Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Nas últimas décadas, questões sobre o controle de emissões em motores à combustão interna e sobre a redução de consumo de combustível vêm sendo debatidas globalmente, com claros desdobramentos em especificações de controles mais restritos, a fim de permitir a comercialização de novos motores à combustão interna a consumidores mais exigentes, que presam pela qualidade de vida e meio ambiente. Mesmo com a introdução de novas tecnologias, os motores ainda apresentam uma grande perda da energia gerada por conta do atrito mecânico. Com base neste contexto, os projetos dos novos motores visam uma melhor eficiência térmica e mecânica, com auxílio de soluções de engenharia que possam beneficiar o desempenho dos motores, resultando em uma melhor queima do combustível e menor atrito. Um dos contribuintes mais relevantes para o atrito num motor é o sistema pistão-anel de pistão-camisa de cilindro que é o foco de muitos trabalhos em busca da redução das perdas por atrito. As propriedades dos filmes à base de carbono tipo diamante (Diamond-Like Carbon - DLC) são bem conhecidas por apresentam alta resistência ao desgaste e baixo coeficiente de atrito, tornando-se adequados para diferentes aplicações tribológicas. O presente trabalho discute a viabilidade técnica de se aplicar um filme DLC amorfo hidrogenado, com gradiente de composição química, sobre a superfície interna brunida de camisas de cilindro para redução do atrito. A metodologia aborda duas espessuras de filme: 2,5 e 12,5 μm, depositadas pelo processo de deposição química em fase vapor assistida por plasma (PACVD), como alternativa para redução do atrito do motor e, consequentemente, redução no consumo específico de combustível, e ainda na redução do desgaste dos anéis de pistão e da superfície de trabalho da camisa de cilindro. Comparando camisas de cilindro com mesma rugosidade na superfície interna, denominadas camisas de referência (sem revestimento interno) e camisas recobertas com filme DLC, testes de bancada com movimento recíproco de contato mostraram redução do coeficiente de atrito (COF) em até 19%. Testes de motor ciclo Otto e Diesel em banco de prova com dinamômetro conferiram, respectivamente, uma redução da pressão média efetiva de atrito (FMEP) do motor em até 12% e consumo específico de combustível (BSFC) em até 2,5% em rotações de 1000 a 1400 rpm. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Rares sont les musiciens de la famille des cuivres qui ignorent de nos jours le nom de Jean-Baptiste Arban (1825-1889). Son attachement au cornet à pistons et au Conservatoire de Paris a cependant relégué dans l’ombre ses autres activités : composition, enseignement, direction d’orchestre et entrepreneuriat. Afin de les faire mieux connaître, nous avons pu réunir une importante documentation issue d’archives, publiques et privées, ainsi que de la presse de son temps. Ces documents nous ont permis de mettre en évidence l’ensemble des faits relatifs à sa vie et à son œuvre, concernant tout un pan de la vie parisienne, de la monarchie de Juillet à la IIIe République. Comptant quelque 700 entrées, le catalogue d’œuvres que nous avons établi illustre aussi la richesse de sa production musicale, principalement liée à la danse et au divertissement. En retraçant le parcours atypique de cette célèbre figure musicale du XIXe siècle, de sa jeunesse passée à Lyon dans une famille d’artificiers à la direction des bals de l’Opéra, l’auteur de cette thèse espère apporter une contribution efficace à l’histoire de la société française de cette époque. / Few brass musicians today are not familiar with the name of Jean-Baptiste Arban (1825-1889). However, his commitment to the cornet as well as to the Conservatoire may have overshadowed his other activities: composition, musical education, conducting and entrepreneurial actions. In order to make them known, we have managed to collect substantial information from private and public archives and extracts of contemporary press. Such documents have allowed us to bring to the fore all the events connected with his life in Paris from the July Monarchy to the Third Republic. With about 700 entries, this catalogue illustrates how rich his musical production was (mainly linked to dance and entertainment). Thanks to such a review of the atypical career of this famous figure of music in the 19th century, going from his youth in a family of firework makers in Lyon to conducting dance at the Opera House, the writer of this thesis expects to make a significant contribution to the history of French society in those days.

A content of this diploma thesis is construction design of torsional vibration rubber damper of four-stroke diesel supercharged engine. It` s realized evaluation of crankshaft from aspect of torsional vibrations and checked mechanical stress of crankshaft without using rubber damper. Consequently basic parameters of rubber damper are specified, then checked mechanical stress of crankshaft and designed own construction design of damper.

Thesis (PhD)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Control of beta-type free-piston Stirling engines has been the topic of research and development for many years. In this dissertation, an alternative approach to free-piston Stirling engine control, namely direct piston displacement control, is proposed. Direct piston displacement control entails the instantaneous and direct control of the piston displacement to control the engine according to preferred criteria, e.g. maximum power conversion or efficiency. To control free-piston engines in this manner, it is necessary to independently control both the displacement of the displacer and the power piston in real time. The primary arrangement by which to achieve this is through external control of the instantaneous forces exerted by the linear electrical machines fixed to the pistons. The challenge of displacement control is whether suitable linear machine technology exists or whether technology could be established that would adhere to the requirements of real time direct control. To answer the question whether direct piston displacement control is at all possible, a process was followed to set specifications that linear machines should adhere to and to set design guidelines for linear machines and free-piston Stirling engines. The first step was to establish the ability to simulate free-piston Stirling engine dynamics accurately. This was done by adapting a second order formulation and to verify and improve the accuracy thereof by comparing simulated results with experimental results of one of the best documented Stirling engines, namely the GPU-3 engine. It was found that this second order formulation could simulate the GPU-3 engine to a fair degree of accuracy. Key indicators were defined and later refined with the view of setting specifications. A case study of the influence of a range of variations, including operational, dimensional and other variations, on the dynamics of the GPU-3 was then undertaken. From the findings of this case study, specifications of the key indicators and design guidelines were established. A design optimisation approach was proposed to evaluate linear machine topologies. This approach makes specific provision for the specifications that linear machines need to adhere to, as well as for representative dynamic responses of the forces exerted on the linear machine by the displacer or the power piston. These representative responses and the associated piston displacement were determined for the displacer, the power piston and the combination of the two from the study conducted to set specifications. An air-core, longitudinal flux linear machine with surface mounted permanent magnets (LFPM) was then evaluated to determine its suitability for direct piston displacement control. This linear machine topology was optimised for the traditional approach to establish a benchmark with which to compare subsequent optimisations. The LFPM linear machine not only compared well with other topologies for the traditional application in resonant free-piston Stirling engines, but it was found also to be able to perform displacement control for both the displacer and the power piston. For both pistons, displacement should however be limited to sinusoidal displacement, and in the case of the displacer, an important qualification is that the linear machine should be assisted by spring forces to reach practical design optimisations. Direct piston displacement control is shown to be possible. Future work should concentrate on the practical implementation thereof in free-piston Stirling engines. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die beheer van beta-tipe vrysuier Stirling enjins is al vir baie jare die onderwerp van navorsing en ontwikkeling. In hierdie proefskrif word ’n alternatiewe benadering tot vrysuier Stirlingenjins voorgestel, naamlik direkte suierverplasingsbeheer. Direkte suierverplasingsbeheer behels die oombliklike en direkte beheer van die suierverplasing om die enjin volgens voorkeur kriteria, soos maksimum drywingsomsetting of benuttingsgraad, te beheer. Om vrysuier enjins op hierdie wyse te beheer, is dit noodsaaklik om intyds die verplasing van beide die verplaser en die werksuier onafhanklik te beheer. Die primêre wyse om dit te bereik is deur eksterne beheer van die oomblikskragte wat uitgevoer word deur die lineêre masjiene wat vas is aan die suiers. Die uitdaging van verplasingsbeheer is of toepaslike lineêre masjien tegnologie bestaan en of tegnologie gevestig kan word wat sal voldoen aan die vereistes van intydse direkte beheer. Om die vraag te beantwoord of direkte suierverplasingsbeheer hoegenaamd moontlik is, is ’n proses gevolg om spesifikasies daar te stel waaraan lineêre masjiene moet voldoen en om ontwerpsriglyne vir lineêre masjiene en vrysuier Stirling enjins te stel. Die eerste stap was om die vermoë daar te stel om vrysuier Stirling enjin dinamika akkuraat te simuleer. Dit is gedoen deur ’n tweede orde formulering aan te pas en om die akkuraatheid daarvan te kontroleer en te verbeter deur gesimuleerde resultate met eksperimentele resultate van een van die bes gedokumenteerde Stirling enjins, naamlik die GPU-3 enjin, te vergelyk. Daar is bevind dat die tweede orde formulering die GPU-3 tot ’n redelike mate akkuraat kon simuleer. Sleutel aanwysers is gedefinieer en later verfyn met die oog op die daarstelling van spesifikasies. ’n Gevallestudie van die invloed van ’n reeks variasies, insluitende operasionele, dimensionele en ander variasies, op die dinamika van die GPU-3 is onderneem. Gegrond op die bevindinge van hierdie gevallestudie kon spesifikasies en ontwerpsriglyne vasgestel word. ’n Ontwerpsoptimeringsbenadering is voorgestel om lineêre masjiene te evalueer. Hierdie benadering maak spesifiek voorsiening vir die spesifikasies waaraan lineêre masjiene moet voldoen, sowel as verteenwoordigende dinamiese response van die kragte wat op die lineêre masjien van die verplaser en die werksuier uitgeoefen word. Vanaf die bevindinge van die studie wat uitgevoer is om spesifikasies daar te stel, is verteenwoordigende response en gepaardgaande suierverplasing bepaal vir die verplaser, die werksuier en die kombinasie van die twee. ’n Lugkern, longitudinale vloed lineêre masjien met oppervlak-gemonteerde permanente magnete (LVPM) is toe geëvalueer om die geskiktheid daarvan te bepaal vir direkte suierverplasingsbeheer. Hierdie lineêre masjien topologie is geoptimeer vir die tradisionele benadering om ’n maatstaf te vestig waarteen daaropvolgende optimerings vergelyk kan word. Die LVPM lineêre masjien vergelyk nie net goed met ander topologieë vir die tradisionele toepassing in resonante vrysuier Stirling enjins nie, maar daar is ook bevind dat dit in staat is om verplasingsbeheer te doen vir beide die verplaser en die werksuier. Vir beide suiers moet die verplasing egter tot sinusvormige verplasing beperk word en in die geval van die verplaser, is ’n belangrike kwalifikasie dat die lineêre masjien ondersteun moet word deur veerkragte om praktiese ontwerpsoptimerings te bereik. Daar is aangetoon dat direkte suierverplasingsbeheer moontlik is. Toekomstige werk moet konsentreer op die praktiese implementering daarvan in vrysuier Stirling enjins.

Le moteur Stirling a été développé il y’a 200 ans. Cependant son développement n’a jamais connu un grand essor. Le contexte énergétique actuel a relancé l’intérêt porté à ces machines. En effet la possibilité de le faire fonctionner à partir de n’importe quelle source de chaleur externe lui permet d’être associé à des sources d’énergie renouvelable comme l’énergie solaire. Au-delà des avantages écologiques, le développement par W. Beale à la fin des années 1960 d’un moteur Stirling à pistons libres (ou FPSE pour Free Piston Stirling Engine) a ajouté de nouveaux intérêts à un tel moteur. Cette nouvelle architecture permet au moteur de fonctionner sans système d’entrainement des pistons. Dans de telles machines, le mouvement des pistons n’est plus déterminé par la géométrie du système d’entrainement. Ces derniers sont mis en mouvement par les forces de pressions occurrents à l’intérieur du moteur. La dynamique des pistons et la thermodynamique du système sont alors couplées, rendant plus complexe la modélisation complète du système.Cette thèse présente une nouvelle technique de modélisation des machines Stirling à pistons libres, intitulée LHA5V pour Linear Harmonic Analysis 5 Volumes, permettant de coupler la thermodynamique du système et la réponse mécanique des pistons libres. Celle-ci repose alors sur la décomposition du moteur Stirling en cinq sous systèmes ouverts : deux espaces à volume variables, deux échangeurs de chaleur et le régénérateur. Nous supposons que les variables d’état varient périodiquement et le modèle détermine comment celles-ci varient en valeur moyenne, en amplitude et en phase afin de satisfaire les équations de conservation de la masse et de l’énergie. L’aspect innovant du modèle thermique repose sur la prise en compte implicite des pertes inhérentes au fonctionnement. Celles-ci ont en effet un impact direct sur le mouvement des pistons. Par ailleurs cette thèse présente également un modèle de génératrice électrique linéaire pouvant être couplé à la partie thermique. Le modèle électrique repose sur un calcul analytique de la force de poussée du stator sur la partie mobile. Le calcul des flux et du niveau d’induction dans le circuit magnétique est effectué à partir d’un réseau de perméances judicieusement paramétré.Que ce soit pour la modélisation thermique ou la modélisation électrique, chacun des modèles a été conçu pour avoir un temps de calcul faible, tout en restant le plus précis possible sur la prédiction des performances. Ceux-ci ont à chaque fois été confrontés à des données expérimentales, ou à d’autres techniques de modélisation plus fines de façon concluante. / Though the Stirling engine was invented two centuries ago, it has never really grown to a fully marketable level. The current energy context has renewed the interest in this engine. Their ability to work with any external source of heat allow them to be associated with renewable energy such as solar energy. Beyond its ecological benefits, the invention of the free piston Stirling engine by W. Beale at the end of the 1960’s further increased the interest in Stirling engines. This novel structure allows the engine to operate without mechanical interface between pistons, which are driven entirely by the gas or other spring forces. In such engines, the pistons kinematics and the system thermodynamics are intimately coupled, thus increasing the complexity of the complete system computer modelling.This PhD presents an innovative technique to model a free piston Stirling engine that takes into account the coupling between the system thermodynamics and the mechanical response of the free pistons. This technique has been named LHA5V standing for Linear Harmonic Analysis 5 Volumes. It consists in splitting the engine in five open sub-systems: the compression and expansion spaces, the heater, the cooler and the regenerator. We hypothesize that the state variables are periodic, and the model then determines the variations of their mean, amplitude and phase values in order to satisfy the mass and energy conservation equations. This PhD also presents a model for a linear electric alternator, which can be coupled to the power piston. This electrical model is based on an analytical calculation of the thrust between the stator and the magnets. Magnetic flux and induction in the iron are determined by a carefully tuned reluctance network.Both thermal and electrical models have been designed to optimize both computing time and accuracy. The models generated have systematically been compared to experimental data or finite element analysis, with satisfactory results.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio Yamawaki.pdf: 22123868 bytes, checksum: 06693820e229aaa1d1f946ee47f58c63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-17 / Pistons are one of the most challenged components on an internal combustion engine. The range of thermal and mechanical loads on these components reach limit levels where the applied materials cannot react and are not able to go back to its original condition. We can say that pistons are the fuses of an internal combustion engine. The adequate selection of materials for the pistons must take in account the usage of the engines. For passenger cars for instance, typically light alloys are chosen in order to attend the low fuel consumption and emission level demands. For commercial vehicles there are more freedom choosing the materials because weight does not play the same level of role but on the other hand requires materials that can resist the very high loads involved. The objective of this work is to describe the criteria s involved on a piston design and how closed they are connected with the adequate material selection. A case study of a aluminum piston for Diesel engine application that presented a pin bore crack related to feathery grain formation will be shown. / Os pistões são um dos componentes mais solicitados em um motor de combustão interna. O conjunto de cargas térmicas e mecânicas nestes componentes chega a atingir limites onde os materiais empregados não conseguem mais reagir de maneira a retornar a sua condição original. Pode-se dizer que os pistões são os fusíveis de um motor à combustão interna. A escolha dos materiais mais adequados para a confecção dos pistões passa por um critério de seleção que deve levar em conta o tipo de aplicação dos motores. A aplicação de motores em carros de passeio por exemplo, tipicamente exige a utilização de ligas mais leves em seus componentes visando atender aos requisitos de redução do consumo de combustíveis e também de emissão de poluentes. Já para a aplicação em veículos utilitários pesados existe uma maior liberdade para a escolha dos materiais dos componentes pois o peso já não tem a mesma influência sobre a performance mas por outro lado exige a utilização de materiais mais resistentes devido às altas cargas envolvidas. O objetivo do trabalho é discorrer também sobre os critérios envolvidos no projeto dos pistões e como eles estão correlacionados com a escolha dos materiais mais adequados. Será mostrado também um estudo de caso de um pistão de alumínio aplicado em um motor Diesel e que apresentou uma trinca no cubo relacionada à formação de dendritas gêmeas.

В работе рассматривается технология, включающая дуговую наплавку в инертном газе порошковой проволокой типа 50Х18 с последующей деформационной обкаткой. Разработан инструмент позволяющий реализовать деформационную обкатку шаром с регулируемой нагрузкой. Наплавленный слой имеет структуру метастабильного аустенита, который при нагружении преобразуется в твердый мартенсит. Измерения показывают, что технология приводит к увеличению твердости поверхности образца с 40 HRC до 54 HRC и снижению шероховатости с Ra 1,2 до Ra 0,4. Результаты позволяют рекомендовать технологию применительно к штокам и плунжерам гидроцилиндров. Магистерская диссертация включает в себя 71 страницу, 33 рисунка, 13 таблиц, 10 литературных источников. / The study shows a technology comprising MIG deposition of cored wire like 50Cr18 with the subsequent surface deformation. Specially developed device realizes adjustable ball rolling load. The structure of the weld includes a large share of metastable austenite, which transforms to hard martensite at loading. The measuring shows that the technology provides an increase of the sample’s surface hardness from 40 HRC to 54 HRC and decrease it’s roughness from Ra 1,2 to Ra 0,4. The results allow using the technology applying to hydraulic pistons. The master's thesis includes 71 pages, 33 figures, 13 tables, 10 literary sources.