Estudo fitoquímico dos extratos de folhas e galhos de Peperomia villipefiola (\"hierba de la plata\"), coletada no Peru, resultou no isolamento e caracterização da miristicina (3-metoxi-4,5-metilenedioxi-alil-benzene) e sete novos cromenos. Os cromenos tiveram suas estruturas elucidadas através de análises espectroscópicas como sendo: 5-hidroxi-7-metil-2,2-dimetil-2H-1-cromeno-6-carboxilato de metila (PVL1), 7-metil-5-metoxi-2,2-dimetil-2H-1-cromeno-8-carboxilato de metila (PVL2), 7-hydroxy-5-metil-2,2-dimetil-2H-1-cromeno-6-carboxilato de metila (PVL3), 5-metil-7-metoxi-2,2-dimetil-2H-1-cromeno-6-carboxilato de metila (PVL4), ácido 7-hidroxi-5-metanol-2,2-dimetil-2H-1-cromeno-6-carboxílico (PVL5), ácido 5-metanol-7-metoxi-2,2-dimetil-2H-1-cromeno-6-carboxílico (PVL6) e 5-acetoximetanol-7-hidroxi-2,2-dimetil-2H-1-cromeno-6-carboxilato de metila (PVL7). Uma proposta biossintética foi sugerida, no qual o anel aromático seria formado pela via policetídica enquanto que a porção isoprênica poderia ser oriunda tanto da via do mevalonato quanto da via do fosfato de metileritriol. / The leaves and stems extracts from the Peperomia villipetiola (\"herb of the silver\"), collected in Peru, yielded myristicine (3-methoxy-4,5-methy/enedioxy-allylbenzene) and seven new chromenes. The chromenes, all new compounds, had their structures elucidated by means of spectroscopic analysis as: methyl 5-hydroxy-7-methyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene-6-carboxylate (PVL1), methyl 5-methoxy-7-methyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene-8-carboxylate (PVL2), methyl 7-hydroxy-5-methyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene-6-carboxylate (PVL3), methyl 7-methoxy-5-methyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene-6-carboxylate (PVL4), 5-methanol7-hydroxy-2 ,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene-6-carboxylic acid (PVL5), 5-methanol-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene-6-carboxylic acid (PVL6), and methyl 5-acetoxymethanol-7-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene-6-carboxylate (PVL7). A biosynthetic scheme was suggested in which the aromatic ring should be formed by polyketide pathway while the isoprenyl moiety either from mevalonic acid or methylerythriol phosphate pathway.

Estudo fitoquímico dos extratos de folhas e galhos de Peperomia villipefiola (\"hierba de la plata\"), coletada no Peru, resultou no isolamento e caracterização da miristicina (3-metoxi-4,5-metilenedioxi-alil-benzene) e sete novos cromenos. Os cromenos tiveram suas estruturas elucidadas através de análises espectroscópicas como sendo: 5-hidroxi-7-metil-2,2-dimetil-2H-1-cromeno-6-carboxilato de metila (PVL1), 7-metil-5-metoxi-2,2-dimetil-2H-1-cromeno-8-carboxilato de metila (PVL2), 7-hydroxy-5-metil-2,2-dimetil-2H-1-cromeno-6-carboxilato de metila (PVL3), 5-metil-7-metoxi-2,2-dimetil-2H-1-cromeno-6-carboxilato de metila (PVL4), ácido 7-hidroxi-5-metanol-2,2-dimetil-2H-1-cromeno-6-carboxílico (PVL5), ácido 5-metanol-7-metoxi-2,2-dimetil-2H-1-cromeno-6-carboxílico (PVL6) e 5-acetoximetanol-7-hidroxi-2,2-dimetil-2H-1-cromeno-6-carboxilato de metila (PVL7). Uma proposta biossintética foi sugerida, no qual o anel aromático seria formado pela via policetídica enquanto que a porção isoprênica poderia ser oriunda tanto da via do mevalonato quanto da via do fosfato de metileritriol. / The leaves and stems extracts from the Peperomia villipetiola (\"herb of the silver\"), collected in Peru, yielded myristicine (3-methoxy-4,5-methy/enedioxy-allylbenzene) and seven new chromenes. The chromenes, all new compounds, had their structures elucidated by means of spectroscopic analysis as: methyl 5-hydroxy-7-methyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene-6-carboxylate (PVL1), methyl 5-methoxy-7-methyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene-8-carboxylate (PVL2), methyl 7-hydroxy-5-methyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene-6-carboxylate (PVL3), methyl 7-methoxy-5-methyl-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene-6-carboxylate (PVL4), 5-methanol7-hydroxy-2 ,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene-6-carboxylic acid (PVL5), 5-methanol-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene-6-carboxylic acid (PVL6), and methyl 5-acetoxymethanol-7-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-chromene-6-carboxylate (PVL7). A biosynthetic scheme was suggested in which the aromatic ring should be formed by polyketide pathway while the isoprenyl moiety either from mevalonic acid or methylerythriol phosphate pathway.

Submitted by Milena Dias (milena.dias@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-12T19:03:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertaçao Aline Silva.pdf: 3147073 bytes, checksum: f8645deeb4e56c8d13d2aca9b0d2166d (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-12T19:03:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertaçao Aline Silva.pdf: 3147073 bytes, checksum: f8645deeb4e56c8d13d2aca9b0d2166d (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / CNPq, PNADB, FACEPE / Piperaceae possui cinco gêneros, aproximadamente 3.600 espécies com distribuição pantropical, e no Brasil a família está representada com cerca de 450 táxons. Dentre os diversos trabalhos realizados em Piperaceae no país, a maioria está na região sudeste. Portanto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar o estudo taxonômico das espécies que ocorrem no Parque Nacional do Viruá, estado de Roraima. As coletas foram realizadas entre setembro de 2011 e agosto de 2012, além de levantamento nos herbários. Foram encontrados 16 táxons, sendo 12 do gênero Piper L. e quatro de Peperomia Ruiz. & Pav. Onze táxons são novos registros para o estado, além de um novo registro para o Brasil. A maioria das espécies foi coletada em áreas de Floresta de Terras Baixas, além de Florestas de Várzea.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24079号 / 理博第4846号 / 新制||理||1693(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 田村 実, 教授 工藤 洋, 教授 松下 智直 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Os afídeos são importantes pragas na agricultura, principalmente por serem vetores de fitovírus, os quais são transmitidos geralmente no momento da picada de prova. Além disso, os afídeos também removem os aminoácidos nitrogenados das plantas ao se alimentarem no floema e injetam substâncias presentes na saliva, que interferem na fisiologia da planta. Entre as táticas de controle para o manejo integrado desses insetos, pode-se citar o emprego de inseticidas químicos ou botânicos e o uso de produtos repelentes que tornam as plantas pulverizadas não atrativas, evitando que pulgões pousem e se alimentem normalmente da planta. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se estudar a bioatividade de extratos orgânicos das Meliaceae Trichilia pallida, Trichillia claussenii,Trichilia catigua, Toona ciliata e Guarea guidonia e dos óleos essenciais das Piperaceae Piper amalago, Piper umbellatum, Piper claussenianum e Piper sp. em relação a pulgões, utilizando como espécie-modelo R. maidis. Os extratos orgânicos das Meliaceae foram obtidos, por maceração, com o uso dos solventes hexano, diclorometano e etanol, nessa sequência de extração. O extrato hexânico de T. pallida foi o que apresentou a maior atividade aficida, sendo então selecionado para fracionamento por cromatografia de coluna rápida utilizando, sequencialmente, os solventes hexano, acetato de etila e metanol. Entre as frações, a hexânica causou a maior mortalidade, sendo selecionada para a determinação dos modos de ação sobre R. maidis. A referida fração não apresentou ação de contato e nem ação neurotóxica; entretanto, foi constatada ação translaminar. No ensaio com Electrical Penetration Graph - EPG, os insetos apresentaram maior dificuldade para se alimentar. Entre as Piperaceae, a maior repelência e mortalidade a R. maidis foi causada por P. claussenianum, cujo óleo essencial foi então selecionado para os testes subsequentes. Sua atividade inseticida ocorreu por contato, causando rápida mortalidade, acreditandose, assim, tratar-se de um efeito neurotóxico; não foi constatado, entretanto, efeito fumigante. Quanto às alterações comportamentais, constatou-se efeito repelente sobre alados por meio de teste com olfatômetro e o efeito fagodeterrente com uso do EPG. Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que entre os extratos orgânicos e óleos essenciais testados, a fração hexânica do extrato hexânico de T. pallida apresenta substâncias com atividade inseticida sobre R. maidis, sendo uma possível fonte para síntese de novos inseticidas e que o óleo essencial de P. claussenianum pode ser utilizado diretamente no controle de pulgões ou servir de fonte para a identificação de moléculas inseticidas para a síntese. / Aphids are important pests in agriculture mainly because they are vectors of phytovíruses, which are normally transmitted during the aphids probe. In addition, aphids not only remove amino-nitrogen from the plants while feeding in the phloem but also inject substances present in their saliva, which interfere in plant physiology. Among the strategies for the integrated management of these insects, we can state the use of chemical or botanical insecticides as well as repellents which turn the plants into nonattractive ones, thus avoiding that aphids land and feed normally from the plant. Therefore, we studied the bioactivity of organic extracts from the Meliaceae plants Trichilia pallida, Trichilia claussenii, Trichilia catigua, Toona ciliata and Guarea guidonia and essential oils from the Piperaceae plants Piper amalago, Piper umbellatum, Piper claussenianum and Piper sp. against aphids, using R. maidis as a model species. Organic extracts from Meliaceae were obtained by maceration technique using hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol solvents, in this sequence of extraction. Hexanic extract from T. pallida provoked the highest activity against aphids being chosen for the fractionation using a chromatographic column with fast flow and using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvents, in this sequence. Hexanic fraction provoked the highest mortality among the fractions evaluated being chosen in order to understand its modes of action on R. maidis. This fraction had neither mode of action by contact nor neurotoxic action; however, its translaminar action was proved. Using the Electrical Penetration Graph - EPG, we observed that most of the insects had difficulty to feed themselves. Among the Piperaceae plants, the highest repellency and mortality of R. maidis was caused by P. claussenianum which was selected for the subsequent assays. Its insecticidal activity occurred through contact causing a fast mortality perhaps due to a neurotoxic effect. Nevertheless, a fumigant effect was not observed. With regard to behavioral changes, a repellent effect was proven on alates through olfactometer assay and a phagodeterrent effect was proven using EPG assay. According to the results, we concluded that among the organic extracts and essential oils evaluated, the hexanic fraction from hexanic extract from T. pallida contains substances with insecticidal activity against R. maidis being a potential source for synthesis of new insecticides while the essential oil from P. claussenianum may be used both to control aphids and to be a source for identification of insecticidal molecules aiming their synthesis.

O estudo químico das folhas e dos frutos de P. richardiaefolium resultou no isolamento de oito lignanas, sendo duas lignanas furofurânicas (sesamina e kobusina), quatro lignanas dibenzilbutirolactônicas (hinokinina, kusunokinina, arctigenina e haplomirfolina), duas lignanas dibenzilbutirolactólicas (cubebina e 3,4- dimetoxi-3,4-desmetilenodioxicubebina), dois cinamatos de bornila (ferulato de bornila e cumarato de bornila) e na identificação de duas amidas (piplartina e diidropiplartina). Das folhas de P. richardiaefolium foi extraído e analisado o óleo volátil. As estruturas das substâncias isoladas foram identificadas através de métodos espectroscópicos (RMN de 1H e de 13C e espectrometria de massas). O estudo de análise de componentes principais (PCA) das espécies Piper (P. truncatum - k 616, P. richardiaefolium - k 290, P. richardiaefolium - k 350, P. richardiaefolium - k 593, P. truncatum - k 597, P. pseudopotifolium - k 598, P. richardiaefolium - k 854, P. richardiaefolium - k 610, P. truncatum - k 112, P. pseudopotifolium - k 211 e P. cernuum - k 137) permitiu agrupar as espécies em dois grandes grupos e quatro subgrupos em relação à similaridade entre elas. Ligninas do caule de seis espécies de Piper foram extraídas utilizando o método de degradação de Klason e método de Bjorkman, e analisadas por métodos espectroscópicos (IV, RMN de 1H e de 13C). O método de degradação por oxidação por nitrobenzeno foi o escolhido para determinar a relação entre os monolignóis siringila e guaiacila. Os principais metabólitos das espécies estudadas foram comparados com os tipos de ligninas das mesmas espécies e os resultados sugeriram uma independência entre as vias biossintéticas de ligninas e lignanas. / The chemical study of leaves and the fruits of P. richardiaefolium resulted in the isolation of eight lignans, being two furofurânics lignans (sesamin and kobusin), four dibenzylbutirolactonics lignans (hinokinin, kusunokinin, arctigenin and haplomirfolin), two dibenzylbutirolactolics lignans (cubebin and 3\',4\'-dimethoxy-3,4- desmethylenedioxicubebin), two cinnamates (bornyl ferulate and bornyl cumarate) and in the identification of two amides (piplartine and dihydropiplartine). Of leaves of P. richardiaefolium was extracted and analyzed the volatile oil. The structures of isolated substances had been identified using the spectroscopic methods (1H and 13C NMR) and mass spectrometry. The study of principal components analysis (PCA) of the species Piper (P. truncatum - k 616, P. richardiaefolium - k 290, P. richardiaefolium - k 350, P. richardiaefolium - k 593, P. truncatum - k 597, P. pseudopotifolium - k 598, P. richardiaefolium - k 854, P. richardiaefolium - k 610, P. truncatum - k 112, P. pseudopotifolium - k 211 and P. cernuum - k 137) allowed the separation in two groups and four sub-groups. Lignins of stem of six species of Piper had been extracted using the method of degradation of Klason and method of Bjorkman, and analyzed for spectroscopic methods (IR, 1H and 13C NMR). The degradation method by nitrobenzene oxidation was chosen to determine the relationship between monolignols syringil and guaiacyl moieties. The major metabolities of the Piper species were compared to the lignins types of the same species and the results suggested independence between the biosynthetic pathways of lignins and lignans.

Os afídeos são importantes pragas na agricultura, principalmente por serem vetores de fitovírus, os quais são transmitidos geralmente no momento da picada de prova. Além disso, os afídeos também removem os aminoácidos nitrogenados das plantas ao se alimentarem no floema e injetam substâncias presentes na saliva, que interferem na fisiologia da planta. Entre as táticas de controle para o manejo integrado desses insetos, pode-se citar o emprego de inseticidas químicos ou botânicos e o uso de produtos repelentes que tornam as plantas pulverizadas não atrativas, evitando que pulgões pousem e se alimentem normalmente da planta. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se estudar a bioatividade de extratos orgânicos das Meliaceae Trichilia pallida, Trichillia claussenii,Trichilia catigua, Toona ciliata e Guarea guidonia e dos óleos essenciais das Piperaceae Piper amalago, Piper umbellatum, Piper claussenianum e Piper sp. em relação a pulgões, utilizando como espécie-modelo R. maidis. Os extratos orgânicos das Meliaceae foram obtidos, por maceração, com o uso dos solventes hexano, diclorometano e etanol, nessa sequência de extração. O extrato hexânico de T. pallida foi o que apresentou a maior atividade aficida, sendo então selecionado para fracionamento por cromatografia de coluna rápida utilizando, sequencialmente, os solventes hexano, acetato de etila e metanol. Entre as frações, a hexânica causou a maior mortalidade, sendo selecionada para a determinação dos modos de ação sobre R. maidis. A referida fração não apresentou ação de contato e nem ação neurotóxica; entretanto, foi constatada ação translaminar. No ensaio com Electrical Penetration Graph - EPG, os insetos apresentaram maior dificuldade para se alimentar. Entre as Piperaceae, a maior repelência e mortalidade a R. maidis foi causada por P. claussenianum, cujo óleo essencial foi então selecionado para os testes subsequentes. Sua atividade inseticida ocorreu por contato, causando rápida mortalidade, acreditandose, assim, tratar-se de um efeito neurotóxico; não foi constatado, entretanto, efeito fumigante. Quanto às alterações comportamentais, constatou-se efeito repelente sobre alados por meio de teste com olfatômetro e o efeito fagodeterrente com uso do EPG. Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que entre os extratos orgânicos e óleos essenciais testados, a fração hexânica do extrato hexânico de T. pallida apresenta substâncias com atividade inseticida sobre R. maidis, sendo uma possível fonte para síntese de novos inseticidas e que o óleo essencial de P. claussenianum pode ser utilizado diretamente no controle de pulgões ou servir de fonte para a identificação de moléculas inseticidas para a síntese. / Aphids are important pests in agriculture mainly because they are vectors of phytovíruses, which are normally transmitted during the aphids probe. In addition, aphids not only remove amino-nitrogen from the plants while feeding in the phloem but also inject substances present in their saliva, which interfere in plant physiology. Among the strategies for the integrated management of these insects, we can state the use of chemical or botanical insecticides as well as repellents which turn the plants into nonattractive ones, thus avoiding that aphids land and feed normally from the plant. Therefore, we studied the bioactivity of organic extracts from the Meliaceae plants Trichilia pallida, Trichilia claussenii, Trichilia catigua, Toona ciliata and Guarea guidonia and essential oils from the Piperaceae plants Piper amalago, Piper umbellatum, Piper claussenianum and Piper sp. against aphids, using R. maidis as a model species. Organic extracts from Meliaceae were obtained by maceration technique using hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol solvents, in this sequence of extraction. Hexanic extract from T. pallida provoked the highest activity against aphids being chosen for the fractionation using a chromatographic column with fast flow and using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvents, in this sequence. Hexanic fraction provoked the highest mortality among the fractions evaluated being chosen in order to understand its modes of action on R. maidis. This fraction had neither mode of action by contact nor neurotoxic action; however, its translaminar action was proved. Using the Electrical Penetration Graph - EPG, we observed that most of the insects had difficulty to feed themselves. Among the Piperaceae plants, the highest repellency and mortality of R. maidis was caused by P. claussenianum which was selected for the subsequent assays. Its insecticidal activity occurred through contact causing a fast mortality perhaps due to a neurotoxic effect. Nevertheless, a fumigant effect was not observed. With regard to behavioral changes, a repellent effect was proven on alates through olfactometer assay and a phagodeterrent effect was proven using EPG assay. According to the results, we concluded that among the organic extracts and essential oils evaluated, the hexanic fraction from hexanic extract from T. pallida contains substances with insecticidal activity against R. maidis being a potential source for synthesis of new insecticides while the essential oil from P. claussenianum may be used both to control aphids and to be a source for identification of insecticidal molecules aiming their synthesis.

Evolution of Piperales – matK gene and trnK intron sequence data reveal lineage specific resolution contrast. Piperales are one of the largest basal angiosperm orders with a nearly worldwide distribution. The order includes three species rich genera, Piper (ca. 1,000 species), Peperomia (ca. 1,500-1,700 species), and Aristolochia s. l. (ca. 500 species). Sequences of the matK gene and the non-coding trnK group II intron are analysed for a dense set of 105 taxa representing all families (except Hydnoraceae) and all generic segregates (except Euglypha within Aristolochiaceae) of Piperales. A large number of highly informative indels are found in the Piperales trnK/matK dataset. Within a narrow region approximately 500 nt downstream in the matK coding region (CDS), a length variable simple sequence repeat (SSR) expansion segment occurs, in which insertions and deletions have led to short frame-shifts. These are corrected shortly afterwards, resulting in a maximum of 6 amino acids being affected. Furthermore, additional non-functional matK copies were found in Zippelia begoniifolia, which can easily be discriminated from the functional open reading frame (ORF). The trnK/matK sequence data fully resolve relationships within Peperomia, whereas they are not effective within Piper. The resolution contrast is correlated with the rate heterogenity between those lineages. Parsimony, Bayesian and likelihood analyses result in virtually the same topology, and converge on the monophyly of Piperaceae and Saururaceae. Lactoris gains high support as sister to Aristolochiaceae subf. Aristolochioideae, but the different tree inference methods yield conflicting results with respect to the relationships of subfam. Asaroideae. In Piperaceae, a clade formed by the monotypic genus Zippelia and the small genus Manekia (=Sarcorhachis) is sister to the two large genera Piper and Peperomia. Systematics of pipevines – Combining morphological and fast-evolving molecular characters to investigate the relationships within subfamily Aristolochioideae (Aristolochiaceae) A combined phylogenetic analysis of the Aristolochioideae was conducted based on 72 morphological characters and molecular datasets (matK gene, trnK intron, trnL intron, trnL-trnF spacer). The analysis sampled 33 species as the ingroup, including two species of Thottea and 30 species of Aristolochia and the monotypic genus Euglypha, which represent all the infrageneric taxa formally described; Saruma henryi and Asarum caudatum were used as the outgroup. The results corroborate a sister-group relationship between Thottea and Aristolochia, and the paraphyly of Aristolochia with respect to Euglypha that consequently should be included into Aristolochia. Two of the three subgenera within Aristolochia (Isotrema and Pararistolochia) are shown to be monophyletic, whereas the signal obtained from the different datasets about the relationships within subg. Aristolochia is low and conflicting, resulting in collapsed or unsupported branches. The relationship between the New World and the Old World species of subgenus Aristolochia is conflictive because morphological data support these two groups as monophyletic, whereas molecular data show the monophyletic Old World species of Aristolochia nested within the New World species. A sister group relationship is proposed between A. lindneri and pentandrous species, which suggests that a group of five species from central and southern South America (including A. lindneri) could be monophyletic and sister to Aristolochia subsection Pentandrae, a monophyletic taxon consisting of about 35 species from southern USA, Mesoamerica, and the West Indies. Colonisation, phylogeography and evolution of endemism in Mediterranean Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). This study provides evidence for a multiple colonisation of the western Old World from Asian ancestors within Aristolochia section Diplolobus (subsection Aristolochia and Podanthemum). Within subsection Podanthemum it is assumed, that the colonisation of the African continent happened at least two times independently. In contrast, for subsection Aristolochia, a rapid morphological radiation in the Near East (or close to this area) with subsequent star like colonisation of the different current distribution areas, which is not paralleled on the molecular level, appears to be more likely. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction is unsupported for these clades, but most clades are highly supported as monophyletic. Interestingly the Mediterranean and temperate Eurasian species, which are morphologically distinct (A. pistolochia, A. clematitis) are not clustering within the main clades, but are independent lineages. Analogue, A. rigida a species from Somalia is well-supported sister to the subsection Aristolochia. Within subsection Podanthemum the colonisation event from an Asian ancestor is clearly traceable, whereas in subsection Aristolochia the path is not traceable, since the ancestors are extinct or not present in the connecting areas. Within the Mediterranean, Near East and Caucasian species of subsection Aristolochia two morphologically and biogeographically well supported groups can be identified: the Near East/Caucasian species and the West Mediterranean species. The previous groupings for the latter, based on morphological characters, could be substantiated only partly by our results. This study provides the first phylogeny of all West Mediterranean species. In addition an independent complex is established including some micro endemic species. The phylogenetic results are discussed with respect to biogeography, and morphology, to give a first insight into the radiation and colonisation of the genus Aristolochia in the Mediterranean region. Universal primers for a large cryptically simple cpDNA microsatellite region in Aristolochia. We provide a new and valuable marker to study species relationships and population genetics in order to trace evolutionary, ecological, and conservational aspects in the genus Aristolochia. Universal primers for amplification and subsequent sequencing of a chloroplast microsatellite locus inside the trnK intron are presented. Utility of the primers has been tested in 32 species representing all clades of Aristolochia, including population studies within the A. pallida complex, A. clusii and A. rotunda. The microsatellite region is characterized as a (AnTm)k repeat of 22–438 bp containing a combination of different repeats arranged as ‘cryptically simple’. Trapped! Pollination of Aristolochia pallida Willd. in the Mediterranean A first study of the pollination biology of a Mediterranean Aristolochia species in its natural habitat is presented. 183 flowers of Aristolochia pallida were investigated, which in total contained 73 arthropods, dominated by two groups of Diptera, Sciaridae (37%) and Phoridae (19%). However, only Phoridae are regarded as potential pollinators, since pollen has been found exclusively on the body surfaces of these insects. All Phoridae belong to the genus Megaselia and are recognised as four undescribed species. The measurements of flower and insect dimensions suggest that size is an important constrain for successful pollination: 1) the insects must have a definitive size for being able to enter the flower and 2) must be able to get in touch with the pollen. Only very few insect groups found in Aristolochia pallida fulfil these size requirements. However, size alone is not a sufficient constrain as too many fly species of the same size might be trapped but not function as pollinators. Instead, specific attraction is required as otherwise pollen is lost. Since all trapped Phoridae are males, a chemical attraction (pheromones) is proposed as an additional constrain. Since A. pallida flowers are protogynous, the record of Megaselia loaded with pollen found in a flower during its female stage proves that this insect must have been visited at least one different flower during its male stage before. Further on, this observation provides strong evidence that the flowers are cross-pollinated. All these factors indicate a highly specialised pollination of Aristolochia pallida by Megaselia species.

O estudo químico das folhas e dos frutos de P. richardiaefolium resultou no isolamento de oito lignanas, sendo duas lignanas furofurânicas (sesamina e kobusina), quatro lignanas dibenzilbutirolactônicas (hinokinina, kusunokinina, arctigenina e haplomirfolina), duas lignanas dibenzilbutirolactólicas (cubebina e 3,4- dimetoxi-3,4-desmetilenodioxicubebina), dois cinamatos de bornila (ferulato de bornila e cumarato de bornila) e na identificação de duas amidas (piplartina e diidropiplartina). Das folhas de P. richardiaefolium foi extraído e analisado o óleo volátil. As estruturas das substâncias isoladas foram identificadas através de métodos espectroscópicos (RMN de 1H e de 13C e espectrometria de massas). O estudo de análise de componentes principais (PCA) das espécies Piper (P. truncatum - k 616, P. richardiaefolium - k 290, P. richardiaefolium - k 350, P. richardiaefolium - k 593, P. truncatum - k 597, P. pseudopotifolium - k 598, P. richardiaefolium - k 854, P. richardiaefolium - k 610, P. truncatum - k 112, P. pseudopotifolium - k 211 e P. cernuum - k 137) permitiu agrupar as espécies em dois grandes grupos e quatro subgrupos em relação à similaridade entre elas. Ligninas do caule de seis espécies de Piper foram extraídas utilizando o método de degradação de Klason e método de Bjorkman, e analisadas por métodos espectroscópicos (IV, RMN de 1H e de 13C). O método de degradação por oxidação por nitrobenzeno foi o escolhido para determinar a relação entre os monolignóis siringila e guaiacila. Os principais metabólitos das espécies estudadas foram comparados com os tipos de ligninas das mesmas espécies e os resultados sugeriram uma independência entre as vias biossintéticas de ligninas e lignanas. / The chemical study of leaves and the fruits of P. richardiaefolium resulted in the isolation of eight lignans, being two furofurânics lignans (sesamin and kobusin), four dibenzylbutirolactonics lignans (hinokinin, kusunokinin, arctigenin and haplomirfolin), two dibenzylbutirolactolics lignans (cubebin and 3\',4\'-dimethoxy-3,4- desmethylenedioxicubebin), two cinnamates (bornyl ferulate and bornyl cumarate) and in the identification of two amides (piplartine and dihydropiplartine). Of leaves of P. richardiaefolium was extracted and analyzed the volatile oil. The structures of isolated substances had been identified using the spectroscopic methods (1H and 13C NMR) and mass spectrometry. The study of principal components analysis (PCA) of the species Piper (P. truncatum - k 616, P. richardiaefolium - k 290, P. richardiaefolium - k 350, P. richardiaefolium - k 593, P. truncatum - k 597, P. pseudopotifolium - k 598, P. richardiaefolium - k 854, P. richardiaefolium - k 610, P. truncatum - k 112, P. pseudopotifolium - k 211 and P. cernuum - k 137) allowed the separation in two groups and four sub-groups. Lignins of stem of six species of Piper had been extracted using the method of degradation of Klason and method of Bjorkman, and analyzed for spectroscopic methods (IR, 1H and 13C NMR). The degradation method by nitrobenzene oxidation was chosen to determine the relationship between monolignols syringil and guaiacyl moieties. The major metabolities of the Piper species were compared to the lignins types of the same species and the results suggested independence between the biosynthetic pathways of lignins and lignans.

Evolution of Piperales – matK gene and trnK intron sequence data reveal lineage specific resolution contrast. Piperales are one of the largest basal angiosperm orders with a nearly worldwide distribution. The order includes three species rich genera, Piper (ca. 1,000 species), Peperomia (ca. 1,500-1,700 species), and Aristolochia s. l. (ca. 500 species). Sequences of the matK gene and the non-coding trnK group II intron are analysed for a dense set of 105 taxa representing all families (except Hydnoraceae) and all generic segregates (except Euglypha within Aristolochiaceae) of Piperales. A large number of highly informative indels are found in the Piperales trnK/matK dataset. Within a narrow region approximately 500 nt downstream in the matK coding region (CDS), a length variable simple sequence repeat (SSR) expansion segment occurs, in which insertions and deletions have led to short frame-shifts. These are corrected shortly afterwards, resulting in a maximum of 6 amino acids being affected. Furthermore, additional non-functional matK copies were found in Zippelia begoniifolia, which can easily be discriminated from the functional open reading frame (ORF). The trnK/matK sequence data fully resolve relationships within Peperomia, whereas they are not effective within Piper. The resolution contrast is correlated with the rate heterogenity between those lineages. Parsimony, Bayesian and likelihood analyses result in virtually the same topology, and converge on the monophyly of Piperaceae and Saururaceae. Lactoris gains high support as sister to Aristolochiaceae subf. Aristolochioideae, but the different tree inference methods yield conflicting results with respect to the relationships of subfam. Asaroideae. In Piperaceae, a clade formed by the monotypic genus Zippelia and the small genus Manekia (=Sarcorhachis) is sister to the two large genera Piper and Peperomia. Systematics of pipevines – Combining morphological and fast-evolving molecular characters to investigate the relationships within subfamily Aristolochioideae (Aristolochiaceae) A combined phylogenetic analysis of the Aristolochioideae was conducted based on 72 morphological characters and molecular datasets (matK gene, trnK intron, trnL intron, trnL-trnF spacer). The analysis sampled 33 species as the ingroup, including two species of Thottea and 30 species of Aristolochia and the monotypic genus Euglypha, which represent all the infrageneric taxa formally described; Saruma henryi and Asarum caudatum were used as the outgroup. The results corroborate a sister-group relationship between Thottea and Aristolochia, and the paraphyly of Aristolochia with respect to Euglypha that consequently should be included into Aristolochia. Two of the three subgenera within Aristolochia (Isotrema and Pararistolochia) are shown to be monophyletic, whereas the signal obtained from the different datasets about the relationships within subg. Aristolochia is low and conflicting, resulting in collapsed or unsupported branches. The relationship between the New World and the Old World species of subgenus Aristolochia is conflictive because morphological data support these two groups as monophyletic, whereas molecular data show the monophyletic Old World species of Aristolochia nested within the New World species. A sister group relationship is proposed between A. lindneri and pentandrous species, which suggests that a group of five species from central and southern South America (including A. lindneri) could be monophyletic and sister to Aristolochia subsection Pentandrae, a monophyletic taxon consisting of about 35 species from southern USA, Mesoamerica, and the West Indies. Colonisation, phylogeography and evolution of endemism in Mediterranean Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). This study provides evidence for a multiple colonisation of the western Old World from Asian ancestors within Aristolochia section Diplolobus (subsection Aristolochia and Podanthemum). Within subsection Podanthemum it is assumed, that the colonisation of the African continent happened at least two times independently. In contrast, for subsection Aristolochia, a rapid morphological radiation in the Near East (or close to this area) with subsequent star like colonisation of the different current distribution areas, which is not paralleled on the molecular level, appears to be more likely. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction is unsupported for these clades, but most clades are highly supported as monophyletic. Interestingly the Mediterranean and temperate Eurasian species, which are morphologically distinct (A. pistolochia, A. clematitis) are not clustering within the main clades, but are independent lineages. Analogue, A. rigida a species from Somalia is well-supported sister to the subsection Aristolochia. Within subsection Podanthemum the colonisation event from an Asian ancestor is clearly traceable, whereas in subsection Aristolochia the path is not traceable, since the ancestors are extinct or not present in the connecting areas. Within the Mediterranean, Near East and Caucasian species of subsection Aristolochia two morphologically and biogeographically well supported groups can be identified: the Near East/Caucasian species and the West Mediterranean species. The previous groupings for the latter, based on morphological characters, could be substantiated only partly by our results. This study provides the first phylogeny of all West Mediterranean species. In addition an independent complex is established including some micro endemic species. The phylogenetic results are discussed with respect to biogeography, and morphology, to give a first insight into the radiation and colonisation of the genus Aristolochia in the Mediterranean region. Universal primers for a large cryptically simple cpDNA microsatellite region in Aristolochia. We provide a new and valuable marker to study species relationships and population genetics in order to trace evolutionary, ecological, and conservational aspects in the genus Aristolochia. Universal primers for amplification and subsequent sequencing of a chloroplast microsatellite locus inside the trnK intron are presented. Utility of the primers has been tested in 32 species representing all clades of Aristolochia, including population studies within the A. pallida complex, A. clusii and A. rotunda. The microsatellite region is characterized as a (AnTm)k repeat of 22–438 bp containing a combination of different repeats arranged as ‘cryptically simple’. Trapped! Pollination of Aristolochia pallida Willd. in the Mediterranean A first study of the pollination biology of a Mediterranean Aristolochia species in its natural habitat is presented. 183 flowers of Aristolochia pallida were investigated, which in total contained 73 arthropods, dominated by two groups of Diptera, Sciaridae (37%) and Phoridae (19%). However, only Phoridae are regarded as potential pollinators, since pollen has been found exclusively on the body surfaces of these insects. All Phoridae belong to the genus Megaselia and are recognised as four undescribed species. The measurements of flower and insect dimensions suggest that size is an important constrain for successful pollination: 1) the insects must have a definitive size for being able to enter the flower and 2) must be able to get in touch with the pollen. Only very few insect groups found in Aristolochia pallida fulfil these size requirements. However, size alone is not a sufficient constrain as too many fly species of the same size might be trapped but not function as pollinators. Instead, specific attraction is required as otherwise pollen is lost. Since all trapped Phoridae are males, a chemical attraction (pheromones) is proposed as an additional constrain. Since A. pallida flowers are protogynous, the record of Megaselia loaded with pollen found in a flower during its female stage proves that this insect must have been visited at least one different flower during its male stage before. Further on, this observation provides strong evidence that the flowers are cross-pollinated. All these factors indicate a highly specialised pollination of Aristolochia pallida by Megaselia species.