Los áfidos (Hemiptera: Aphididae) son insectos fitófagos, de tamaño pequeño, se pueden presentar en su forma alada o áptera, son considerados una plaga que afectan diversos cultivos agrícolas y ornamentales. Algunas especies pueden ser transmisores de virus que causan enfermedad en las plantas. Por lo general se encuentran en zonas tropicales. Este estudio nos ayudará a identificar las diversas especies de áfidos encontrados en cultivos del distrito de Asia, Cañete para poder ampliar el estudio de afidofauna peruana. Los áfidos de este trabajo se colectaron en plantas de interés económico y ornamental, tales como manzana, níspero, plátano, naranja, cucarda, hemerocallis, papiro, molle, tomate y granada. Se reportan nueve especies de àfidos en el distrito de Asia, Provincia de Cañete, Perú. Las especies fueron: Aphis craccivora,Aphis gossypii, Aphis nasturtii, Aphis spiraecola, Aphis punicae, Myzus hemerocallis, Pentalonia nigronervosa, Toxoptera aurantii y Schizaphis rotundiventris. Cuatro de ellas se registraron por primera vez para el distrito de Asia, Cañete, Aphis nasturtii, Aphis punicae, Pentalonia nigronervosa y Schizaphis rotundiventris.Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are phytophagous insects with small size, we can found them alate or apterous forms. The aphids are a pest that affect many crops. Some species could be virus transmitters that cause plants disease. This study could help us to identificate the diversity of aphid species founding in crops from Asia, Cañete so we can amplify the study of peruvian aphid fauna. Plants aphids of this study were collected in plants with economical and ornamental interest like apple, loquat, banana, orange, hibiscus, lily, papyro, molle, tomato and pomengranate. Nine species of aphids from Asia, Cañete in Peru are reported. The following species were: Aphis craccivora, Aphis gossypii, Aphis nasturtii, Aphis spiraecola, Aphis punicae, Myzus hemerocallis, Pentalonia nigronervosa, Toxoptera aurantii y Schizaphis rotundiventris. Four of them were registered for the first time in Asia, Cañete, Aphis nasturtii, Aphis punicae, Pentalonia nigronervosa y Schizaphis rotundiventris.

To evaluate the utility of insect monitoring radar (IMR) technology for long-term monitoring of insect migration, a mini-network of two IMR units in Bourke, NSW, and Thargomindah, Qld, and a base-station server in Canberra, ACT, was set up in eastern Australia. The IMR operated automatically every night under the control of a personal computer that also conducted data acquisition and processing. Digitisation of radar signals, their analysis (delimitation of echoes from background noise and adjoining echoes, followed by extraction of estimates for each target's speed, displacement direction, body alignment, radar cross-section, and wingbeat frequency and modulation pattern), and generation of observation summaries were implemented as a fully automated procedure. Wingbeat frequency was found to be retrievable from the IMR's rotary-beam signals, and this allowed each individual target to be characterised by its wingbeat as well as its size and shape. By drawing on ancillary information from the Australian Plague Locust Commission's database of field survey and light trap records, the echo characters indicative of Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker), were identified. Using these, about 140 nights with detectable plague locust migrations were identified for the Bourke IMR site during 1998 - 2001 and 31 nights for Thargomindah during 1999 - 2000. Analysis of these nights confirmed that C. terminifera migrates in association with disturbed weather, especially tropical troughs, in eastern Australia. Trajectory simulation based on IMR-derived displacement directions and flight speeds allowed the identification of population movements likely to reach favourable habitats and thus to develop rapidly and possibly cause a plague. The outbreak during 1999 - 2001 most likely originated from the southeastern agricultural belt after migrations and multiplications over several generations. The IMR observations demonstrated that C. terminifera migrates over long distances with the wind at night and indicated that it may have an orientation behaviour that prevents it from being taken too far into the arid inland, a trait that could be highly adaptive in this environment. The two IMRs were operational for more than 85% of scheduled time during the study period and provided a wealth of information of potential value for locust management and migration research

This essay examines The Myth of Sisyphus (1942), The Plague (1947), and The Rebel (1951). I have chosen these three works in an effort to triangulate Camus' intellectual development, his persistent interest in literature, and the historical background against which these take place. Sisyphus and The Rebel are Camus' two major philosophical essays. The former belongs to Camus' "First Cycle" of writing, in which he focused on the concept of "the Absurd"; the latter belongs to Camus' "Second Cycle", in which he focused on the theme of "revolt." Camus wrote The Myth of Sisyphus during the Nazi occupation of Paris, an event which he witnessed and experienced and which also served as the inspiration for his novel The Plague. Though the two books are connected by this event, thematically The Plague belongs to Camus' Second Cycle. For this reason, it serves as an illuminating work, demonstrating the importance of fiction to Camus' intellectual process and his particular way of thinking. From Sisyphus to The Rebel, Camus' argument for fiction comes down to the opportunity it offers to describe life rather than explain it. In his opinion, the best novelists exhibit the very philosophy that should generally govern human behavior. These novelists limit themselves to what they can be sure of – namely, their personal experiences; they patiently explore what it is like to live on this earth – how human beings deal with each other, manage their environments, and cope with the often tremendous complexities of life. Not co-incidentally, Camus' fiction took special interest in death of all kinds – from murder to sickness to suicide – in order to remind his readers that life is finite. According to Camus, writing fiction is a way to keep the reader conscious of the human condition, because good fiction plainly exhibits life as it is and death as our common fate. By reflecting on good literature, readers may form their own life ethic.

This thesis examines a mass-produced broadsheet printed during the Great Plague of London (1664-1666), which unites the textual modes of poetry and medical prescription with imagery and statistical tabulation, titled Londons Lord Have Mercy Upon Us. The central woodcut on the broadsheet presents a view of London as a bounded expansion, and relegates the images of death, particularly registered in the personification of Death, to the outskirts of the city. This visual separation of the city from the plague sick (and the plague dead) is most profoundly registered on the border of the broadsheet, which is adorned with momento mori imagery. The ordered presentation of the plague city is likewise established in the mortality tabulations on the sheet. These tabulations, which were culled from the contemporaneous London Bills of Mortality, make visible the extent of the disease in the city, while simultaneously linking the plague to the poor London suburbs. Of particular interest are the representation of faces on the broadsheet – the face of the dead, the face of Death and the face of the city – and how these images relate to the plague orders imposed on the city population by the Corporation of London. These orders sought medically and legally to contain, and spatially to control, the larger social body of London through enacting a kind of erasure upon the identities of the sick and dead. These erasures registered themselves in material form as a kind of facelessness, a motif found on the figure of Death and in the skull-faces of the dead. This motif visually registers the various anxieties expressed towards the faces of the plague-sick by many contemporaries living in plague-London, an anxiety about those who visibly displayed the signs of their contagion and, more threatening still, about those who were asymptomatic. An increasing understanding of the plague as both visible and controllable in the early modern city of London was continuously being challenged by the conflicting belief that plague was a disease of invisible extension and manifestation. This variance is deeply registered in the ambiguous depiction of the plague-dead in the frame of the sheet.

Viruses are microscopic biological organisms offensive in nature. Human beings have been combating viruses since times remote. Some battles were won, but never the war. One of the most eminent and destructive epidemics throughout human history is the bubonic plague, better known as the Black Death. Since its first attack on human beings, the casualty count produced by the bubonic plague has been astronomical. The epidemics not only inflict damage physically, but also psychologically on human beings. It is remarkable how such nearly invisible agents can instill so much fear in humans. Daniel Defoe¡¦s A Journal of the Plague Year is a masterpiece in journalistic fiction which brings literature, microbiology, and human behavioral psychology together. The book simply describes scenes from the 1665 London bubonic plague attack through the eyes of a narrator amidst the turmoil. However, it also serves as a guide book to human behavior in desperate times. Defoe vividly describes the plague, the suffering, the horror, and most importantly, the society, the people, and their reactions. With the Journal, Defoe blurred the line between factual and fictitious writing. He wrote a fiction based on factual data which very probably served as a warning aimed at public awareness towards epidemics. Some suspect that the Journal was merely an instrument of government propaganda; whichever the case, this book still constitutes as a milestone in epidemic literature as well as journalistic fiction. This thesis aims mainly at analyzing the relationship between the plague and humans. It is interesting to observe how the plague changed human behavior and induced some of the most common flaws in human character out of deep fear: mutual distrust, paranoia, superstition, opportunism, madness, anger, and hostility. The fragility and vulnerability of the human psyche are exposed in epidemic times such as in the recent SARS outbreak. Unavoidably, the destructiveness of the plague makes it evil in human eyes. However, it is possible to discover the positive and constructive sides of the plague instead of just the negative attributes. People tend to rely on religion in seeking comfort, explanation, and spiritual support. There are people who devote themselves to religion as well as those who choose a different path. At the end of the discussion, we take a look at how religion plays an important role in counteracting the epidemics¡¦ delirious effect on human beings.

Darbo tikslas – ištirti pomidorų kekerinio puvinio – (Botrytis cinerea) ir maro (Phytophthora infestans) išplitimą uždaro grunto sąlygomis. Stebėjimai buvo atliekami 2006 metais Kėdainių rajone, Žiogaičių kaime, ūkininko Aurelijaus Bieliausko ūkyje. Šiltnamio plotas 1026,6 m2 . Pomidorai- viena svarbiausių ir populiariausių šiltnamių daržovių. Pastaruoju metu daugiausia žalos padaro šios pomidorų ligos: šiltnamiuose – kekerinis puvinys; lauke ir šiltnamiuose – maras. Dėl nepalankių augalams augti sąlygų, kurios sukelia fiziologines ligas, lapai gelsta, susisuka, lapai ir viršūnės nyksta, vaisių viršus gali pradėti pūti, trūkinėti, deformuotis, ant jų paviršiaus atsiranda dėmių. Dėl įvairių priežasčių, tai drėgmės perteklius arba stygius, blogai vėdinami šiltnamiai, netinkamai tręšiami augalai, per aukšta ar per žema oro temperatūra, dideli jos svyravimai, bloga žemės aeracija, šviesos trūkumas, mechaniniai augalų sužalojimai – tai dažnos įvairių ligų plitimo priežastys. Mažėja augalų produktyvumas, nukenčia derliaus kokybė. Kai ligoms plisti sąlygos palankios, sutrumpėja vegetacija ir augalai masiškai žūsta. Pirmieji ligų požymiai pastebėti birželio mėn. 03 d. Daugiausiai augalų buvo pažeista 06 16 ir pažeidimai, įvairiu intensyvumu, siekė net 50% visų stebimų augalų. 2006 m birželio 29 dieną, buvo atliekamas pomidorų stebėjimas ir nustatyta, jog abiejų veislių kontroliniai variantai visiškai sunykę. / The purpose of research - the investigation of impact fungi (Phytophthora infestans) and (Botrytis aclada) exert on tomato under the growing conditions of closed soil. Observation was made in 2006 in Kėdainiai disrtict, village of Žiogaičiai, in farmer Aurelijus Bieliauskas farm. Size of the greenhause shed is 1026.6 square metres. Recently most dangerous tomato dieseases are: in a warm shed - (Botrytis cinerea), Outside and in the warm shed – (Botrytis aclada). Plague, in an old warm sheds, where soil hasn‘t been changed for a while: - root decay and wilt . In case of negative growing conditions, which causes physiological disease, leaves gets yellow, twists, leaves falls down from the top , decay of the top part of fruit, they cracks, deforms and spots appears. In many cases its to much or not enough rain, bad airing in a warm shed, wrong manure , to high or to low temperature, high temperature fluctuation, bad ground airing, not enough light, mechanical damage – they all are common reasons which causes plant diseases. It decreases plat productivity, looses yield quality. When conditions are good for disease spreading, vegetation gets shorter and plants dies. First signs of disease were noticed on the third of June. More plant were affected on the 16th of June and signs were various and reached over 50% researched plants. On the 29th of June 2006, was made tomato research and stated that both breed checkpoints was totally decadent.

This thesis examines a mass-produced broadsheet printed during the Great Plague of London (1664-1666), which unites the textual modes of poetry and medical prescription with imagery and statistical tabulation, titled Londons Lord Have Mercy Upon Us. The central woodcut on the broadsheet presents a view of London as a bounded expansion, and relegates the images of death, particularly registered in the personification of Death, to the outskirts of the city. This visual separation of the city from the plague sick (and the plague dead) is most profoundly registered on the border of the broadsheet, which is adorned with momento mori imagery. The ordered presentation of the plague city is likewise established in the mortality tabulations on the sheet. These tabulations, which were culled from the contemporaneous London Bills of Mortality, make visible the extent of the disease in the city, while simultaneously linking the plague to the poor London suburbs. Of particular interest are the representation of faces on the broadsheet – the face of the dead, the face of Death and the face of the city – and how these images relate to the plague orders imposed on the city population by the Corporation of London. These orders sought medically and legally to contain, and spatially to control, the larger social body of London through enacting a kind of erasure upon the identities of the sick and dead. These erasures registered themselves in material form as a kind of facelessness, a motif found on the figure of Death and in the skull-faces of the dead. This motif visually registers the various anxieties expressed towards the faces of the plague-sick by many contemporaries living in plague-London, an anxiety about those who visibly displayed the signs of their contagion and, more threatening still, about those who were asymptomatic. An increasing understanding of the plague as both visible and controllable in the early modern city of London was continuously being challenged by the conflicting belief that plague was a disease of invisible extension and manifestation. This variance is deeply registered in the ambiguous depiction of the plague-dead in the frame of the sheet.

Witnesses believed that the Black Death and subsequent fourteenth-century plagues threatened profound social change. However, Geoffrey Chaucer (c.1340-1400) does not appear to accord the plague a place of any importance in his works. This is especially surprising in the case of the Canterbury Tales , which presents a complex portrait of plague-era society. Chaucer's silence on the plague is reinforced by critical positions that deemphasize the effects of the plague and emphasize Chaucer's supposed lack of interest in his world. This thesis contends that the plague is in fact present in the Canterbury Tales in the guise of the changes that it threatened. By situating the Canterbury Tales in a network of literary and non-literary responses to the plague, I demonstrate that Chaucer participated in a discourse that attempted to restore order to a world that was seen to have been disordered---morally, socially, and physically---by the plague.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Catholic University of America, 1984.

Orientador: Alcebíades Ribeiro Campos / Banca: Arlindo Leal Boiça Júnior / Banca: Edson Lazarini / Resumo: O tripes do prateamento Enneothrips flavens é considerado uma praga limitante a produção de amendoim e o uso de cultivares resistentes evita ou reduz a aplicação de inseticida proporcionando uma maior segurança e lucratividade à atividade. O trabalho foi realizado com os objetivos de avaliar a resistência ao tripes e o potencial produtivo de genótipos de amendoim. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da UNESP/Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria-MS. Os dois primeiros experimentos foram instalados na época das águas com semeadura realizada em 12/11/2001 com os genótipos: 1 - IAC-Tatu-ST, IAC 81-12, IAC 88-1, IAC 88-2, IAC 22 e IAC 24, de hábito de crescimento ereto; 2 - Nahuel, IAC Caiapó, IAC Jumbo, Cavalo, Tégua e IAC 5024, hábito de crescimento rasteiro. O terceiro e quarto experimentos foram instalados na época da seca com semeadura realizada em 03/02/2002 com os genótipos: 3 - IAC-Tatu-ST, IAC 81- 12, IAC 88-1, IAC 88-2, IAC 22 e IAC 24, hábito de crescimento ereto, com e sem inseticida e 4 - Nahuel, IAC Caiapó, IAC Jumbo, Cavalo, Tégua e IAC 5024, de hábito de crescimento rasteiro, com e sem inseticida. Nas amostragens foram realizadas contagens de adultos e ninfas de tripes; avaliações de sintomas de danos, de área foliar, de altura de plantas e da produção. Os resultados mostram que as ninfas e adultos mais ninfas por apresentarem populações mais expressivas são mais adequadas para avaliação da resistência de genótipos de amendoim a E. flavens; o sistema de avaliação por atribuição de notas mostrou-se adequado para avaliação de resistência de genótipos de amendoim a E. flavens; nos genótipos de crescimento ereto a maior população de E. flavens ocorre dos 30 aos 72 dias após a emergência das plantas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The silvering thrips Enneothrips flavens is considered to be a restrictive plague regarding the peanut production, and the use of resistant cultivars avoids or decreases the insecticide application turning the activity and profitability safer. The study was performed in order to evaluate peanut genotypes resistance to thrips and their production potential. The experiments were conducted at the Research and Teaching Facilities Farm of the Engineering University-FE/UNESP, located in Selvíria-MS. The first two experiments were installed at that time of the waters with planting accomplished in 12/11/2001 with the genotypes: 1 - IAC- Tatu-ST, IAC 81-12, IAC 88-1, IAC 88-2, IAC 22 and IAC 24, habit of erect growth; 2 - Nahuel, IAC Caiapó, IAC Jumbo, Cavalo, Tégua and IAC 5024, habit of low growth; The third and fourth experiments were installed at that time of the drought with planting accomplished in 03/02/2002 with the genotypes: 3 - IAC-Tatu-ST, IAC 81-12, IAC 88-1, IAC 88-2, IAC 22 and IAC 24, habit of erect growth, with and without insecticide and 4 - Nahuel, IAC Caiapó, IAC Jumbo, Cavalo, Tégua and IAC 5024, habit of low growth, with and without insecticide. In the samplings, adults and nymphs were counted and damage symptoms of the leaf area and the plants' height and production were evaluated. The results show that populations of nymphs and populations of nymphs plus adults are more appropriate for the evaluation of the peanut genotypes resistance to E. flavens, as they are more expressive; the grading system proved itself to be appropriate to the evaluation of the peanut genotypes resistance to E. flavens; in the erect growth genotypes, the larger population of E. flavens occurs from the 30 th to the 72 nd day after the plants emerge; the erect growth genotypes IAC 88-1 and IAC-Tatu-ST... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre