This essay represents a chronological and contextual analysis of clay pipes that have been found in the urban settlement of Västergarn during seminary excavations between 2006 – 2012, conducted by Gotland University. Clay pipes can be dated closely and are useful means for dating and interpreting archaeological contexts from the early modern period, such as house foundations. There have been excavated four house foundations in Västergarn with different sorts of clay pipes dating to the post-medieval period. Can they tell which people used them or which country they were produced? By discussing the meaning of clay pipes in early modern society on Gotland this essay tries to answer these questions.

This thesis covers two topics. The first subject involves tests run on a ultralite reflux tube supplied by Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (PNL). The second topic involves tests to determine the relative wicking rates of several different fabrics. The ultralite reflux tube supplied by PNL was constructed of copper and Nextel 312. It had a 10 mil thick copper evaporator and a 10 mil thick copper condenser end cap. The bulk of the condenser was 2 mil thick copper covered by a one inch diameter Nextel 312 woven hose. A life test was run within the Heat Pipe Test Facility, a chamber used to simulate low earth orbit. The life test lasted for over 800 hours, during which time the reflux tube operated steadily with no drop in performance. At the end of the test the reflux tube was removed and observed. The only noticeable change was a slight discoloration of the Nextel 312 used to cover the condenser. This discoloration was consistent with previously observed phenomenon. The second topic, fabric wicking rate studies were done as a follow up study to the dry uptake tests previously conducted at Oregon State University. The purpose of the tests were to get a relative feel for the ability of different fabrics to wick water. This was achieved using a drop test in which the fabrics were laid out on a bridge connecting two containers. One of the containers was elevated above the other. The fabrics were allowed to wick water from the upper container to the lower container and the rate at which this was accomplished was measured. The fabrics were all able to move significant amounts of water. The stiffer fabrics seemed to perform better. The major transport mechanism was transport between fabric layers and the fabric and the bridge. / Graduation date: 1993

The possibility and feasibility of experimental detection of localized defects in tubes using laser-induced ultrasonic wave approach through Thermo Acousto Photonic Non Destructive Evaluation (TAP-NDE) and Signal processing through wavelet transform is examined in this research. Guided waves in cylindrical surfaces provide solutions for detection of different defects in the material. Several experiments were conducted to this respect. Wave propagation in both axial and circumferential directions was studied. The dispersive wave propagation of ultrasonic waves in hollow cylinders has been investigated experimentally, primarily for use in non-contact and nondestructive inspections of pipes and tubes. The laser ultrasonic waves propagated in cylindrical waveguides are particularly attractive because of their unique characteristics in the applications of nondestructive evaluation (NDE). Contrary to studies making use of only axially symmetric guided waves in hollow cylinders, here are analyzed also nonaxisymmetric waves. The analysis of data is made by using the Gabor wavelet transform. The capability of modeling the guided wave dispersion in hollow cylinders is used in developing guided wave experimental techniques for flaw detection. Good agreement was obtained when comparing the dispersion spectra between theory and experimentation. Measurement of group velocities of guided waves, which are obtained directly from the wavelet transform coefficients, can be used to determine allocation and sizing of flaws.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 133-136).

Heat losses are an important problem in domestic hot water circulation systems. Therefore, to reduce these losses becomes an issue of utmost importance both economically and environmentally. Nevertheless, it has not been until recent years when these losses have been studied further. Commonly studies have focused on the heat space system operation or radiator system. This study focuses on heat losses in the domestic hot water circulation through the piping system in a building at a school located in Gävle (Sweden) using non-destructive flow and temperature reading devices. The heat used by the school is provided by the district heating network that feeds several heat exchangers. The heat losses, at the same time, will be compared with simulation and theoretical procedures to corroborate them. The domestic hot water piping system of this study consists on more than 1200 meters of insulated copper pipes with different diameters and different insulation thickness. The system was measured for one week (April 26, 2015 to May 3, 2015) when there are working days and nonworking days. A 5% of the annual district heating consumption in the school was calculated as heat losses in the domestic hot water circulation system in the building studied. Finally, improvements in insulation system and changes in the domestic hot water temperature have been simulated and they demonstrate that savings of up to 35% of the heat losses can be achieved and produce significant energy savings.

The use of single mitre oipe bends, in pipework and ducting, is evident in many areas of industry. However, it has been recognized that a theory which embraced all aspects of the elastic behaviour o£ single mitre bends does not exist. The present investigation demonstrates ~~e feasibility of using finite element methods for such a task. After an extensive series of 'verification comparisons' with experimental results obtained by the aUL~or and also with D~eoretical and experimental results available in the literature, a study of a wide range of ~~reinforced and fully fixed mitres was carried out. As a result of this study, useful design curves illustrating ~~e variation of stress concentration factor and flexibility factor, WiL~ radius to ~~ickness ratio and mitre angle, were produced for an inplane bending load. The above verification comparisons included in-plane bending, out-ofplane nending, torsion, internal pressure and transverse force loadings. An investigation into the effect of leg length and material properties on ~~e behaviour of mitre bends was also conducted. As a result of these studies, the limitations of currently used design Code formulae became evident. Possible difficulties in the numerical solution of thin shell problems are highlighted. In addition, a study of various methods of modelling shell intersections is reported. The most comprehensive review of literature to date, on all aspects of mitre bend behaviour, is presented in the Supplement to this thesis.

Composite materials are formed by combiing two or more materials that have quite different properties. The different materials work together to give the composite unique properties, but within the composite you can easily tell the the different materials apart – they do not dissolve or blend into each other. Modern aviation, both military and civil, is a prime example. It would be much less efficient without composites. In fact, the demands made by that industry for materials that are both light and strong has been the main force driving the development of composites. The greatest advantage of composite materials is strength and stiffness combined with lightness. By choosing an appropriate combination of reinforcement and matrix material, manufacturers can produce properties that exactly fit the requirements for a particular structure for a particular purpose. In general, composite materials are very durable. The downside of composites is usually the cost. Although manufacturing processes are often more efficient when composites are used, the raw materials like steel, but in many cases they are just what we need.

The design of service connections to deeply buried sewers involves a number of challenges. In practice, the loads that develop from vertical risers can damage the Tee or Wye fitting to which it is connected. This thesis studies the expected loads and resistance of these connections, and provides some recommendations for the solution of this engineering problem. Laboratory tests have been performed to explore the capacities of the existing fittings both in air and when buried in uniform sand. A test procedure different from the standard quality control test methods described in ASTM F1336-02 is used to study the performance of the fittings in air. A special test configuration was also developed for an existing pipe test cell to explore the capacities of the existing PVC Tee and Wye fittings when buried in uniform sand. An analytical formula analogous to pile downdrag and numerical analyses have been used to evaluate the test results, to calculate the capacities of the buried heavy-wall fittings, and to explore the downdrag forces that develop along vertical risers. Through comparisons with experimental measurements, it was demonstrated that these methods of analysis can be used to estimate the downdrag forces and determine the adequacy of specific fittings to resist those forces. The major conclusions drawn for the specific fittings tested in this project are summarized as follows. When axially loaded in air, both Tee and Wye fittings experience plastic yield failure. When buried, the Tee fitting fractures or yields only along the base of the riser part; while the Wye fitting itself does not fail, the riser cracks near its base where it connects to the curved pipe (450 elbow) above the Wye. Both the capacities and stiffness of the buried fitting system (either Tee or Wye) are approximately linear functions of the confining stress supplied by the surrounding soil. The accumulated downdrag along the riser in the coarse-grained soil is much smaller than that in fine-grained soil. Various practical solutions for the vertical riser problem are then discussed and recommended. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2008-12-28 21:18:30.363

The importance of smooth pipe bends in design of piping systems is well established. Recent publications have been increasingly concerned with the effect of end constraints on the behaviour of smooth bends but there have been relatively few attempts at a solution to the problem. The divergence between the results of those which do exist tend to confuse the picture for pipework designers. The present thesis is aimed at clarifying the situation. After an historical review of the literature on smooth bends, a theoretical analysis is formulated for the in-plane bending of linear elastic curved pipes with rigid flange terminations. The method employs the theorem of minimum total potential energy with suitable kinematically admissible displacements in the form of fourier series. Integration and minimisation is performed numerically, thereby permitting the removal of several of the assumptions made by previous authors. Results are given for a wide range of practical bend geometries. These are compared with the previous theoretical predictions, highlighting the problems in same earlier works and substantiating more recent results using different solution procedures. During the development of the theory several possible simplifications to the method are examined. The theoretical predictions are shown to be in favourable agreement with published experimental data and with results from tests performed by the author. The approach is extended to examine the behaviour of smooth bends with connected tangent pipes under in-pane bending. The tangent pipes can be of any length and are assumed to be terminated by rigid flanges. Comprehensive results are given for bends with tangent pipes ot length greater than one pipe circumference. Finally, possible extensions ot the solution procedure to other configurations and loadings are discussed.

Heat losses are an important problem in domestic hot water circulation systems. Therefore, toreduce these losses becomes an issue of utmost importance both economically andenvironmentally. Nevertheless, it has not been until recent years when these losses have beenstudied further. Commonly studies have focused on the heat space system operation or radiatorsystem. This study focuses on heat losses in the domestic hot water circulation through thepiping system in a building at a school located in Gävle (Sweden) using non-destructive flowand temperature reading devices. The heat used by the school is provided by the district heatingnetwork that feeds several heat exchangers. The heat losses, at the same time, will be comparedwith simulation and theoretical procedures to corroborate them. The domestic hot water pipingsystem of this study consists on more than 1200 meters of insulated copper pipes with differentdiameters and different insulation thickness. The system was measured for one week (April 26,2015 to May 3, 2015) when there are working days and nonworking days. A 5% of the annualdistrict heating consumption in the school was calculated as heat losses in the domestic hotwater circulation system in the building studied. Finally, improvements in insulation system andchanges in the domestic hot water temperature have been simulated and they demonstrate thatsavings of up to 35% of the heat losses can be achieved and produce significant energy savings.