There has been a continual emergence of shopping centres in the 21st century. In recent years the prevailing shopping centres have been designed as an indispensable part of city centres having all the urban elements and qualities of traditional streets in combination with convenience, commercial efficiency, and high functioning design. The evolving shopping malls are challenged to add diversity to the range of shopping facilities and add on to the new experience keeping up with the ever-changing trends in society. This study aims to investigate if shopping malls are over-managed consumer spaces embedded in privatisation and commercialisation, thus creating a hindrance for true public spaces to emerge, or do they have a possibility of becoming a real public realm with true public spaces. Two case studies of shopping centres provided valuable insights on how stakeholders pursued planned public spaces in shopping centres and how the public perceives them. The placemaking model, highlighting the fundamental rights in a public space by covering the tangible and intangible aspects, has been central to this research. The results indicate that the malls should integrate more into the cities. They should focus on incorporating adaptive flexibility with the diversity of usage inclusive of changing demographics and increased urbanisation, which means a greater need for public spaces for mingling and congregation. / Det har skett en ständig uppkomst av köpcentra under 2000-talet. Under de senaste åren har de rådande köpcentrumen utformats som en oumbärlig del av stadskärnan med alla urbana inslag och kvaliteter av traditionella gator i kombination med bekvämlighet, kommersiell effektivitet och hög fungerande design. De utvecklande köpcentrana utmanas att lägga till mångfald i utbudet av shoppingfaciliteter och lägga till den nya upplevelsen som följer de ständigt föränderliga trenderna i samhället. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka om köpcentra är överhanterade konsumentutrymmen inbäddade i privatisering och kommersialisering, och därmed skapa ett hinder för att verkliga offentliga utrymmen dyker upp eller har de en möjlighet att bli en riktig allmänhet med verkliga offentliga utrymmen. Två fallstudier av köpcentrum gav värdefull insikt om hur intressenter förföljde planerade allmänna utrymmen i köpcentra och hur allmänheten uppfattar dem. Platsframställningsmodellen, som belyser de grundläggande rättigheterna i ett offentligt rum genom att täcka de konkreta och immateriella aspekterna, har varit centralt i denna forskning. Resultaten indikerar att köpcentra bör integreras mer i städerna. De bör fokusera på att integrera anpassningsbar flexibilitet med mångfalden av användning inklusive förändrad demografi och ökad urbanisering, vilket innebär ett större behov av offentliga utrymmen för mingling och församling.

During the last decade, the Swedish work environment authority (AV) observed a stagnancy of fatal accidents in Sweden. According to statistics, the building industry in Sweden is one of the third largest industries regarding occupational injuries and the industry with the most severe recorded fatal accidents. Scientific contributions have found that efforts and focus on health and safety aspects during the planning and design phases (early phases) could reduce work environment problems in the construction and maintenance phases. The purpose of this study is to explore how the construction client can improve the health and safety aspects in the early phases to enhance the work environment in the construction and maintenance phases. Further, identify the main challenges of health and safety in the early phases to improve the work environment at the construction and maintenance phases. The study has applied qualitative methods, with 13 semi-structured interviews with senior project managers at a public construction client in Sweden. After analyzing the semi-structured interviews, the findings were discussed with an expert panel for further clarifications. This study has identified that health and safety aspects during the planning and design can improve by different measures and methods to ensure a safer work environment in the construction project. It should be a priority for the construction client to be proactive with the health and safety aspects in the early phases. Furthermore, identified the study three main challenges of health and safety aspects. These challenges of health and safety aspects have been identified as crucial to address in the early phases for succeeding in preventing occupational accidents in construction projects. The first identified challenge is the lack of the construction clients' consciousness of their profound responsibilities in the work environment. The second challenge raised is the insufficient work environment competencies of the applied BAS-P and designers in the construction project. The last identified challenge is the lack of safety communication in the construction project, as the transfer meeting between the BAS-P and BAS-U and lessons learned meetings. The portrayed main challenges seem to face both countries inside and outside the EU, as reasoned from the discussion with Åsgård et al. Furthermore, the work environment is essential for commitment, re-evaluation, and improvements in routine activity. Including the construction clients and the involved actors in the construction process to achieve a construction industry with zero accidents and fatalities. / Arbetsmiljöverket (AV) har under det senaste decenniet observerat en stagnation av dödsolyckor i Sverige. Enligt statistik är byggbranschen i Sverige en av de tredje största branscherna när det gäller arbetsskador och den bransch som har flest registrerade dödsolyckor. Vetenskapliga studier har visat att prioriteringar och fokus på hälsa och säkerhet under planerings- och projekterings skeden (tidiga skeden) kan bidra till att undvika arbetsmiljöproblem på byggarbetsplatsen i produktions skede, liksom i underhållsskedet. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur byggherren kan förbättra hälso- och säkerhetsaspekterna i de tidiga skedena för att förstärka arbetsmiljön i produktions- och underhållsskedena. Även att identifiera de viktigaste utmaningarna för hälso- och säkerhetsaspekter i de tidiga faserna för att förbättra arbetsmiljön i produktions- och underhållsskedena. Studien har tillämpat kvalitativa metoder, där semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med 13 projektledare hos en offentlig byggherre i Sverige. Efter att ha analyserat resultaten från de semi-strukturerade intervjuerna diskuterades analysen med en expertpanel. Resultatet i denna studie har identifierat att hälso- och säkerhetsaspekter under planering och projektering skedena kan förbättras med olika åtgärder och metoder för att säkerställa en säkrare arbetsmiljö i byggprojektet. Vad man finner är att det bör vara en prioritet för byggkunden att vara proaktiv med hälso- och säkerhetsaspekterna i de tidiga faserna. Tre huvudutmaningar för hälso- och säkerhetsaspekter har dessutom identifierats i resultatet. Dessa utmaningar för hälso- och säkerhetsaspekter ses som avgörande att hantera i de tidiga faserna för att lyckas med förebyggandet av arbetsolyckor i byggprojekt. Den första identifierade utmaningen är bristen på byggherrarnas medvetenhet om deras ansvar i arbetsmiljön. Den andra utmaningen som tas upp är den otillräckliga arbetsmiljökompetensen hos den tillämpade BAS-P och projektörerna i byggprojektet. Den sista identifierade utmaningen är bristen på säkerhetskommunikation i byggprojektet, som överföringsmöte mellan BAS-P och BAS-U och erfarenhetsåterföringsmöten. De viktigaste utmaningarna som presenteras i denna studie för förbättra hälso- och säkerhetsaspekterna i dem tidiga skedena verkar vara utmaningar som finns både i länderna inom och utanför EU, vilket togs upp i diskussionen med Åsgård et al. Dessutom dras slutsatsen att arbetsmiljön är ett viktigt ämne där engagemang, omvärdering och förbättringar bör vara en återkommande aktivitet. För både byggherren och de involverade aktörerna i hela byggprocessen för att uppnå en byggbransch med noll olyckor och dödsfall.

Cette thèse contribue à interroger le renouvellement des rôles et statuts associés aux grands axes de circulation en milieu urbain et ce, au double prisme des théories urbanistiques qui ont pu les prendre pour objet, et des démarches de projets participant de leurs transformations effectives dans un contexte prônant le « refaire la ville sur la ville ». Chacun de ces angles d’approche a été plus particulièrement abordé dans une des deux parties constitutives de cette recherche. La première partie est ainsi centrée sur une analyse interprétative des places et valeurs fluctuantes accordées aux différentes typologies de rues dans le champ de l’urbanisme. Celle-ci a permis de mettre l’accent sur certains des ressorts ayant contribué à faire de ces typologies spécifiques de voies, des « angles morts » des principaux modèles théoriques d’organisation et de hiérarchisation du réseau viaire. Leur reconsidération amène dès lors à plus largement s’interroger sur l’étendue des potentialités programmatiques et projectuelles induites par ces évolutions de même que sur les formes potentiellement prises par un tel réinvestissement. Celles-ci ont été plus particulièrement traitées dans le cadre de la seconde partie, fondée sur une investigation plus « empirique » de cet enjeu, et articulée autour d’une démarche de « mise en regard » des projets d’High Street 2012 à Londres et de la rue Garibaldi à Lyon. La grille de lecture mobilisée pour leur analyse a permis de faire émerger le constat d’une grande diversité des objectifs et des formes données aux projets actuellement développés sur ces axes, en même temps qu’un renouvellement des ambitions, plus plurielles, qui leur sont associées. / This thesis contributes to question the renewal of the roles and status associated with the mixed-used arterial corridors in urban area and this, trough both the filter of urban planning theories relative to them as well as the project approaches participating in their effective transformation in a context claiming to “built cities on top of cities”. Each of those perspectives have been particularly explored one of the two parts of this research. The first part is thus centered on an interpretative analysis of the places and fluctuating values corresponding to the different street typologies found in urban planning and urban design theories. This bring to light few of the characteristics that participated to bring some specific street typologies in the blind spot of the principal theoretical models of organization and hierarchisation of the street network. Their reconsideration leads then to a larger inquiry about the extend of the potential programs and projects induced by those evolutions and later to the potential forms of such reinvestment. Those latest have been particularly considered within the second part, based on a more “empirical” investigation of those challenges and articulated around the comparison of the London High Street 2012 and the Lyon Garibaldi Street projects. The analytical grid employed helped to reveal a large diversity of the objectives and forms of the various projects developed on those urban axes and on the same time a renewal of the ambitions associated with them, more plurals and composites.

Playgrounds do not have to be static sites, but safety standards should not be the only force that guides their evolution over time. Just as the ongoing transformation of any city is a product of many interwoven factors, the collection of smaller sites that delineates one city from another should reflect the same holistic influences. This is not an argument for the abandonment of the safety standards that influence playground design. Instead, it is an argument for the adoption of and stronger adherence to community standards that influence city design. This paper argues that a park area (and more generally, any public space) that is relevant and unique to a community will be well-used by the community and, thus, a successful space; it is in a city’s best interest to create such spaces where they are lacking and protect them where they already exist. The first chapter provides a land-centric history of the growth and development of the Los Angeles region, which is especially deficient in public green space. I argue that transportation technology and infrastructure was the great shaping force of the urban environment during the 19th and 20th centuries, and discuss the Olmsted-Bartholomew “Parks, Playgrounds, and Beaches for the Los Angeles Region” report that was presented to the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce in 1930. The second chapter covers the design communication of American playgrounds since their beginnings in the late 19th century. I also analyze the parallel between Progressive Era playground supervision and the present-day safety standard obsession that has created an equally rigid playscape. The third chapter is a case study of the ongoing historical preservation treatment of La Laguna playground at Vincent Lugo Park in San Gabriel, CA and a discussion of the value of site-specificity.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(B)(2) 課題番号:14350320 研究代表者:山下 哲郎 研究期間:2002-2004年度

Presently, conventional development does not adequately incorporate functional ecosystems into development design. Largely due to the intangible nature of most ecosystem services, functional ecosystems have not been directly identified as valuable and are, therefore, often ignored in economic decision frameworks. This has resulted in the degradation and loss of functional ecosystems and ecosystem services as the value and the associated costs of lost ecosystem services are not accounted for. The valuation of ecosystem services is a means by which ecological costs and values can be adequately represented in urban planning and decision-making processes. However, using current valuation methods, ecosystems are continuously being valued for their aggregated ecosystem service values and not for the value of their ability to resist/recover from disturbances and continue proving goods and services over time. The Swan Lake watershed case study was utilized to show that the estimated ecosystem service values are not risk adjusted to reflect the functional condition of an ecosystem. Specifically, based upon the current valuation estimates alone and without reference to the functional condition, the estimated ecosystem service values for the Swan Lake study suggest that the watershed is in a good (proper) functional condition, when in-fact, the overall health of the watershed is in a poor condition of health and its resilience to disturbance is low. Furthermore, the estimated values do not reflect the loss of ecosystem services due to past urbanization and agricultural activities. Because the estimated values do not provide the critical information decision makers require, the valuation of the functional condition of ecosystems is recommended. Due to the complexity involved in valuing the functional condition of an ecosystem, the integration of ecosystem valuation methods and ecosystem evaluation assessments is proposed and explored. In the context of post-urban planning and development, the proposed approach has immediate application as it would provide effective financial arguments for the preservation and restoration of ecosystems as well as facilitate more informed decisions in managing existing urban ecosystems for their function rather than ecosystem services. In a pre-development application, there exists a opportunity wherein an ecosystem’s functional condition could be valued as part of an integrated development design and planning process (IDP). The British Pacific Properties (BPP) Rodgers Creek development is used as a case study to describe how the proposed approach could be incorporated into the integrated design and planning (IDP) process. By clarifying the ecological tradeoffs between various land-use/development scenarios using a sieve analysis, the proposed approach could help a design team render more informed judgments regarding the functional condition of ecosystems and the value of the ecosystem services. The proposed approach also contributes to a much needed business case, which demonstrates that when urban developments are planned using an IDP process, where the landscape informs the design, there can be greater financial reward to the developer, community and municipality

<p>Analiza arhitektonskih objekata u pogledu ispitivanja performansi aktuelna je oblast istraživanja u domenu arhitekture i urbanizma. U kontekstu BIM tehnologije i tehnologije virtuelne realnlosti formiran je model koji predviđa njihovu upotrebu u cilju poboljšanja procesa donošenja odluka u arhitektonskom projektovanju. Modelom je predviđena automatizacija analiza koje se mogu sprovesti na idejnom arhitektonskom projektu uz pomoć podataka koji se mogu dobiti korišćenjem BIM tehnologije. U okviru konceptualnog modela zasnovanog na metodu centralnog modela predviđene su višesturke analize od koje se mogu klasifikovati u jednu od tri grupe: Analiza objekta sa ispitivanjem svih ili većeg broja .ifc klasa, analiza pojedinih .ifc klasa i analiza spoljašnjih gabarita objekta. Prema pod-modelima predstavljena je analiza cene koštanja objekta, analiza energetske efikasnosti i analiza godišnje osvetljenosti objekta.</p> / <p>Performance based analysis of architectural structures has become an important area of research in the field of architecture and urban planning. The conceptual model is presented in context of BIM and virtual reality technology usage for decision making processes in architecture. The model defines automation of several analysis that can be performed in early design stage of architectural project using data collected from BIM technology software. Multiple analysis are defined in central model framework and classified into three groups: Analysis of the object with the examination of all or a large number of .ifc class, analysis of individual .ifc class and analysis of the external properties of structures. According to these sub-models, analysis of the cost estimate, analysis of energy efficiency and analysis of daylight illumination are presented in dissertation.</p>

The current state of energy and climate transition presents several challenges that are currently not optimally addressed by planning and design practices. Indeed, cities play a central role in this transition, as they are within the main causes of climate change as well as extremely vulnerable to its effects, such as extreme events. In this context, the disciplines of urban planning and design are a great resource for promoting mitigation and adaptation strategies. However, there is a gap between scientific research on the issues and the actual implementation of the resources, mainly due to the inability of planning tools to address these needs, the difficulty of transforming the existing built environment and the engagement of citizens in these processes. These issues can be translated into four knowledge gaps that can be addressed by the disciplines of planning and design: lack of explicit considerations of resilient pathways, lack of innovative implementation tools, local resistance towards landscape transformations, silo thinking. The goal of the thesis is to identify, develop and evaluate climate-sensitive planning and design strategies, considering the environmental criteria, the urban areas and the people who live in them. The research is practice-oriented and gives directions on how to apply scientific knowledge through practices for a responsive and landscape-inclusive climate-energy transition. Specifically, it aims to combine several challenges and promote holistic procedures balancing adaptation and mitigation strategies as well as to include the concept of landscape in the transition. The proposed methodologies are evidence-based, performance-based and landscape-inclusive, connecting different scales of intervention, disciplinary tools, and practices of planning and design. In other words, the thesis promotes urban regeneration for climate and energy transition through an integrated approach between landscape, city, and buildings. This integrated approach addresses the following dimensions of urban challenges: social, environmental, economic, and health.

Contemporary debate on the future of urban areas is open and far from finding a convergence point among disciplines. As environmental concerns rise globally and connections between urbanity and ecology are being developed, urban-rural fringes are still an overlooked territory. The thesis proposes a shift in the focus as traditional frameworks have proven to be inadequate to track land-use changes in these hybrid spaces. Starting from selected key concepts, a compelling narrative on hybrid urban-rural fringes is proposed. The thesis benefited from the work done within the Interreg Alpine Space project “Los_Dama!”. This allowed to bridge the gap between research and practice and to directly investigate local planning tools in their adoption process to understand the approach to urban-rural fringes and investigate the role of agriculture. The comparison of the tools and direct fieldwork with local stakeholders supported the understanding of barriers in the implementation of hybrid performative landscapes.

Title Transformation and the Utilization of the School Garden of the Elementary School Jílové u Prahy Since Establishment Until Today. Annotation The goal of my thesis is to monitor the establishment and the development of our school garden. In the first, theoretical part of my thesis, I outlined the historical events and attempts that would lead to the establishment and the decline of school gardens in the Czech Republic. This is closely linked to the historical developments of the Czech educational tradition. This part of my thesis is backed up by the information found in specialised and professional literature. In the second part of my thesis, i.e. my research, I have focused on collecting the information about the process of building a new school in Jílové u Prahy and about the development and changes in the adjoining school area from the day it was opened until now. My research is based on documents found in the archive, class records and annual reports. I gained lots of valuable information from interviews with eyewitnesses. In my conclusion, I compare the development phases of the school area and outline my findings in terms of the function of the school garden for the teaching process at the ground school. Key Words Key words: history of school gardens, ZŠ Jílové u Prahy, school area, school garden,...