The depletion of marine resources and recession in worldwide economy result in impacts on the livelihood and development of many small island countries. Therefore, the community-based coastal resources management (CBCRM) approach has become an important strategy for the sustainable development of marine resources. This thesis reports the studies with regard to the CBCRM in Hujing Island, most importantly, the promotion of aquaculture development into the small island such as the culture of sea-grape (algae Caulerpa). The work was initiated to investigate the relationships between communities and marine resources in Hujing Island under a CBCRM¡¦s ¡§four pillars¡¨ framework. Qualitative methods through participant observation, interviews, and documentary analysis were used for data collection. The results have been summarized according to the framework of "four pillars". 1. In comparison with decades ago, marine resources are depleted and are inadequate to support sustainable development. Population of the community also lost, so it is not possible to develop a new fishery. 2. In terms of technology, the culture of Caulerpa can be successfully established in Hujing Island as well as in other islands in Penghu. 3. The CBCRM approach needs to build up the capacity on aquaculture technology through organizing of local communities. 4. Institutional arrangements of the culture of Caulerpa could follow those used in fishery of Beach Seine.

abstract: The goal of this research was to reduce dislocations and strain in high indium content bulk InGaN to improve quality for optical devices. In an attempt to achieve this goal, InGaN pillars were grown with compositions that matched the composition of the bulk InGaN grown on top. Pillar height and density were optimized to facilitate coalescence on top of the pillars. It was expected that dislocations within the pillars would bend to side facets, thereby reducing the dislocation density in the bulk overgrowth, however this was not observed. It was also expected that pillars would be completely relaxed at the interface with the substrate. It was shown that pillars are mostly relaxed, but not completely. Mechanisms are proposed to explain why threading dislocations did not bend and how complete relaxation may have been achieved by mechanisms outside of interfacial misfit dislocation formation. Phase separation was not observed by TEM but may be related to the limitations of the sample or measurements. High indium observed at facets and stacking faults could be related to the extra photoluminescence peaks measured. This research focused on the InGaN pillars and first stages of coalescence on top of the pillars, saving bulk growth and device optimization for future research. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Materials Science and Engineering 2011

PhD, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, 2010 / The aim of this investigation was to provide a proper design procedure for Merensky crush pillars, based primarily on underground measurements. Three sites with a variety of geotechnical conditions were selected. An interaction between the pillars and the rock mass around the stopes was shown by the literature, relevant laboratory tests and numerical modelling. During the investigations, nonlinear rock behaviour was observed at one of the sites. Further studies revealed that nonlinear behaviour also occurred in samples extracted from high stress conditions at the other sites, but the rock mass was not nonlinear at these sites. A methodology for determining stress from strain measured in nonlinear rock was established. The research also established that there is an approximately linear relationship between peak pillar strength and w/h ratio at ratios between about 1.2 and 8. The so called ‘squat’ effect is not observed because pillar failure is not contained within the pillar but extends into the foundations. A linear peak pillar strength formula was established from back analyses of underground pillar failures and was confirmed by numerical modelling. Pillar behaviour was established from underground measurements on one stability pillar and six crush pillars, which included peak and residual strengths. Also, stable and unstable loading conditions were established from an analysis of pillar bursts and the minimum strata stiffness for stable pillar failure was determined. This stiffness is only achieved near the advancing face and pillars that fail in the back areas are likely to burst. For this reason, pillar design needs to include the peak strength as large pillars may be too strong and fail in the back area. The residual strength also needs to be considered as the load-bearing capacity of these pillars needs to satisfy the criterion of 1 MPa across the stope to prevent back-breaks. This translates into a pillar stress of between 8 MPa and 13 MPa if the pillar lines are spaced 30 m apart. The peak and residual requirements have been included in a design chart, and the relationship between w/h ratio and residual strength is provided in a graph for easy design.

Drawing on Ottoman and British archival sources as well as published materials in Arabic and modern Turkish, this dissertation analyzes how the Hijaz and the hajj to Mecca simultaneously became objects of Ottoman modernization, global public health, international law, and inter-imperial competition during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. I argue that from the early 1880s onward, Ottoman administrators embarked on an ambitious redefinition of the empire’s Arab tribal frontiers. Through modern engineering, technology, medicine, and ethnography, they set out to manage human life and the resources needed to sustain it, transform Bedouins into proper subjects, and gradually replace autonomous political life with more rigorous forms of territorial power. At the same time, with the advent of the steamship colonial regimes identified Mecca as the source of a “twin infection” of sanitary and security threats. Repeated outbreaks of cholera marked steamship-going pilgrimage traffic as a dangerous form of travel and a vehicle for the globalization of epidemic diseases. European, especially British Indian, officials feared that lengthy sojourns in Arabia might expose their Muslim subjects to radicalizing influences from diasporic networks of anti-colonial dissidents and pan-Islamic activists. In contrast to scholarship framing biopolitical surveillance over the hajj as a colonial project, I emphasize the interplay between European and Ottoman visions of quarantines, medical inspections, steamship regulations, passports, and border controls. As with other more overtly strategic projects, such as rail and telegraph lines, I argue that the Ottoman state sought to harness the increasing medicalization of the hajj, Hijazi society, and the Arabian environment as part of a broader assemblage of efforts to consolidate its autonomous southern frontiers. Although historians have frequently held up the Hijaz and the pilgrimage to Mecca as natural assets for the invention of Hamidian tradition and legitimacy, they have often failed to recognize or clearly articulate how the very globalizing technologies of steam, print, and telegraphy, which made the dissemination and management of the Sultan-Caliph’s carefully curated image possible, were only just beginning to make the erection of more meaningful structures of Ottoman governmentality, biopolitical security, and territorial sovereignty in the Hijaz possible. And while modern technologies clearly lay at the very heart of the Hamidian impulse to reform, develop, and modernize the empire, concomitantly these very same technologies were also extending British India’s extraterritorial reach into the Hijaz. Thus, as an alternative to the traditional “Pan-Islamic” framing of the late Ottoman Hijaz, this study seeks to identify the assemblages of legal, documentary, technological, scientific, and environmental questions, the “everyday details” and quotidian “mechanics,” which were actually escalating and intensifying Anglo-Ottoman and wider international clashes over the status of the Hijaz and the administration of the hajj. In a sense, this dissertation is also a history of negation, absence, and contradiction. In order to better understand the possibilities and the limits of late Ottoman rule in the Hijaz, I spend much of this study detailing the enormous obstacles to territorial sovereignty and modern governmentality through an investigation of their Janus-faced inversions, autonomy and extraterritoriality. I argue that the autonomous legal status, exceptions, and special privileges enjoyed by both the Sharifate of Mecca and the Hijazi population (Bedouin and urban) laid bare the compromised nature and limits of Ottoman sovereignty and provided both the gateway and the rationale for the extension of the Capitulations and European extraterritorial protection into corners of the Ottoman world and Muslim spiritual affairs, which prior to the late-nineteenth century had been inconceivable.

Idag är det flera teoretiker inom counterinsurgency (COIN) arenan som har uppfattningen att entusiasmen för klassisk COIN teori är missriktad. Flera menar att dagens insurgent grupper skiljer sig markant från de som har verkat tidigare då dagens konflikter är mera komplexa. En av dessa är den australiske counterinsurgency officeren David Kilcullen. Han har utvecklat en teori eller ramverk som bygger på tre pelare nämligen säkerhet, politik och ekonomi. Dessa tre pelare måste utvecklas parallellt och är lika viktiga för att nå framgång i en COIN operation. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om Frankrikes misslyckande i Algeriet kriget 1954-62 kan förklaras utifrån Kilcullens moderna teori med tre pelare modellen för upprorsbekämpning. Efter erfarenheter från kriget i Indokina hade fransmännen utvecklat en COIN doktrin som de kallade "counterrevolutionary warfare". Denna doktrin innebar att counterinsurgency styrkorna inte bara skulle fokusera på militära medel utan dessa skulle kombineras med politiska och ekonomiska åtgärder för att slå ner ett uppror. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att fransmännen utnyttjade en tre delad strategi bestående av militära, ekonomiska och politiska medel för att försöka vinna över den lokala muslimska befolkningen från upprorsmakarnas sida. Undersökningen visar vidare att på den taktiska och operativa nivån hade doktrinen framgång, men på den strategiska nivån när FLN lyckades göra konflikten internationell genom att visa på franska säkerhetsstyrkors övervåld, nyttjande av tortyr och omflyttning av befolkningen minskade Frankrikes legitimitet att fortsätta konflikten och till slut lämnade fransmännen Algeriet. Studien har visat att det går att förklara Frankrikes misslyckade insats i Algeriet utifrån Kilcullens COIN teori och att en modern COIN teori kan appliceras på ett gammalt krig.

Micro-needle platforms are the core components of many recent drug delivery and gene-editing techniques, which allow for intracellular access, controlled cell membrane stress or mechanical trapping of the nucleus. This dissertation work is devoted to the development of micro-needle platforms that offer customized fabrication and new capabilities for enhanced cell analyses. The highest degree of geometrical flexibility is achieved with 3D printed micro-needles, which enable optimizing the topographical stress environment for cells and cell populations of any size. A fabrication process for 3D-printed micro-needles has been developed as well as a metal coating technique based on standard sputter deposition. This extends the functionalities of the platforms by electrical as well as magnetic features. The micro-needles have been tested on human colon cancer cells (HCT116), showing a high degree of biocompatibility of the platform. Moreover, the capabilities of the 3D-printed micro-needles have been explored for drug delivery via the well-established electroporation technique, by coating the micro-needles with gold. Antibodies and fluorescent dyes have been delivered to HCT116 cells and human embryonic kidney cells with a very high transfection rate up to 90%. In addition, the 3D-printed electroporation platform enables delivery of molecules to suspended cells or adherent cells, with or without electroporation buffer solution, and at ultra-low voltages of 2V. In order to provide a micro-needle platform that exploits existing methods for mass fabrication a custom designed template-based process has been developed. It has been used for the production of gold, iron, nickel and poly-pyrrole micro-needles on silicon and glass substrates. A novel delivery method is introduced that activates the micro-needles by electromagnetic induction, which enables to wirelessly gain intracellular access. The method has been successfully tested on HCT116 cells in culture, where a time-dependent delivery rate has been found. The electromagnetic delivery concept is particularly promising for future in-vivo applications. Finally, the micro-needle platforms developed in this work will provide researchers with new capabilities that will help them to further advance the field of mechanobiology, drug delivery treatments, stem cells research and more. The proposed platforms are capable of applying various stimuli, analyzing cell responses in real time, drug delivery, and they also have the potential to add additional functionalities in the future.

What impact can architecture have on the theology of and worship in church architecture? What is their relationship? How could I combine my lifelong Christian faith and my soon to be profession, so that I might use it to worship and honor God with my architecture? Also, what places might religion have in our society, now that we are becoming more multicultural and perhaps more religious as well. These were questions I wanted to study this semester, and a conversation with my friend gave me a real life example to base my work on, namely to design a church building for his growing church Husbykyrkan.

Filosofin bakom Mora Kulturhus är att det ska vara en plats som ska bjuda in dess besökare för att samlas och uppleva kreation och rekreation. Det ska vara  en plats som får människor att koppla av för att koppla ihop. Genom de mest primitiva komponenter som förenar oss som dans, sång, konst, eld och stjärnhimmeln.  Den valda platsen för projektet är en öppning i skogen mellan Kallfors och Järna. Denna plats är i dagsläget tom och outnyttjad. Det finns goda  kommunikationer till platsen såsom bilvägen (Tvetavägen), välkänt gångstråk (Sörmlandsleden) och en busshållsplats (Pärlängsvägen). Nära till tomten finner man även Logsjön samt Moraån som slingrar sig längs tomten. Genom att aktivera denna plats skapas ett naturligt kommunikationsflöde mellan Kallfors- och Järnabor som i dagsläget upplever en separation sinsemellan.  Programmet innefattar teater, galleri, bibliotek, restaurang/café/bar, foajé, workshoplokal, möteslokal och kontorsrum. Mora Kulturhus är uppdelad i tre byggnader i olika höjder som kopplas samman genom utskjutna tak som överlappar och skapar korridorer utomhus. Byggnadernas placering skapar en innergård. Byggnaden lyfts upp av limträ och betong pelare som möter ett kasett-tak i tjäramålad limträ som binds samman genom en metod som kallas “japanese wood joinery” - där varje element sätts fast i infasningar. Golvet är en betongplatta på mark. Fasaden är glasad - för att ge transparens i byggnaden och lyfta fram den spektakulära naturen som omfamnar den. / The philosophy behind Mora Cultural Center is that it should be a place that invites its visitors to gather and experience creation and recreation. It should be a place that makes people disconnect to reconnect. Through the most primitive components that unite us such as dance, song, art, fire and the starry sky.  The chosen location for the project is an opening in the forest between Kallfors and Järna. This place is currently empty and unused. There are good communications to the site, such as the motor way (Tvetavägen), well-known hiking trail (Sörmlandsleden) and a bus station (Pärlängsvägen). Close to the site you will also find Logsjön and Moraån. By activating this place, a natural communication flow is created between Kallfors- and Järna residents who currently experience a separation between each other. The program includes a theatre, art gallery, library, restaurant / café / bar, foyer, workshop space, conference room and office space. Mora Cultural Center is divided into three buildings with different heights that are connected by suspended roofs that overlap and create outdoor corridors. The position of the buildings creates a courtyard. The building is lifted by glulam and concrete pillars that meet a coffer ceiling in tar-painted glulam which are bound together through a method called "Japanese wood joinery" - where each piece of wood is cut in such a way that they fit together as tightly as if they’d grown that way in the first place. The floor is a concrete slab on the ground. The facade is glazed - to provide transparency in the building and highlight the spectacular nature that embraces it.

Huset består av en pelar/balkstruktur i trä med stora glaspartier mellan. Längst de två viktigaste knutpunkterna, torget och innergården, bildar pelarsättningen en arkad i bottenplan. Arkaden övergår i inglasade balkonger mot torget och en inglasad korridor mot innergården på de övre våningarna. Målet med stadsdelshuset är att skapa en öppen och välkomnande känsla. Därför finns det inget våningsplan som är helt stängt för allmänheten utan varje våningsplan har gemensamma mötesrum tillgängliga för alla att boka, och dessa ligger i anslutning till de inglasade balkongerna som också är till för alla. De stora glaspartierna ska även bidra till en öppenhet där man inte försvinner upp i byggnaden utan alltid har en kontakt med utsidan. Trä har många fördelar, dels är det förnybart och miljövänligt men det har också en bevisad positiv effekt för kontorsmiljöer. Därför tillåts konstruktionen följa med in i byggnaden och syns invändigt under bjälklaget. / The house is based on a GLT pillar and beam-construction with large glazing between the wooden structure. Along the two most importants areas, the square and the courtyard, the pillars create an arcade on entry level. The arcade merges into glazed balconies facing the square and glazed corridors facing the courtyard on the upper levels.The goal with the district hall is to create an open and welcoming feeling. That is why there is no level in the building which is completely shut off from the public. Every floor has public meeting rooms available for everyone to book and the rooms are connected to the balconies also available for everyone to use. The use of large glazing is also providing an open feeling where you don’t disappear into the building but you have a connection to the outside. Timber was chosen as main material since it has a lot of advantages. Partly because it is one of the most eco-friendly materials to use, but also because it has positive effect in an office environment. Because of this, the construction is visible from the inside of the building, bringing the timber into the work environment.

With the continued evolution of MEMS-based gas chromatography, the drive to develop new standalone systems with lower power consumptions and higher portability has increased. However, with improvements come tradeoffs, and trying to reduce the pressure drop requirements of previously reported semi-packed columns causes a significant sacrifice in separation efficiency. This thesis covers the techniques for evaluating the separation column in a gas chromatography system as well as the important parameters that have the most effect on a column’s efficiency. Ionic liquids are introduced as a stable and versatile stationary phase for micro separation columns. It then describes a MEMS-based separation column design utilizing density modulation of embedded micro-pillars which attempts to optimize the balance between separation efficiency and pressure drop. / Master of Science / Gas chromatography is a technique used by scientists to separate and identify chemical compounds present in a given test mixture. It is a versatile technique that can be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex mixtures in a variety of applications. However, typical gas chromatography systems are confined to a lab because they are large and consume a lot of power. In order to overcome these problems, different research groups have focused their attention towards the development of portable MEMS-based gas chromatography systems. By miniaturizing the various components of a gas chromatography system, these two main issues can be alleviated. This thesis covers the strategies used to develop and evaluate the separation column of a gas chromatography system and introduce a new MEMS-based column design that will further reduce the power consumption.