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Elucidating patterns of connectivity for species of conservation concern is crucial in the design of networks of ecologically coherent marine protected areas, and therefore is considered in the design of such a network recently proposed to the UK Government. However, data concerning connectivity are deficient for most invertebrate sessile taxa. Therefore, this study used microsatellite panels developed de novo to assess the population genetic structure and genetic connectivity of two temperate octocorals in the North East Atlantic. Microsatellite panels for both species show evidence of cross-species transferability, and therefore in future may prove to be useful monitoring tools for the target species but also for congenerics further afield in Europe. Eunicella verrucosa (O. Alcyonacea: S.O.Holaxonia: F. Gorgoniidae), a threatened and IUCN red-listed sea fan, was sampled in the northerly extremes of its eastern Atlantic range in southern Portugal, Brittany, the South West UK and western Ireland. In this vicinity, connectivity appears to be defined at regional scales and localised cases of inbreeding and differentiation suggest that the population structure of this species is best described as a metapopulation. Alcyonium digitatum (O. Alcyonacea: S.O. Alcyoniina: F. Alcyoniidae), a soft coral, was sampled in the central portion of its range in Brittany, western Ireland, south west UK and the North Sea. This species exhibited very little population structure and apparent panmixia across the sampled range. However, high levels of heterozygote deficiencies and inbreeding in the majority of populations implies that the genetic structure of some populations of this species may be defined by self-seeding and rarer dispersal events that occur sufficiently often to offset divergence via genetic drift. Coalescent analyses indicate that in both species, migration between regions occurs asymmetrically. The presence of few duplicate genotypes in both datasets implies that sexual reproduction predominates in both species in the sampled area. Eunicella verrucosa is a charismatic species that is often used to promote marine conservation efforts in the UK and A. digitatum is a ubiquitous animal around western European coasts; the two species often occur together and both may suffer the damaging effects of mobile fishing gears. This research represents the first population genetic assessment of both species and the first time microsatellites have been used to assess population structure of octocorals in the North East Atlantic.

Foi desenvolvido um método de recuperação de proteína de cefalotórax de camarão-rosa (Penaeus brasiliensis e Penaeus paulensis), tendo como base a separação física e a insolubilização por precipitação isoelétrica (pH 4,5) e aquecimento (70-75°C/5min), caracterizando-se posteriormente o produto obtido e o resíduo sólido resultante. O método empregado propiciou um rendimento de cerca de 2% e a proteína recuperada mostrou-se acompanhada de reduzida quantidade de cálcio (0,03%) e quitina (0,5%) e de níveis de metais tóxicos (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu e Zn) muito abaixo de limites permitidos em alimentos. Com base no cômputo químico dos amino ácidos essenciais, a proteína obtida apresentou uma qualidade nutricional de 54% e de 90%, em relação à caseína e à proteína da F.A.O/O.M.S, respectivamente, limitada primariamente pelo triptofano. A eficiência desta proteína em promover o crescimento dos animais foi de 81%, comparada à caseína, prejudicada parcialmente por sua digestibilidade (78%). A solubilidade da proteína estudada foi baixa a pH 7 (8,70%) e pôde ser melhorada (20 a 97,5%) através de tratamento alcalino e/ou eliminação do aquecimento na recuperação da mesma. Sua capacidade de emulsificação foi de 31% a 125% comparada à da proteína de soja comercial (Proteimax 90 HG), quando adotou-se também o tratamento alcalino e/ou a eliminação do aquecimento na sua recuperação. Com base no cômputo químico dos amino ácidos essenciais, a qualidade nutricional da proteína do residuo foi de 21% e de 35%, respectivamente em relação à caseína e à proteína da F.A.O/0.M.S., com limitação primária em triptofano. O rendimento em quitina e em quitosana atingiu 2,7g e 2,5g a partir do resíduo equivalente a 100g de cefalotórax ou 29g e 26g para cada 100g do mesmo, respectivamente. / A method for the protein recuperation from pink shrimp (Penaeus brasilensis and Penaeus palensis) cephalotorax was developed and the recuperated product and generated solid waste were characterized. The physical separation and protein insolubilization by isoelectric precipitation (pH4,5) and heating (70-75°C/5min) were the base of this method. The method promoted a yie1d of 2% and the protein product showed low quantities of calcium (0,03%) and chitin (0,5%) and very low quantities of toxic metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn) in relation to limits permited in foods. Based on the essential amino acids chemical score the recuperated protein showed a nutritional quality of 54% and 90%, compared to casein and F.A.O/O.M.S reference protein, respectively, primarily limited in triptophan. The eficiency of this protein in animal growth promotion was of 81% in relation to casein, limited partially by its digestibility (78%). The solubilty of the protein was low at pH 7 (8,70%) and was improved (20 to 97,5%) through the alkaline treatment and/or heating elimination in its recuperation. The emulsification capacity of this protein was from 31% to 125% campared to commercial say protein (Proteimax 90 HG) when the a1ka1ine treatment and/or heating elimination was also used. Accarding to the essential amino acids chemical score the protein nutritional quality of the solid waste was of 21% and 35% respectively, in relation to casein and F.A.O/O.M.S. reference proteint with primary limitation in triptophan. The yield in chitin and chitosan was 2,7g and 2,5g/100g cephalotorax or 29g and 26g/100g solid waste, respectively.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2018-01-31T22:05:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Calila Teixeira Santos-Tese.pdf: 4768163 bytes, checksum: d983e00648de308f628e91544b43f14c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-31T22:05:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Calila Teixeira Santos-Tese.pdf: 4768163 bytes, checksum: d983e00648de308f628e91544b43f14c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The present study had as main objective to obtain bioactive extracts of the fruits of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (STF), with antioxidant and antimicrobial action, for incorporation in a bioactive package for foods, besides inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. The extraction process performed by focussed microwave (EAMF) and ultrasound (UAE). The comparison between extraction methods was monitored by the biological activities of these extracts. The results showed that for the yield there was no significant difference. For the EAMF assays, the best value of phenolic (5950 ? 1.4 mgGAE / g) and total flavonoids (1750 ? 3.2 mgEQ / g) was at the extraction time of 25 minutes at 51 ? C and with 75% ethanol. For the assays obtained by EAU, the best total phenolic content was (92.2 ? 0.8 mgGAE / g) in the EAU 10 test (extraction time of 30 minutes at 42 ? C and 50% ethanol) And flavonoids (67.72 ? 1.0 mgEQ / g) in the UAE 12 assay (extraction time of 17.5 minutes at 60 ? C and 50% ethanol). The best values for percent inhibition (% SRL) were 87.3% (EAMF 8) and 31.3% (UAE 12). Mass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of phenolic compounds and terpenes. In relation to the antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained by EAMF, the MIC for S. aureus was 0.5 mg / ml for E. coli 0.25 mg / ml, whereas the extract of EAU presented MIC of 0.5 mg / Ml for the two microorganisms analyzed. In the phytochemical study, it was possible to isolate 7 substances: agasthiflavone, tetrahydrorobustaflavone, masticadienoic acid (Z), masticadienoic acid (E), schinol, gallic acid and squalene, as well as a mixture with unsaturated fatty acid profile and a mixture with trisaccharide characteristics. Their chemical structures being determined by spectrophotometric methods such as 1H and 13C NMR, UV and MS. Two of the 17 EAMF extracts were selected, which were incorporated into an active high-methoxylation pectin-based film called "Extract 2" and "Extract 8" in various concentrations (0, 1, 3 and 5%). The films had a mean thickness of 0.007 mm for all concentrations of the extracts tested. It was observed in relation to the mechanical properties that there was an interaction of the polyphenolic components of the extracts with the materials used in the production of the films. The films were more permeable to water vapor (6.18-7.80 g.mm/m2.h.kPa) than the control film (5.12 g.mm/m2.h.kPa). The films of both extracts showed good thermal stability independent of the concentration tested. The films produced in this study presented antioxidant activity, and the films added from extract 8 presented the best% SRL values (54.45 and 67.08, respectively). All films obtained inhibition halo against the microorganisms tested. In view of the results, it can be inferred that FTS have antioxidant potential, antimicrobial activity and high inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and can be used in cosmetics, nutraceuticals and food industry, as well as a promising alternative in the production of active films. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal obter extratos bioativos dos frutos de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (STF), com a??o antioxidante e antimicrobiana, para incorpora??o em uma embalagem bioativa para alimentos, al?m de inibi??o da acetilcolinesterase. O processo de extra??o foi realizado por micro-ondas focalizado (EAMF) e ultrassom (EAU). A compara??o entre os m?todos de extra??o foi monitorada pelas atividades biol?gicas desses extratos. Os resultados mostraram que para o rendimento n?o teve diferen?a significativa. Para os ensaios de EAMF o melhor valor de fen?lico (5950 ? 1,4 mgGAE/g) e flavonoides totais (1750 ? 3,2 mgEQ/g) foi no tempo de extra??o de 25 minutos, na temperatura de 51 ?C e com 75% de etanol. Para os ensaios obtidos por EAU o melhor teor de fen?licos totais foi (92,2 ? 0,8 mgGAE /g) no ensaio EAU 10 (tempo de extra??o de 30 minutos, na temperatura de 42 ?C e com 50% de etanol) e de flavonoides (67,72 ? 1,0 mgEQ /g) no ensaio EAU 12(tempo de extra??o de 17,5 minutos, na temperatura de 60 ?C e com 50% de etanol). Os melhores valores para a percentagem de inibi??o (%SRL) foi de 87,3% (EAMF 8) e 31,3% (EAU 12). A an?lise por espectrometria de massa mostrou a presen?a de compostos fen?licos e terpenos. Em rela??o ? atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos obtidos por EAMF, a CIM para S. aureus foi de 0,5 mg/ml, para E. coli 0,25 mg/ml, enquanto que o extrato de EAU apresentou CIM de 0,5 mg/ml para os dois microrganismos analisados. No estudo fitoqu?mico foi poss?vel isolar 7 subst?ncias: agasthiflavona, tetrahidrorobustaflavona, ?cido masticadienoico (Z), ?cido masticadienoico (E), schinol, ?cido g?lico e o esqualeno, al?m de uma mistura com perfil de ?cidos graxos insaturados e uma mistura com caracter?stica de trissacar?deos. Sendo suas estruturas qu?micas determinadas por m?todos espectrom?tricos tais como RMN 1H e 13C, UV e EM. Selecionou-se 2 dos 17 extratos EAMF, os mesmos foram incorporados em um filme ativo, ? base de pectina de alta metoxila??o, denominados ?Extrato 2? e ?Extrato 8? em concentra??es diversas (0, 1, 3 e 5%). Os filmes apresentaram espessura m?dias de 0,007 mm para todas as concentra??es dos extratos testados. Observou-se em rela??o as propriedades mec?nicas que houve uma intera??o dos componentes polifen?licos dos extratos com os materiais utilizados na produ??o dos filmes. Os filmes foram mais perme?veis ao vapor d??gua (6,18?7,80 g.mm/m2.h.kPa) do que o filme controle (5,12 g.mm/m2.h.kPa). Os filmes de ambos extratos mostraram uma boa estabilidade t?rmica independente da concentra??o testada. Os filmes produzidos neste estudo apresentaram atividade antioxidante, sendo que os filmes adicionados do extrato 8 apresentaram os melhores valores de %SRL (54,45 e 67,08, respectivamente). Todos os filmes obtiveram halo de inibi??o contra os micro-organismo testados. Diante dos resultados encontrados pode-se inferir que os STF t?m potencial antioxidante, atividade antimicrobiana e alta inibi??o de acetilcolinesterase podendo ser utilizados em cosm?ticos, produtos nutrac?uticos e na ind?stria alimentar, al?m de uma alternativa promissora na produ??o de filmes ativos.

Bubble Guts gave a purpose to my collection, which enabled me to invent the structure of the experience at Bubble Guts Enterprizes.

Despite her immense popularity in the nineteenth century, Constance Fenimore Woolson's reputation dwindled substantially in the decades which followed. While her works have been rediscovered over the past thirty years, they are often categorized as regionalist writing or, in the case of her penultimate novel, Jupiter Lights, melodrama. What many fail to consider, however, is that Woolson very much considered herself a realist author, and may have been remembered as such were it not for the influence of William Dean Howells and his peers, whose very narrow parameters for literary realism excluded Woolson, among others. Unfortunately, those parameters are still with us today, and exclude many authors whose realities do not conform to Howells’s original scope. In this thesis, I examine the biographical and historical context for Woolson’s lesser-known works, arguing that they demonstrate a type of empathetic realism which must not be ignored by current scholars of American literature.

Thesis (M.Sc. ( Zoology)) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / The fieldwork for this study was carried out from October 2008 to October 2010, under the supervision of Professor D. Engelbrecht of the Department of Biodiversity at the University of Limpopo. Professor Engelbrecht kindly agreed to provide me with raw breeding data of the same population collected during 2008. This study represents original work by the author and where work of other authors has been used; they are duly acknowledged in the text and listed as references. Chapter 1 is a general introduction to the family Alaudidae in which their characteristics and taxonomy are discussed. This is followed by a brief overview of the general biology and ecology of larks of the world in general, followed by a more specific emphasis on the genus Spizocorys, and finally the Pink-billed Lark. In this section, gaps in the available knowledge of Pink-billed Larks are highlighted. This chapter culminates in the aim and objectives of this study. In Chapter 2 the various aspects of the breeding biology of the Pink-billed Lark are reported. This includes, amongst others, aspects such as breeding seasonality, clutch sizes, roles of the sexes during the breeding cycle and breeding success. Chapter 3 provides the results of a morphometric study of museum study skins from across the species range. This includes an analysis of sexual size dimorphism and geographical variation of the different subspecies. This chapter also provides a brief description of the timing and pattern of moult and the various vocalizations of the Pink-billed Lark. Chapter 4 concludes the dissertation with a summary of the results of this study and highlights avenues for future research on the species and the family. The format of Chapters 2 and 3 takes the form of research papers that can be submitted for publication with minimum editing. Chapter 2 has been published in the Journal of African Zoology (see below). Chapter 3 is in preparation for submission to a peer-reviewed journal. As such, there is some repetition in the introductory paragraphs and concluding remarks of chapters 2, 3 and 4. To give this manuscript a degree of uniformity, the literature cited in all chapters has been formatted according to the manuscript requirements of the Journal of African Zoology, and a reference list appears at the end of the dissertation. Tables and figures are arranged at the end of each chapter.

A pink color defect is commonly observed in freshly cut surfaces of cooked turkey rolls and fades rapidly upon exposure to air. The non uniform pink color makes the product appear undercooked, and the product must be discounted. The oxidation-reduction potential of the meat is important in development of pink defect. A pink color similar to that of commercial product was observed when the cooked meat was treated with either sodium nitrite or sodium dithionite. The pink color in nitrite treated meat was due to nitroso pigment formation, but in samples treated with dithionite the pink color was due to formation of a hemochrome complex. Pink color was also observed in turkey rolls formulated with nicotinic acid, nicotinamide or sodium nitrite. Reflectance and absorbance spectrophotometric studies on commercial or laboratory prepared samples having pink defect showed that the responsible pigment was a reduced hemochrome rather than a nitroso pigment. The hemochrome is probably a nicotinamide-denatured globin complex with ferrous iron of the heme molecule. Oxidation-reduction potential measurement of meat systems showed that hemochrome formation is promoted by reducing conditions and prevented by oxidizing conditions. All constituents necessary for formation of pink defect are present in turkey meat, the variable most affecting its appearance being the redox potential of the meat.

This study examined the ant communities of several grasslands of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and their relevance to the pink-tailed legless lizard, Aprasia parapulchella (Pygopodidae). A. parapulchella is a fossorial species that shares burrows with, and eats the brood of, several grassland ant species. Foraging ants were collected from sites by pitfall trapping throughout one calendar year and comparisons of ant communities made between seasons and sites of differing vegetation structure. Competition between ant species for artificial nest sites and the effects of temperature on selection of nest site selection were also studied. The role that ants play in the distribution of A. parapulchella was investigated by (i) comparing ant faunas from several sites throughout the geographic range of the lizard, including sites in New South Wales and Victoria, (ii) performing feeding preference experiments with A. parapulchella, and (iii) investigating the seasonal nature of brood production and nest establishment by ants in ACT grasslands. Major findings were used to make recommendations to assist in the management, including rehabilitation, of A. parapulchella grassland sites. Low insolation appears to significantly affect the ant species composition of grassland sites in the ACT relative to other Australian vegetation types. In the ACT grassland sites, large species of the Dominant Dolichoderinae functional group were absent, or present only in very low numbers. The communities were species-poor relative to other Australian studies with only 60 species being recorded across all sites studied, with no more than 21 species recorded at any site on any sampling occasion. Whilst ant species community structure was highly variable between seasons and sites, more than 95% of ants were from the three functional groups, Dominant Dolichoderinae, Generalized Myrmicinae and Opportunists. The communities were numerically dominated throughout the year by the ubiquitous species groups Iridomyrmex 'rufoniger' and Rhytidoponera 'metallica'. Almost all taxa increased in foraging abundance during summer months and Pheidole spp., Monomorium spp., Crematogaster sp. Paratrechina sp. and Notoncus ectalomoides were occasionally locally abundant. There were no significant relationships between ant and vegetation community structures, but Solenopsis sp. showed an alliance with sites that had a high abundance of Themeda australis (kangaroo grass), whilst Crematogaster sp. and Paratrechina sp. are potential bioindicators of disturbance from grazing or pasture improvement. Iridomyrmex 'rufoniger' were the numerically dominant foraging ants, making up 50% of all captures, but they held only 80% of their nest sites when faced with competition from other species. R. 'metallica' and Pheidole spp. on the other hand, gained 80% more nests than they lost to other taxa. I. 'rufoniger' and R. 'metallica' both preferred nest sites with warmer temperature regimes when given the choice, and this assisted them to tend brood throughout the year. All ant species in ACT grasslands had summer peaks in brood production. Most nests were inactive throughout the cooler months and nest founding was predominantly between September and November. The common species, Iridomyrmex spp., Paratrechina sp. and R. 'metallica' held winged reproductives in their nests from April and all ant taxa had released all alates by mid- November. Although there were differences in ant community structure throughout the range of A. parapulchella, the ubiquitous R. 'metallica' and I. 'rufoniger' were always abundant, whilst again, Dominant Dolichoderinae and associated subordinate taxa were absent or present only in relatively low numbers. The lizards consumed brood from all the common ant species in ACT grasslands and showed preference for consuming brood of, and living with, small Iridomyrmex spp. The range of the small Iridomyrmex spp. preferred by A. parapulchella extends far beyond that of the lizard. Its distribution is apparently not restricted by the range of its ant prey species. For rehabilitation of A. parapulchella sites in the ACT, it is recommended that a significant ground cover of native grasses is established to ensure the low abundance of large and territorial ants from the Dominant Dolichoderinae functional group. Along with a high abundance of shallow surface rocks, this will ensure the establishment of ant communities that are numerically dominated by small Iridomyrmex spp., which are preferred by A. parapulchella for homesite sharing and as a food source.