. To describe the histological findings; to count the number of marked mast cells with anti-tryptase antibody among the different clinical expressions of cutaneous mastocytosis; to compare the number of mast cells among the cases of cutaneous mastocytosis and systemic mastocytosis and to correlate the counting of mast cells between both different methods (stained by Giemsa with handy counting and marked with anti-tryptase antibody and digital analysis). Material and Methods Cutaneous biopsies of children from 0 to 14 years old were included in the study, with clinical and histological diagnosis of mastocytosis. The cases were classified according to the clinical presentation in mastocytoma, urticaria pigmentosa or bullous mastocytosis and distinguished the presence of associated systemic symptoms. The blocks of formalin fixed and paraffin embedded fragments of skin were cut and utilized for conventional histopathologic diagnosis, stained with hematoxylin eosin and Giemsa. Similar sections were processed for immunohistochemical analysis with streptavidin peroxidase marked with anti-tryptase antibody. The evaluation of the density of mast cells (number of cells by area) was performed by only one observer in the histological technique and by a video image analysis system in the immunohistochemical method. Results Thirty-three cases of mastocytosis were appraised, 21 of them belonging to the masculine sex. Ten cases (30,3%) presented mastocytoma, 21 (63,6%) urticaria pigmentosa and 2 (6,1%) bullous mastocytosis. All patients of the sample were classified as having indolent mastocytosis and in 6 (18,8%) of them the association with systemic symptoms could be identified. Pruritus was the most frequent symptom, being related in 21 cases. In 21 of the 33 cases dermal infiltration of mast cells was identified predominating in the perivascular region (p=0,00l, exact test of Fisher). There were no significant differences regarding to the presence of infiltrated mast cells in the diverse cutaneous forms of mastocytosis or the systemic mastocytosis. The presence of eosinophils was identified in 15 cases (45,5%) and in 10 of them associated to the perivascular infiltrated of mast cells. The density of mast cells in the histological technique, including all cases, was 50,00 cells/mm2. There was no significant difference in the counting of cells, taking into account patients with mastocytoma in comparison with those with urticaria pigmentosa; the same happened when patients with or without systemic symptoms associated to cutaneous manifestations were considered. The density of mast cells found with the immunohistochemical technique and the counting by the analysis of image was 158,85 cells/mm2. There was no significant difference in the counting between the patients with mastocytoma and those with urticaria pigmentosa, and also between those ones with or without systemic symptoms. Comparing the counting of mast cells by area (density) between the regular histology and the immunohistochemistry there was a significant difference (p=0;0001, nonparametric test of Wilcoxon). The mean of the difference among the countings was 199,98 cells/mm2 (±365,31 SD). Also, there was not resemblance between both methods in the mastocytoma and the urticaria pigmentosa groups (p=0,005 and p=0,01, respectively, nonparametric test of Wilcoxon). With the immunohistochemical technique, an increase of 518% in the number of mast cells could be demonstrated when compared with the histological method. Conclusions The present study allows to conclude that: 1) the preferential location of the infiltration of mast cells is dermic and perivascular, not being possible to identify histological differences between the cases of urticaria pigmentosa and mastocytoma; 2) the number of anti-tryptase monoclonal antibody marked mast cells and counted by digital image analysis in skin biopsies of children with clinical diagnosis of mastocytosis, was 159 cells by square millimeter; 3) the density of mast cells was similar in cases of urticaria pigmentosa and mastocytoma and also in those with and without associated systemic symptoms in both distincts techniques; 4) the number of mast cells, by square millimeter, marked by immunohistochemical technique and counted by image analysis was significantly greater than the number obtained by Giemsa staining and handy counting, with an average difference of 200 cells by square millimeter between both methods; 5) the density of mast cells marked by immunohistochemical technique was significantly greater in both, urticaria pigmentosa and mastocytoma cases, when compared with the regular histopathological technique, and 6) the use of the immunohistochemical technique and the digital image analysis counting allowed the detection of 518% more mast cells than the histological method.
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Perception of genetic testing among patients with inherited retinal disease: Benefits and challenges in a Japanese population / 日本の遺伝性網膜変性疾患患者における遺伝子診断の認識:ベネフィットと課題Inaba, Akira 23 May 2022 (has links)
京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24087号 / 医博第4863号 / 新制||医||1059(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 近藤 尚己, 教授 山本 洋介, 教授 辻川 明孝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
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Funkční analýza mutací hPrp8 spojených s onemocněním retinitis pigmentosa. / Functional analysis of hPrp8 mutations linked to retinitis pigmentosa.Matějů, Daniel January 2013 (has links)
hPrp8 is an essential pre-mRNA splicing factor. This highly conserved protein is a component of the U5 small ribonucleoprotein particle (U5 snRNP), which constitutes one of the building blocks of the spliceosome. hPrp8 acts as a key regulator of spliceosome activation and interacts directly with U5 snRNA and with the regions of pre-mRNA that are involved in the transesterification reactions during splicing. Mutations in hPrp8 have been shown to cause an autosomal dominant form of retinitis pigmentosa (RP), an inherited disease leading to progressive degeneration of retina. In this study, we analyzed the effects of the RP-associated mutations on the function of hPrp8. Using BAC recombineering, we created mutant variants of hPrp8-GFP construct and we generated stable cell lines expressing the recombinant proteins. The mutant proteins were expressed and localized to the nucleus. However, one of the missense mutations affected the localization and stability of hPrp8. Further experiments suggested that RP-associated mutations affect the ability of hPrp8 to interact with other components of the U5 snRNP and with pre-mRNA. We further studied the biogenesis of U5 snRNP. We depleted hPrp8 by siRNA to interfere with U5 snRNP assembly and we observed that the incompletely assembled U5 snRNPs accumulate in...
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Em busca de novos métodos de tratamento para a retinose pigmentar causada por mutações na rodopsina. / Finding new approaches to treat retinitis pigmentosa caused by mutations in the photoreceptor rhodopsin.Balen, Fernanda 05 July 2012 (has links)
Retinose Pigmentar (RP) é uma doença hereditária que conduz progressivamente à cegueira. Mais de 150 mutações da rodopsina associadas à RP foram descritas, e causam a alteração da sua conformação. Esta tese testou a hipótese de que pequenas moléculas auxiliam na formação da rodopsina e/ou reduzem a morte dos fotorreceptores. As mutações da RP, N15S e P23H, revelaram diferenças quanto às características e gravidade devido à má-formação das proteínas mutantes. Ligação de pequenas moléculas (retinóides, íons metálicos, clorofilas e antocianinas) à rodopsina foi demonstrada in vitro. O derivado da clorofila, Ce6, mostrou-se mais efetivo, conferindo maior estabilidade e foi então testado em ratos submetidos à degeneração por luz ou em modelos de RP (P23H e S334ter). Observou-se uma proteção contra a degeneração por luz e uma significante diminuição da degeneração no P23H. Em contraste, Ce6 causou um aumento na degeneração dos fotorreceptores do S334ter. Finalmente, resultados clínicos, bioquímicos e in vivo foram comparados e mostraram estar altamente relacionados. / Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited disease that progressively leads to blindness. More than 150 mutations associated with RP are known in rhodopsin, causing its misfolding. This thesis tested the hypothesis that small molecules can rescue folded rhodopsin and/or reduce photoreceptor cell death. RP mutations, N15S and P23H, revealed differences in characteristics and severity of misfolding of the mutant proteins. Binding of small molecule classes (retinals, metal ions, chlorophylls and anthocyanins) to rhodopsin was demonstrated in vitro. The chlorophyll derivative, Ce6, was most effective in conferring stability and therefore tested in rats subjected to light-damage and RP rat models, P23H and S334ter. Protection against the light-induced retinal degeneration and more importantly a significant slowing of the photoreceptor degeneration rate in the P23H rat were observed. In contrast, Ce6 increased photoreceptor degeneration in the S334ter rat. Finally, clinical, biochemical and in vivo rat data were compared and it was found to be highly correlated.
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